; 


University  of  California. 

FROM    THF    LIBRARY    OF 

D  R  .    FRANCIS     LIE  B  K  K , 
Profe>:.or  of  Hi?t£ry  and  Law  in  Columbia  College,  New  York. 


THf:   GIFT   0! 

MICHAEL     REESE, 

Of  Si!;?  Francisco. 
1  8  7  3  . 


TEN  YEARS 


THE    WORLD'S    PROGRESS: 


BEING   A 


SUPPLEMENT  TO  THE  WORK  OF  THAT  TITLE:  EMBRACING  A  COMPRE- 
HENSIVE RECORD  OF  FACTS  IN  THE  ANNALS  OF  NATIONS 
AND  PROGRESS  OF  THE  ARTS  FROM  1850  TO  1861. 
WITH  SOME  CORRECTIONS  AND 
ADDITIONS   TO  THE 
FORMER  PAGES, 


ZD1TED   BT 


G.    P.    PUTNAM,    A.M 


/" 
-  ' 


Libra 


NEW  YORK: 
GL    P.    PUTNAM,    532   BROADWAY. 

1861. 


3 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  tlio  year  1860, 
by  G.  P.  PUTNAM, 

la  the  Clerk's  Offlce  of  the  District  Court  of  the  United  States  for  the  Southern 

District  of  New  York. 


NOTE  TO  THE  REVISED  EDITION  (1861). 


THE  fact  that  nearly  10,000  copies  of  this  manual  have  been  called 
for  would  seem  to  indicate  that  such  a  volume  is  essentially  desir- 
able. 

In  the  preparation  of  the  supplementary  pages  of  the  present 
edition  (1850-61)  the  Editor  has  been  largely  indebted  to  the 
ninth  edition  of  Haydn's  Dictionary  of  Dates  (Lond.  1861)  and 
to  the  recent  volumes  of  the  American  Almanac.  Many  interest- 
ing and  important  facts  and  statistics  have  also  been  derived  from 
original  sources.  Great  pains  have  been  taken  to  include  in  this 
edition  the  largest  amount  of  useful  information,  posted  up  to 
the  day  of  its  publication,  and  arranged  for  convenient  reference. 

THE  PUBLISHER. 

683  BBOADWAT,  NEW  TOME,  March,  20, 1861. 


THE   WORLD'S   PROGRESS, 


1850-1861. 


152' 


THE  WORLD'S  PROGRESS. 


[Period  XI. — 40  yean. — 


A.D 


PROGRESS  OF  SOCIETY,  etc. 


UNITED  STATES. 


1846.  The  Oregon    Trea 
tling  the  North- Western  Bo 

Commodore  Sloat  takes 
possession  of  California, 
July  6. 

New  Tariff  bill  passed, 
establishing  ad  valorem  du- 
ties. 

Battle  of  Monterey,  Sep- 
tember 23. 

Tampico  occupied,  No- 
vember 14. 

1847.  Battle  of  Buena  Vista. 
Feb.  22. 

Battle    of    Sacramento, 
Feb.  26. 

Vera  Cruz  surrenders, 
March  29. 

Battle  of  Cerro  Gordo, 
April  18. 

Battle  of  Contreras,  Au- 
gust 20. 

Armistice,  Aug.  24. 
Hostilities  renewed,  Sep- 
tember 7. 

Battle  of  Molino  del  Rey, 
Sept.  8. 

Battle  of  Chepultepec, 
Sep,  12. 

Mexico  surren- 
ders, Sept.  14. 

1848.  Treaty  of   Peace   with 
Mexico,   signed    at  Guada- 
loupe  Hidalgo,  Feb.  22. 

The  cultivatioi  of  the    Tea.'  -plant    in  the  United   States, 
commenced    by    J.    Smith,  near  Greenfield,  South  Caro- 
lina. 


Suspension  Bridge  at   Nia- 
gara Falls,  opened  July  29. 


GREAT  BRITAIN. 


t  y    with  Great   Britain,  set- 
undary,    signed    at    London, 
June  18. 


1847.  Severe  famine  in  Ire- 
land. Large  supplies  of 
food  sent  from  the  United 
States. 

The  Bogue  forts  in  China 
taken  and  destroyed,  April 
26. 


848.  Civil  war  in  Ireland. 

John  Mitchell,  tried  and 
condemned  to  transporta- 
tion, May  26. 


Postal  convention  betw  een    the    United    States    and 

Great  Britain. 


First  deposit  of  Califor- 
nia gold  in  the  mint,  Dec.  8. 


Emigration  from  Europe   to  America    during   this    year, 

300,000. 


Habeas  Corpus  Act  su» 
pended  in  Ireland,  Julv  2& 


Smith  O'Brien  arrested 
and  condemned,  Aug.  5. 


Return  of  Row'* 
dltion,  Nov. 


J  815-1855.] 


THE  WORLD'S  PROGRESS. 


153" 


A  D. 


FRANCE. 


1848 


Reform    Banquets    in    Stras- 
burg,  Chartres,  &c. 


Michelet's  Lectures  interrupt- 
ed by  the  ministers,  Dec. 

Abd-el-Kader  captured,  Dec. 
22. 

Debate  on  the  Reform  Bill, 
Feb.  8. 

Proposed  Banquet  ai  Paris, 
abandoned.  Feb  i\ 

REVOLUTIO>  COM- 
MENCED, Feo.  22. 

Barricades  erected,  Feb.  23. 

Louis  Philippe  abdicates  and 
flies,  Feb.  24. 

Provisional  government  esta- 
blished. 

Lamartine,  Provisional 
President,  Feb.  24. 

French  Republic  proclaimed, 
Feb.  26. 

Meeting  of  the  National  As- 
sembly, May  4. 

Bloody  Insurrection  in  Paris, 
June  23-25. 

Cavaignac,  military  dictator, 
June  24. 

Paris  in  a  state  of  siege. 

New  Constitution  adopted. 
Nov.  4. 


Louis  Napoleon  Bo- 
naparte, elected  Pre- 
sidtnt,  Dec.  10. 


AUSTRIA,  &c. 


THE  WORLD,  elsewhere. 


1847.    Austria  1847.    Prussia :— Frederic  William  grants  a 
takes  posses-  constitution,  Feb.  8. 
sion  of  Cra- 
cow. Hayti :— Soulouque,  President,  March  2. 


Algiers  — Abd-el-Kadei  made  a  prisoner 
to  France,  Dec.  22. 

1848.    Sardinia  : — Charles     Albert     protests 
against   the  encroachment  of   Austria,  and  calls  out  an 
army  of  25,000  men.  Jan   10. 

Naples  : — Rebellion  at  Palermo,  Jan.  12. 
Sardinia  :— Charles  Albert  proclaims  a 
constitution,  Feb.  8. 

Bavaria  : — Disturbances  on  account  o/ 
Lola  Monies— the  king  abdicates  in  favor  of 
his  son, 


-Maximilian  II. 


March  22. 


Charles  Albert 


The  Ban  Jella- 
chich    ap- 
pointed gov- 
ernor  of 
Hungary, 
Oct.  3. 

Insurrection  at 
Vienna.  Oct. 
6. 

1848.  The  Em- 
peror leaves 
the  city.  The 
Hungarian 
army  advan- 
ces within  6 
miles  of  Vi- 
enna, Oct.l  I. 

Wintksch- 
gratz  ap- 
pointed com- 
mander of 
the  imperial 
army. 


enters  Milan,  March  23. 

Denmark  : — Revolt  of  Schleswig-Hol- 
stein,  March  26. 

Sicily  declared  independent,  April  3. 
Holland  receives  a  constitution,  April  17. 

Poland  .-—Unsuccessful  revolt    at  Cra- 
cow, April  25. 

Sicily :— The  Duke  of    Genoa    elected 
king,  July  10. 

India  : — Insurrection  in  Ceylon,  Aug.  16. 

Armistice    signed    between    Denmark, 
Prussia  and  Sweden,  Aug.  26. 

India: — The  British  make  an  unsuc- 
cessful attempt  on  Moultan. 

Sicily  : — Messina  bombarded  and  taken, 
Sept.  2. 

Hungary  :— K  o  s  s  u  t  h  appointed  Pre 
sident  of  the  Defence  Committee,  an  I  Dicta 
tor,  Oct. 


154' 


THE  WORLD'S  PROGRESS. 


\Period  XI. — 40  years  — 


A.D. 


1849 


CJ6U 


PROGRESS  OF  SOCIETY,  etc. 


A  new  planet  discovered  by 
Gasparis,  at  Naples. 


UNITED  STATES. 


1849.  Zachary    Taylor, 
12th  President. 


Magnetic  Telegraph  lines  in  use  in  the  United    States    in 

1849,   10,000  miles. 
Rail  Roads  6,000 

Tubular  Bridge  in  Anglesea, 


England. 


Magnetic  Clock,  invented  by 
Dr.  Locke,  at  Cincinnati. 


Emigration  from  Europe    to  America,  during  this  year,  at 

the  rate  of  1000  a  day. 


Great  agitation  on  the  Slavery 
Question  in  the  United 
Suites  Congress. 

The  Pekin  Monitor,  a  new 
paper,  printed  in  China 

The  Sultan  of  Turkey,  grants 
permission  to  the  Jews  to 
build  a  temple  on  Mount 
Zion. 

A  University  founded  at  Syd- 
ney, New  South  Wales. 


Deaths  in  1850 : 

U.    8.    A.  EUROPE. 

A.  Judson,        Wordsworth, 
S.  M.  Fuller,  Jeffrey, 
M  L  Davis.    Neander, 
Zschokke, 
jBerzelius, 
'Balzac. 


1850.  John  C.  Calhoun  died  at 
Washington. 

Attempted  invasion  of 
Cuba  : — 600  adventurers  un- 
der Lopez,  repulsed  at  Car- 
denas, May. 

Death  of  Gen.  Taylor, 
July  9. 

M  i  1 1  a  r  d  F  i  1 1  m  o  r  e , 
13th  President. 

California      ad- 
mitted, 31st  State. 

Texas  boundary  settled, 
by  the  payment  of  10,000,000 
dollars  to  Texas. 

New-Mexico  and  Utah 
admitted  as  Territories. 

Bill  for    the    arrest   of 
fugitive  slaves  passed  by  Con- 
gress. 

Slave  trade  in  (he  District  of 
Columbia  abolished. 


GREAT  BRITAIN. 


1849.  Moultan,  in  India,  tak«a 
Jan.  3. 


1850.  The  war  m  Lahore  fin- 
ished, and  th",  Punjaub  an- 
nexed to  the  British  crown. 


A  British  fleet  blockade* 
the  ports  of  Greece,  to  en- 
force the  alleged  claims  of 
British  subjects. 

Sir  Robert    Peel    dies 
July  2. 

Haynau.  "  the  Austrian 
butcher,"  chastised  by  th* 
draymen  in  London,  Sept. 


1815-1855.] 


THE    WORLD'S    PROGRESS. 


155' 


A.D. 


I860 


FRANCE. 


Louis  Philippe  dies  in  Eng- 
land. 


AUSTRIA,  &c 


THB  WORLD,  elsewhere. 


The  Emperor 
issues  a  pro- 
clamation 
against    the 
city. 

Kossuth    with -draws  his  army  from  Vienna,  Oct.  27. 

Rome :— M  a  z  z  i  n  i  '  B  proclamation, 
The  Imperial-      Oct.  29. 

ists  take  pos-  Prussia: — The  king  prorogues  the  As- 

session  01  Vi-      sembly,  Nov.  9. 

enna,    Nov.  —The  Burgher  Guard  of  Berlimrefuse  to 

2.  give  up  their  arms.    The  city  in  a  state  of 

siege,  Nov.  12. 

Rome :— Count  Rossi,  the  Pope's  prime- 
minister,  assassinated,  Nov.  16. 

India:— Great  battle  near  Ramnuggur, 
Ferdinand  ab-       Nov.  22. 

dicates,  Dec  Rome  :— The  Pope  escapes  in  disguise, 

2.  Nov.  24. 

—  Francis  Hungary  declared  independent,  Dec. 

1849.  India :— Moultan  taken  by  the  British, 
Joseph  £ff       Jan.  3. 

Italy:— The  Grand  Duke  of  Tuscany 
flies.  Provisional  Government  proclaimed, 
Feb.  9. 

1849.    A    new  Rome  :— Republic  proclaimed,  Feb.  9. 

Constitution  Sicily  :— A  new  Constitution  conceded 

promulgated      by  Naples,  March  6. 

March  4  Sardinia  :— Charles  Albert  defeated  by 

Brescia  taken  Radetsky,  March  21— again  totally  defeated 
by  Haynau,  at  Novarra,  March  23,  he  abdicates  the 
March  30.  throne  in  favor  of  his  son. 

-Victor  Emanuel.  ^j§ 

India : — The  Punjaub  annexed  to  tne 
British  Empire,  March  29. 

Italy :— Insurrection  in  Genoa,  April  1. 

Russia  comes  to  the  aid  of  Austria  against  Hungary,  April 
26. 

Rome  :— The  French  army  arrives  un- 
der the  walls  of  Rome,  April  29. 

Haynau  takes  command  of  the  Austrian  army  in  Hungary, 
June. 

Rome  surrenders^  the  French,  July  2. 
Garibaldi  leaves  the  city,  July  3. 

Rome  : — The  government  placed  in  the 
hands  of  the  Pope's  commissioners,  Aug.  3. 

Gorgey  traitor-ously  surrenders  to  the  Russians,  Aug.  11. 
Kossuth  escapes  into  Turkey. 
Venice  capitulates  to  Radetsky,  Aug.  22. 

1850.  Rome  :— The  Pope  returns,  April. 

Greece  disputes  the  claims  of  Great 
Britain  for  losses  of  British  subjects :  is 
forced  to  submit. 

China :— The  Emperor  Tau-Kwang, 
dies : 

Sze-hing  ?H  succeed*. 


156* 


THE  WORLD'S  PROGRESS.          [Period  XL — io  yean  - 


A.D. 


1850 


PROGRESS  OF  SOCIETY,  etc. 


On  the  subject  of  the  Mobbing 
of  Marshal  Ha/nau  during 
a  visit  to  a  London  bowery, 
notes  pass  between  Austria 
and  Great  Britain,  termi- 
nating in  a  threat  of  retalia- 
tion on  the  part  of  the  latter, 
Sept. — Nov. 


A  Memorial  for  the  annexa- 
tion of  Canada  to  the  U.  S. 
received  in  five  hours  the 
signatures  of  800  merchants, 
landowners,  and  profes- 
sional men,  in  Montreal, 
Oct.  10. 


Woman's  Rights  Con- 
vention, held  at  Worcester, 
Mass.,  Oct  28. 


North-  West  Passage  discov- 
ered by  Capt.  McClure  (Br. 
Navy)  in  the  Investigator, 
Oct.  26. 


The  British  Consul  at  Charles- 
ton calls  the  attention  of 
the  Governor  of  South  Ca- 
rolina to  a  law  of  that  State, 
under  which  British  sea- 
men (colored)  are  impris- 
oned when  they  enter  her 
ports  for  trade  or  in  dis- 
tress, Dec. 


Deaths  in  1850 : 

tr.  R.  A. 

J.  C.  Oalhoun,  Senator,  U.  8. 

Sam.  Miller,  D.D. 

Z.  Taylor,  President,  U.  8.  A. 


UNITED  STATES. 


1850.  CALIFORNIA  admitted  as 
a  State,  Sept. 


Fugitive     Slate     Bill 
passed,  Sept. 


Disunion  Meetings  held  at 
Natchez  (many  present  op- 
posed to  disunion);  atYazoo 
City  (resolutions  proposed 
voted  down),  Oct.  7;  at 
Nashville  (this  convention 
passed  resolutions  recom- 
mending a  congress  of 
elaveholding  States),  Nov. 
19. 


Union  Meetings  held  at 
Mobile,  Dayton,  and  New 
York,  in  Oct. ;  at  Philadel- 
phia, and  Manchester,  N. 
II.,  in  Nov.;  and  at  Bath, 
Me.,  in  Dec. 


The  Advance  and  Rescue, 
American  vessels  iu  search 
of  Sir  J.  Franklin,  com- 
pletely fastened  in  the  ice, 
Sept.  13.  In  their  northerly 
drift  reach  lat.  75°  23',  Oct.  1. 


Conventions  held  to 
amend  the  Constitutions  of 
the  States  of  Indiana  (Oct.  7), 
Virginia  (Oct.  14),  Maryland 
(Nov.  4),  New  Hampshire 
(Nov.  6). 


Lopez  and  others  tried  at 
New  Orleans  for  engaging 
in  an  expedition  against 
Cuba,  Dec.  17. 


Webster  replies  to  Hiilse- 
mann  on  the  rights  of  neu- 
tral nations,  Dec.  21. 


GREAT  BRITAIN. 


1850.    Great   excitement  and 
agitation  in  England  respect 
ing  a  dispute  on  doctrine  be 
tween  the  Bishop  of  Exeter 
and  the  Rev.  Dr.  Gorham, 
one  of  his  clergy.  The  Privy 
Council's  decision  in  favor 
of  the  latter  afterwards  rati- 
fied by  the  Courts. 


Searches  for  Sir  J.  Frank- 
lin— the  North  Star  returns 
to  Spithead  unsuccessful, 
Sept.  28.  The  Prince  Albert 
arrives  at  Aberdeen  with  the 
intelligence  that  traces  of 
his  party  had  been  found  at 
Cape  Reilly  and  Beechy 
Island,  at  the  entrance  to 
Wellington  Channel,  Oct.  1. 


Appointment  by  the 
Pope  of  several  Roman  Ca- 
tholic bishops  and  arch- 
bishops in  England,  causes 
great  excitement,  and  an 
indignant  letter  from  Lord 
J.  Russell,  the  premier, 
Nov. 


English  forces  defeated 
by  the  Caffres  in  South 
Africa,  with  considerable 
loss,  and  obliged  to  retreat 
to  their  fort,  Dec.  29. 


1816-1856.] 


THE  WORLD'S  PROGRESS. 


1571 


A.  D. 


FRANCE. 


1860  President  creates  his  uncle 
Jerome  a  Marshal  of  France, 
Jan.  1. 


800  Soldiers  drowned  at  An- 
giers  by  fall  of  a  bridge, 
Apr.  15. 

'French  Ambassador  recalled 
from  London,  in  conse- 
quence cf  a  difficulty  con- 
nected with  an  English 
claim  on  Greece,  May  16. 

New  Electoral  Law,  restrict- 
ing the  right  of  suffrage, 
passed,  May  31. 

Arrangement  with  England 
on  the  Greek  dispute,  June 
21. 

Dotation  Bill,  giving  the  Pre- 

i  sident  2,160,000  francs 
($405,000)  per  annum, 
passed,  June  24. 


AFSTBIA,  etc. 


THE  WORLD,  elsewhere. 


1850.  Prussia: — The  King  takes 
the  oath  required  by  the  Con- 
stitution, Feb.  6.  Attempt  to 
assassinate  him,  May  22. 

Treaty  signed  at  Munich 
between  Austria,  Bavaria,  Sax- 
ony, and  Wurtemburg,  to  main-i 
tain  the  German  Union,  Feb.  27. 

Wurtemburg  denounces  the 
insidious  ambition  of  the  King 
of  Prussia,  and  announces  a 
league  between  Wurtemburg, 
Bavaria,  and  Saxony,  under  the 
sanction  of  Austria,  March  15. 

Hesse-Darmstadt  withdraws 
from  the  Prussian  league,  June 
30. 
Treaty  of  Peace  between  Prussia  and  Denmark,  July  2. 

A  Congress  of  Deputies  from  I 
the  States  included  in  the  Prus-l 
sian  Zollverein  opened  at  Cas-  1550. 
sel,  July  12. 


Prussia  refuses  to  join  the 
restricted  Diet  of  Frajikfort, 
Aug.  25. 


Difficulties  occurring  in 
Hesse-Cassel,  between  the  Elec- 
tor and  his  people,  in  regard  to 
the  mode  of  taxation,  Austria 
and  Prussia  respectively  send 
armies  to  the  Electorate,  to  take 
opposite  parts  in  the  struggle, 
Sept.— Nov. 

Austrian  ultimatum  deliv- 
ered at  Berlin,  directing  that 
Prussia  evacuate  Hesse  in  eight 
days,  dissolve  the  ErfurtLeague, 
and  recognize  the  Diet,  etc.,  re- 
plied to  by  the  Prussian  King's 
signing  the  order  calling  out  the 
whole  military  force  of  the  mo- 
narchy, Nov.  6. 

The  Eussian  Ambassador  at 
Vienna  announces  that  the  Czar 
"  would  consider  the  continu- 
ance of  the  Prussian  policy  in 
the  Electorate  as  a  casus  belli," 
Nov.  11. 

Treaty  of  Amnesty  an- 
nounced at  Berlin.  Dec.  3. 

France  protests,  and  Great 
Britain  remonstrates,  at  Vienna, 
against  the  proposed  extension 
of  the  Germanic  Confederation 
beyond  the  Alps,  Dec. 


Denmark :  Bloody 
but  indecisive  battle  of 
Idstedt,  between  the 
Danes  and  Schleswig- 
Holsteiners,  July  25. 


Yncatan :  —  Battle, 
near  close  of  the  year, 
between  the  Whites 
and  Indians;  latter  vic- 
torious; 300  Whites 
killed. 


158* 


THE    WORLD  S    PROGRESS. 


[Period  XL — 40  years. 


A.D. 


1851 


Jas.  Richardson,  the  African 
traveller,  dies  at  the  village 
of  Unqurta,  six  days  distant 
from  Kouka,  the  capital  of 
Bornou,  March  4. 


A  Company  of  Gipsies  from 
England  arrive  in  Cecil 
county,  Maryland,  TJ.  S., 
bringing  with  them  all  their 
wandering  habits  and  pecu- 
liarities, March. 


PROGRESS  OF  SOCIETY,  etc. 


According  to  the  evidence 
of  Mr.  Baines  before  a  Com- 
mittee of  the  House  of  Com- 
mons, there  were  in  Great 
Britain  13,193  places  of  wor- 
ship dissenting  from  the 
tenets  of  the  Established 
Church,  to  which  may  be 
added  Roman  Catholic  Cha- 
pels, 597,  minor  sects  and 
Jews,  550;  total  noncon- 
formist churches,  14,340. 

Exhibition  of  the  Works 
of  Industry  of  all  Nations 
inaugurated  by  Queen  Vic- 
toria, May  1. 

Wyld's  monster  globe 
erected  in  London ;  em- 
ployed 300  men  nearly  30 
days  in  fitting  up  the  inte- 
rior. 


Daguerre,  the  discoverer  oi 
the  Dagiwrfean  or  Photo- 
graphic Art,  dies,  aged  61, 
July  10. 


The  Oath  of  Abjuration  (Jew) 
Bill  passes  the  British 
House  of  Commons,  with 
only  verbal  protests  from 
the  objecting  minority,  July 
8;  but  is  refused  a  second 
reading  in  the  House  of 
Lords,  July  17. 


UNITED  STATES. 


1S51.  General  Quitman  of 
Mississippi  arrested  for  al- 
leged violation  of  the  neu- 
trality law  of  1318,  by  set- 
ting on  foot  a  military  ex- 
pedition against  Cuba.  He 
resigns  his  office  of  Gover- 
nor, Feb.  3. 

Erie  Canal  Enlargement 
Bill  defeated  in  the  N.  Y. 
Senate  by  the  withdrawal  or 
resignation  of  12  democratic 
members,  Apr.  16 ;  but 
afterwards  passed  by  a  new 
Legislature. 

"Minot's  Ledge  Light- 
house, Boston  Harbor,  car- 
ried away.  It  was  last  seen 
standing  about  8  o'clock, 
P.M.,  April  16. 

Arrest  of  a  notorious 
band  of  desperadoes  in  Mi- 
chigan, Apr.  21. 

Initial  point  of  the  Boun- 
dary between  the  United 
States  and  Mexico  establish- 
ed on  the  right  bank  of  the 
Rio  Grande  del  Norte,  in  32 
22  north  latitude,  and  2J9.-1 
meters  from  the  center  ol 
the  bed  of  the  river,  by  the 
American  and  Mexican 
Commissioners,  and  a  mon- 
ument erected  recording 
the  same,  April  24. 

President  issues  a  procla- 
mation, warning  all  person 
within  the  jurisdiction  oj 
the  United  States  not  to  aic 
or  engage  in  any  expedition 
against  the  Island  of  Cuba, 
Apr.  25. 

Convention  of  Delegates 
from  the  Southern  Rights 
Associations  of  South  Caro- 
lina meets  at  Charleston, 
May  5;  and  adjourns  after 
resolving  that,  "with  or 
without  cooperation,  they 
are  for  a  dissolution  of  the 
Union,"  May  8. 

Erie  railroad  opened 
from  New  York  city  to 
Dunkirk,  469  miles,  by 
President  Fillmore,  Daniel 
"Webster,  etc.,  May  15. 

Riot,  with  loss  of  life, 
at  Iloboken,  N.  J.,  between 
Germans  and  "  short-boy" 
rowdies  from  New  York, 
May  26. 

Serious  conflagrations  in 
California.  San  "Francisco 
alone  suffers  by  them  in 
May  and  June  to  the  amount 
of  $12,000,000. 


GREAT  BRITAIN. 


1851.  A  strong  force  of  Cuffres 
attacks  Fort  White,  Cape  of 
Good  Hope— repulsed,  loss 
20  killed.  The  Caffre  chief, 
Hermanns,  with  a  body  of 
Caffres  and  Hottentots,  at- 
tacks Fort  Beaufort,  but  is 
repulsed,  he  and  his  son 
killed,  his  band  completely 
routed.  3,000  Caffres  attack 
the  Colonists  and  their  allies 
near  Fort  Hare ;  driven 
back  with  the  loss  of  100 
killed,  Jan.  .  Col.  Somer- 
set captures  and  burns  Fort 
Armstrong,  90  Caffres  killed, 
230  taken  prisoners,  Feb. 
23.  The  Hottentots  of  the 
Theopolis  Mission  Station 
in  Lower  Albany,  join  in 
the  insurrection,  May  31. 
They  are  defeated  in  actions 
with  the  English  troops  on 
the  3d  and  5th  of  June. 

The  Russell  Ministry  re- 
sign, Feb.  22;  but  after- 
wards resume  office,  the 
Earl  of  Derby  not  having 
succeeded  in  forming  a 
Cabinet 

The  Prohibited  Affinity 
Marriage  Bill  lost  in  the 
House  of  Lords,  Feb.  25; 
Lord  Campbell  and  the  Ec- 
clesiastical Bench  voting 
against  it. 


1815-1855.] 


THE    WORLD  S    PROGRESS. 


159* 


A.D 


1851 


FRANCE. 


AUSTRIA,  etc. 


THE  WORLD,  elsewhere. 


Ministry  resign,  Jan.  3. 

Presidential  Dotation  Bill, 
proposing  an  additiona_ 
grant  of  1,800,000  francs, 
rejected  in  the  Assembly, 
Feb.  18. 


The  Sab-Committee  of  the 
Assembly  appointed  by  the 
Committee  of  Revision  to 
authenticate  petitions,  re- 
ports, that  up  to  July  1,  the 
petitions  had  been  signed 
by  1,123,165  persons,  thus 
classified  :  For  revision. 
741,011 ;  for  revision  and 
prolongation  of  powers, 
870,511 ;  for  prolongation  of 
powers,  12,103 — July  5. 


Tbe  question  of  revision  of 
the  Constitution  again  ta- 
ken in  the  Assemblv,  when 
a  minority  was  declared  97 
less  than  the  three-fourths 
required  by  the  Constitu- 
tion, July  19. 


1S51.     Denmark:  —  The  Government  of 
Schleswig-Holstein  yields  to  the  Com- 
missioners of  the  Germanic  Confedera 
tion,  Jan.  10. 

The  Austrians  complete  their  mili- 
tary possession  of  Hamburg.  Jan.  31 ; 
and  the  new  government  issue*  its  pro- 
clamation, declaring  its  resumption  of 
the  seisrnorial  rule  of  the  King  of  Den- 
mark, Feb.  2. 

Danish  mining  operations  in  Green- 
land produce  large  quantities  of  copper 
ore,  yielding  about  60  per  cent. 
The  Austrian  Government  and  the  Ottoman  Porte  come  to 
the  following  settlement  respecting  the  Hungarian  Refu- 
gees: Full  and  entire  amnesty  conditioned  on  their  not 
attempting  to  enter  Hungary.    Eight   excepted,  among 
them  Kossuth  and  Bathyany,  Feb.  17. 


Charles  L. 
Brace,  an  Am- 
erican, arrested 
and  imprisoned 
in  Hungary,  on 
a  charge  ol 
"  being  a  mem- 
ber of  the  de- 
mocratic com- 
rnittee,  an 
agent  of  Uj- 
hazy  and  Cretz, 
and  of  travel- 
ing with  revo- 
lutionary writ- 
ings, to  spread 
revolutionary 
movements," 
May  23. 


Inauguration 
of  Ranch's  co- 
lossal statue  of 
Frederick  the 
Great  at  Ber 
lin,  May  31. 


The    Ger- 
manic Diet,  in 
answer  to  Lord 
Palmerston's 
protest  against 
annexing  the 
non-Germanic 
provinces  of 
Austria  to  the 
Germanic  Fe- 
deration, says, 
"That  no  fo- 
reign interfe- 
rence should  be 
allowed  in  a 
purely  German 
question."July 
17. 


Australia: — Discovery  of  large  gold 
fields  near  Bathurst,  Feb. 

East  Indies : — Fort  of  the  celebrated 

E irate  Sultan  of  Soloo  destroyed  by  the 
panish   Government  of  Manilla,  Feb. 
28. 

Hawaii : — The  difficulties  between 
the  Hawaiian  and  French  Governments 
are  arranged  according  to  the  terms  of  a 
"  mutual  declaration,"  published  .it  Ho- 
nolulu, signed  by  the  minister  of  foreign 
relations  and  M.  Perrin,  the  French 
commissioner,  March  25. 


New  Granada :— Congress  adjourns. 
It  passed  a  law  abolishing  slavery  in 
the  republic,  to  take  effect  January  1, 
1852.  May  29. 


Italy  : — An  earthquake  destroys  Mel- 
fi,  a  city  of  10,000  inhabitants,  about  100 
miles  S.  E.  of  Naples,  and  other  towns 
in  its  vicinity.  Seven  shocks  occurred 
within  24  hours.  Melfl  was  separated 
by  a  ravine  from  Mount  Volture,  upon 
which  are  many  extinct  craters.  Not 
less  than  3,000  persons  are  said  to  have 
perished.  July  14. 


Ecuador :— Gen.  Diego  Novoa,  Presi- 
dent of  the  Republic,  seized  and  put 
on  board  a  government  vessel  by  Gen. 
Urbina,  who  assumes  the  administra- 
tion of  the  Government  July  17. 


160* 


THE    WORLD'S    PROGRESS. 


[Period  XL — 40  years. — 


A.D 


1S51 


PROGRESS  or  SOCIETY,  etc. 


UNITED  STATES. 


GREAT  BKITAIN. 


The  lord  mayor  of  London 
with  several  of  the  alder- 
men and  common  counci 
men,  the  royal  commission- 
ers of  the  Exposition  of  In- 
dustry, etc.,  and  the  execu- 
tive committee  of  the  royal 
commissioners,  leave  Eng- 
land for  France,  by  invita- 
tion of  the  prefect  of  the 
Seine.  They  are  entertained 
with  dinners,  balls,  sham 
fights,  and  reviews  of  troops 
—Aug.  1. 


The  Inauguration  of  the  rail- 
way between  St  Peters- 
burg and  Moscow,  in  Rus- 
sia, takes  place  Sept.  1. 


1S51.  "  Vigilance  committee 
at  San    Francisco    hang 
man  for  stealing,  June  10 
and  another,  Juty  11. 

Gov.  McDougal  of  Cali- 
fornia issues  his  proclama- 
tion, warning  the  citizens  o: 
the  State  against  "  vigi- 
lance committees,"  anc 
calls  upon  all  persons  to  aic 
in  sustaining  the  law,  July 
21. 

Nicaragua  route,  be- 
tween New  York  and  San 
Francisco,  opened,  Au^.  12 

The  people  of  Litchfield 
county,  Connecticut,  cele- 
brate the  200th  anniversary 
of  its  settlement,  Aug.  13 
and  14. 

Great  riot  in  New  Or- 
leans, growing  out  of  the 
Cuban  expedition.  Houses 
of  Spanish  residents  at- 
tacked. The  Spanish  con- 
sul is  obliged  to  ask  protec- 
tion, and  is  placed  in  the 
city  prison  for  safety,  Au 
21. 

Riot,  with  loss  of  life,  at 
Christiana,  Pa.,  upon  an  at- 
tempt to  arrest  a  fugitive 
slave,  Sept.  11. 

U.  S.  brig  Dolphin  sails 
on  an  expedition  to  run  a 
line  of  soundings  for  tele- 
graphic purposes  across  the 
Atlantic,  Oct. 

Cotton-planters'  conven- 
tion (300  members)  meets 
at  Macon,  Ga.  Its  object 
being  to  prevent  fluctua- 
tions in  the  price  of  cotton. 
Little  harmony  of  views  or 
concord  of  action  manifest- 
ed. Oct 

U.  S.  steam  frigate  Mis- 
sissippi sent  to  Turkey  for 
Kossuth,  receives  hiui  on 
board  in  the  Dardanelles. 
The  French  government  re- 
fuses to  allow  Kossuth  to 
pass  through  France.  The 
Mississippfproceeds  on  her 
voyage  with  Kossuth's  com- 
panions, reaching  New 
York  Nov.  10. 

Kossuth  arrives  at  Now 
York  in  December.  Ova- 
tions are  offered  him  in  the 
principal  cities  of  the  Union. 
He  has  an  interview  with 
the  President,  Sept  to  Dec, 


1851.  "  The  great  aggregate 
meeting"  of  Roman  Catho- 
lics, from  all  parts  of  the 
United  Kingdom,  for  the 
inauguration  of  the  Catho- 
lic defense  association,  is 
held  at  Dublin,  Aug.  19. 


The  American  yacht 
*'  America,"  at  the  regatta 
at  Cowes,  wins  '•  The  cup  of 
all  nations,"  Aug.  22. 


Kossuth  arrives  by  Eng- 
lish steamer  from  Gibraltar, 
at  Southampton.  Eng.  Ova- 
tions are  offered  him  in  va- 
rious parts  of  the  country. 
He  leaves  for 'the  United 
States,  Nov. 


The  submarine  tele- 
graph between  Dover  and 
Calais  completed,  Oct.  17. 
Opened  for  public  use  Nov, 
13. 


A  fourth  presidency 
contemplated  for  British 
India,  and  a  proposal  made 
to  remove  the  seat  of  go- 
vernment from  Calcutta 
to  Lahore,  Nov. 


1815-1855.] 


THE    WORLD  S    PROGRESS. 


161* 


1851 


FBANOE. 


REVOLUTION:  L.  N.  Bonaparte 
by  a  coup  d'etat  seizes  the 
reins  of  government;  dis- 
solves the  national  assem- 
bly; declares  a  state  of 
siege  ;  arrests  the  principal 
red-republicans  and  social- 
ists ;  constitutes  an  entire 
ne%v  ministry.  The  Presi- 
dent orders  an  instant 
restoration  of  universal  suf- 
frage; an  immediate  elec- 
tion by  people  and  army  of 
a  President  to  hold  office 
for  ten  years,  to  be  sup- 
ported by  a  Council  of  State 
and  two  houses  of  Legisla- 
ture. The  revolution  cre- 
ates an  intense  excitement. 
The  vote  of  the  army  shows 
a  large  majority  for  L.  N. 
Bonaparte.  Resistance  to 
the  usurpation  is  shown  in 
various  parts  of  France,  but 
the  overwhelming  power  of 
the  army,  and  a  "  state  of 
siege"  in  83  departments, 
crushes  all  opposition.  The 
election,  under  various  con- 
trolling influences,  results 
in  the  confirmation  of  L.  N. 
Bonaparte  as  President  for 
ton  years,  by  a  vote  of  about 
seven  out  of  eight  millions. 
Doc.  1-20. 


AUSTRIA,  etc. 


1851.  Marshal  B* 

detzky,  by  pro- 
clamation from 
Monga  declares 
the  Lombardo- 
Venetian  king- 
dom to  be  in  a 
state  of  siege, 
July  19. 

By  cabinet 
letters,the  Em- 
peror ofAustria 
declares  that 
his  ministers 
"  are  responsi- 
ble to  no  other 
political  au- 
thority than 
the  throne," 
that   "the 
Reichstadtisto 
be  considered 
as  the  council 
of  the  throne," 
and  the  minis- 
ter president  is 
to  take  " into 
ripe  and  seri- 
ous considera- 
tion the  possi- 
bility of  carry- 
ing out  the 
Constitution 
of  March  4, 
1849."  Aug.  20. 

Louis  Kos- 
suth  and  85  of 
his  country- 
men sentenced 
to  death  in 
contiimaciam, 
at  Pesth,  for 
not  appearing 
after  citation, 
Sept.  22. 

The  ques- 
tion of  the  ad- 
mission of 
Jews  to  judi- 
cial office  in 
Prussia, 
brought  to  a 
partial  termi- 
nation by  their 
permission  to 
study  law.  Oct. 


THE  WORLD,  elsewhere. 


1S51.  Russia:— Her  troops  repeatedly  de- 
feated by  the  Circassians.    June. 


Nicaragua :— Gen.  Munoz,  ex-tnlnis- 
ter  of  war,  deposes  President  Pineda, 
and  sends  him  and  most  of  his  cabinet 
prisoners  to  Tigre  Islands  and  elects 
Albaunaz  President.  The  Senate  assem- 
bles at  Grenada,  and  elects  Montenegro 
President  Aug.  4, 


West  Indies :— Volcanic  eruptions 
from  eight  craters  in  the  mountains  of 
Martinique,  Aug.  5. 


Cuba : — Expedition  against  Cuba  un- 
der General  Lopez,  500  strong,  sails  from 
New  Orleans  Aug.  3,  and  Key  West 
10th;  effects  a  landing  at  Cubanos.  11th  ; 
is  routed  on  the  20th.  Lopez  is  taken, 
29th,  and  publicly  garoted,  Sep.  1.  His 
followers  shot  or  condemned  to  ten 
years'  labor  in  Spain.  The  funeral  obse- 
quies of  the  Spaniards  and  Cubans  who 
fell  in  the  contest  with  Lopez,  are  cele- 
brated with  great  pomp  at  the  Cathedral 
in  Havana.  $70,000  are  subscribed  by 
the  inhabitants  of  Havana,  for  the  bone- 
fit  of  their  widows  and  children.  Sept.  9 


Mexico  :  —  General  Mariana  Arist& 
inaugurated  President,  Jan.  15  ;  Canales, 
Carvajal,  and  others,  issue  pronimvia- 
menton  against  the  general  govern- 
ment. Some  fighting  follows,  with 
varied  success.  Sept — Oct. — Nov. 

Greece : — Lord  Palmerston's  note  to 
the  Greek  government  prod  uoea  a  great 
sensation  at  Athens.  Nov. 


Chili:— Earthquake  at  Valparaiso — 
the  most  violent  since  that  of  1822,  few 
lives  lost  but  great  destruction  of  pro- 
perty, April  2.  Insurrection  at  Santiago, 
suppressed  after  two  hours'  street-fight- 
ing, April  20.  Rebels  under  Cruz  de- 
feated by  Bulnes  at  Longomilla,  Dec.  B. 


162* 


THE    WORLD  S    PROGRESS. 


'[Period  XL — iO  year*. 


1951 


PROGRESS  OF  SOCIETY,  etc. 


1852 


The  town  of  Lagos,  on  the 
coast  of  Africa,  destroyed 
by  an  English  force,  with  a 
loss  of  thirty  killed,  and  69 
wounded,  because  the  na- 
tive chief  refused  to  sign  a 
treaty  for  the  effectual  sup- 
pression "of  the  slave  trade 
in  his  dominions.  The  chief 
is  deposed,  and  another  sub- 
stituted in  his  place,  Dec. 
26-27. 


Deaths 
U.S. 

J.    «/".    Audu- 

bon, 
S.  Olin, 
J.  F.  Cooper, 
T.  H.  Gallau- 

det, 
S.  G.  Morton. 


in  1851. 
ECKOPK. 

J.  Pye  Smith, 

Bexley, 

JoannaBaillie, 

Codrington, 

Sheil, 

Lingard, 

Da?uerre, 

Soult, 

Oersted, 

Jacobi. 


Immigration  into  California, 
U.  S.,  from  Asia  is  so  large 
as  to  require  special  Legis- 
lation— April. 


Extensive  fires  in  the  Antilles, 
March  2;  California,  U.  S., 
June  17  and  Nov.  2  (nearly 
destroying  two  cities ;) 
Canada,  (at  Montreal)  July 
& 


UNITED  STATES. 


1851.  Principal  room  of  the 
library  of  Congress  destroy- 
ed by  fire,  together  witli 
paintings,  statuary,  models, 
and  about  35,000  volumes 
of  books,  Dec  24. 

By  joint  resolution,  the 
Governor  of  Georgia  is 
authorised  and  requested  to 
withdraw  the  block  of  mar- 
ble contributed  to  the  Wash- 
ington monument  by  the 
resolution  of  the  General 
Assembly  of  Febr'y,  1850, 
with  the  inscription,  "  The 
Constitution  as  it  is ;  the 
Union  as  it  was,"  and  to 
cause  another  to  be  pre- 
pared of  Georgia  marble, 
with  the  State  arms  thereon, 
and  to  be  sent  to  the  monu- 
ment, Dec.  31. 


Immigration, 
1850,  to  Dec. 
558,000. 


June     1, 
31,    1851, 


1852.  Deputations  from  the 
various  States,  in  behalf  of 
the  Irish  exiles,  wait  upon 
President  Filmore — Jan.  25. 

The  Ohio  State  House 
entirely  consumed  by  fire. 
Some  of  the  papers  saved, 
but  a  large  mass  of  docu- 
ments destroyed — Feb.  1. 

Sefior  Laborde,  the 
Spanish  Consul  at  New 
Orleans  at  the  time  of  the 
Cuban  riots,  and  who  fled 
the  city  from  fear  of  vio- 
lence, arrives  at  New  Or- 
leans, is  saluted,  and  re- 
sumes his  duties  as  consul — 
Feb.  9. 

Gold  Medal  presented 
to  Henry  Clay  by  citizens  of 
New  York.  Feb.  10. 

Memorial  presented  to 
House  of  Representatives 
of  California,  from  1,218  cit- 
izens of  South  Carolina  and 
Florida,  asking  permission 
"to  colonize  a  rural  district 
with  a  population  of  not 
less  than  2,000  slaves."  Feb. 
10. 

Homoeopathic  College 
at  Cleveland,  Ohio,  mobbed 
and  interior  destroyed,  in 
consequence  of  remains  of 
subjects,  taken  from  the 
burial-ground,  being  dis- 
covered near  the  Colleir*. 
Feb.  16. 


GREAT  BRITAIN. 


1852.  Lord  Granville,  by  his 
note  to  the  American  mi- 
nister, in  relation  to  the 
firing  into  the  American 
steamer  Prometheus  by  the 
British  man-of-war  "  Ex- 
press, states  to  Mr.  Law- 
rence, for  the  information 
of  his  government,  that 
her  majesty's  government 
entirely  disavow  the  act, 
and  has  no  hesitation  in 
offering  ample  apology  for 
that  which  they  consider 
to  have  been  an  infraction 
of  treaty  engagements.  Jan. 
10. 


Dr.  Rao  returns  unsuc- 
cessful from  his  search  for 
Sir  John  Franklin,  down 
the  McKenzie  river,  and 
from  its  mouth  eastward, 
500  miles.  He  was  sent  out 
in  the  spring  of  1851  by  tho 
Hudson's  Bav  Company. 
Feb. 


1815-1855.] 


THE    WORLD  S    PROGRESS. 


1G3* 


A.  D. 


1851 


FBANCE. 


AUSTBIA,  etc. 


THE  WORLD,  elsewhere. 


1852 


President  Bonaparte  orders 
the  confiscation  of  the  Or- 
leans property,  Jan.  22. 


1852.  The  Empe- 
ror of  Russia 
visits  the  Em- 
peror of  Aus- 
tria at  Vienna, 
May8. 


1851.  China : — Imperial  court  seriously 
alarmed  at  the  progress  of  the  disturb- 
ance in  the  Southern  provinces.  June. 
A  large  portion  of  the  Chinese  part  of 
Hong  Kong  destroyed  by  fire  :  from  470 
to  500  houses  destroyed,  including  all 
the  printing  offices  and  the  finest  edi- 
fices and  public  buildings.  Many  lives 
lost.  Dec.  2S-2& 


1S52.  Argentine  Confederation  .-—General 
Urquiza,  Commander  of  the  liberating 
army,  completes  the  passage  of  the 
Parana  with  28,000  men,  50,000  horse, 
and  50  pieces  of  artillery,  and  prepares 
to  approach  Buenos  Ayres,  Jan.  8.  Bat- 
tle of  Santos  Lugares,  (10  miles  from 
Buenos  Ayres,)  between  Urquiza  with 
30,000  men  and  50  cannon,  and  the  troops 
of  Rosas,  25,000  men  and  90  cannon ;  re- 
sults in  the  total  defeat  of  Rosas  and  his 
flight  to  England.  During  the  night,  the 
city  is  saved  from  pillage  by  detach- 
ments from  the  various  ships  of  war  of 
all  nations  in  the  harbor,  Feb.  3.  The 
allied  army  enters  Buenos  Ayres  Feb.  18. 

— Urquiza,  Director  of  the  Argentine 
Confederation,  deposed,  Sept  10. 

— The  Chamber  of  Representatives 
of  Buenos  Ayres  declares  the  rivei 
Parana  open  to  the  navigation  of  all  na- 
tions, Oct.  13. 

Belgium :— Formation  of  a  new  mi- 
nistry at  Brussels,  of  the  moderate  party 
under  M.  de  Brouckere,  Nov.  1.  The 
law  against  the  liberty  of  the  press  is 
adopted  in  the  Chamber  of  Representa- 
tives, Dec.  1. 

Cuba:— The  police  of  Havana  disco- 
ver and  capture  the  press  of  the  paper, 
*  The  Voice  of  the  People,"  with  the 
materials  and  forms  for  the  fourth  num- 
ber. The  proprietors  and  employes  are 
arrested,  Aug.  23.  The  barque  Cornelia, 
having  cleared  at  Havana,  is  brought  to 
and  boarded  at  the  mouth  of  the  harbor, 
and  the  mail-bags  rifled,  Sept.  23.  A  few 
days  after,  the  United  States  mail  steam- 
ship Crescent  City  is  refused  permission 
to  land  her  passengers  and  mails  at  Ha- 
vana, and  ordered  to  quit  the  port — 
Captain-General  Canedo  objecting  to  the 
purser  of  the  vessel,  Mr.  Smith,  alleged 
to  be  the  reporter  of  false  news  to  the 
New  York  papers.  On  Oct.  14,  the  Cres- 
cent City  acain  enters  Havana  harbor, 
with  Mr.'Smith  as  purser.  Gov.  Canedo 
refuses  to  allow  passengers  or  mails  to  be 
landed,  and  forbids  all  intercourse  be- 
tween the  ship  and  shore.  The  Captain 
£rotests  to  the  American  Consul,  and 
saves  the  harbor. 


164' 


THE  WORLD'S  PROGRESS.  [Period  XL — 10  years. — 


A.D. 


1852 


Great  floods  in  the  United 
States,  March,  April,  Sept, 
and  Dec. ;  in  England,  Nov. 
and  Dec.;  on  the  conti- 
nent of  Europe,  Sept 


Telegraphs  across  the  Eng- 
lish Channel. 


Earthquakes  in  Cuba  August 
2  and  Nov.  26;  in  Manilla 
and  adjacent  parts,  Sept.  16, 
Oct.  18;  at  Acapulco,  Dec. 
4;  in  the  Eastern  Archipe- 
lago, Nov.  21  and  Dec.  21. 

At  Stafford  House,  in  London, 
some  English  ladies,  headed 
by  the  Duchess  of  Suther- 
land, adopt  an  address  to 
the  women  of  America  on 
the  subject  of  negro  slavery. 
It  subsequently  receives 
576,000  signatures.  Nov. 
26. 


PROGRESS  OF  SOCIETY,  etc. 


Punishment   of  Death, 
stored  in  Tuscany. 


re- 


Fall  in  England  of  the  protec- 
tionist ministry  of  Lord 
Derby  and  Mr.  Disraeli, 
after  an  existence  of  nine 
months — Dec.  20. 


Deaths  in  1852. 
U.  8.  EUROPE. 


B.  Clay, 
S.  Nott, 
M.  Stuart, 
D.  Drake, 
J.  H.  Paine, 
H.  Greenough, 
Amos      Laic- 

rence, 
Milledoler, 
J,  Vanderlyn, 
D.   Webster, 
J.L.  Kingsley, 
J.  P.  Norton. 


Thos.  Moore, 
Schwartzen- 

berg, 
Pradier, 
Wellington, 
Dr.  Mantell, 
D'Orsay, 
Lee. 


UNITED  STATES. 


1S52.  Southern  Rights  conven- 
tion at  Montgomery,  Ala., 
passes  resolutions  against 
making  resistance  to  tho 
compromise  measures  an 
issue  of  their  party,  and 
against  intervention,  March 
5. 

Riot  during  election  at 
St.  Louis,  April  5. 

First  national  agricultu- 
ral convention  assembles  at 
Washington,  D.  C.,  consist- 
ing of  151  members,  repre- 
senting 22  States,  and  the 
District  of  Columbia,  orga- 
niied  by  the  choice  of 
Marshal  P.  Wilder,  of  Mass., 
president.  June  24. 

Convention  for  revising 
the  Constitution  of  Louisi- 
ana, July  5. 

Kossuth  continues  to  be 
feted  in  different  cities,  and 
finally  quits  the  country 
under  the  name  of  Alexan- 
der Smith,  July  16. 

Henry  Clay  dies,  June 
29.  Obsequies  celebrated 
at  New  York  with  great 
and  magnificence, 


GKEA.T  BRITAIN. 


1852.  Submarine  telegraph 
wires  coated  with  gutta 
percha,  laid  across  St 
George's  Channel  from  Ho- 
lyhead,  a  distance  of  eighty 
miles,  completing  the  com- 
munication between  Lon- 
don and  Dublin.  June  1. 


Queen  Victoria  issues 
her  proclamation  against 
"  Roman  Catholic  ecclesias- 
tics' wearing  the  habit  of 
their  order,  exercising  the 
rites  and  ceremonies  of  the 
Roman  Catholic  religion  in 
highways  and  places  of 
public  resort"  June  15. 


Sorap 
uly  20. 

Great  Britain  insists  upon  the  convention  of  1818,  re- 
specting North  American  fisheries,  being  carried  out  by 
the  United  States,  and  sends  armed  vessels  to  the  coast 
of  New  Brunswick,  etc.  The  United  States  government 
dispatches  the  war  steamer  Mississippi,  with  Commodore 
Perry  on  board,  to  the  disputed  fishing  grounds ;  some 
sixty  fishing  vessels  are  boarded,  and  furnished  with  in- 
formation and  advice.  July— Aug. 


Commodore  McCauley. 
commander  of  the  United 
States  naval  forces  in  the 
Pacific,  by  proclamation, 
withdraws  his  protection 
from  American  vessels  pro- 
ceeding to  the  Lobos  Is- 
lands for  guano,  Oct.  18. 
This  difficulty  with  Peru 
settled  by  the  withdrawal 
of  American  pretensions, 
Nov.  15. 

Daniel  Webster  dies, 
Oct.  24.  Funeral  solemni- 
ties celebrated  at  Boston 
with  much  state,  Nov.  15. 

The  United  States  de- 
clines the  tri-partite  con- 
vention respecting  Cuba 
proposed  by  England  and 
France,  Dec.  1. 

Immigration,  875,000. 


Duke  of  Wellington  dies, 
Sept.  14.  His  funeral  obse- 
quies take  place  in  London 
with  great  pomp,  Nov.  18. 


Fall  of  the  Protectionist 
ministry  of  Lord  Derby  and 
Mr.  D'Israeli,  after  an  exist- 
ence of  nine  months,  Dec. 
20. 


By  a  decree  of  the  Go- 
vernor General  of  British 
India,  the  province  of  Pe 
gu  is  annvted  to  the  British 
dominions^  Deo,  20. 


1815-1855.] 


THE    WORLD  S    PROGRESS. 


165* 


A.  D. 


FBANOE. 


AUSTRIA,  etc. 


THE  WORLD,  elsewhere. 


1858 


'resident  Bonaparte  com- 
mences his  tour  through 
Southern  France,  Sept.  16. 
Visits  the  Chateau  D'Am- 
boise,  and  releases  Abd-el- 
Kader,  who  had  been  a 
prisoner  for  five  years,  Oct. 
10.  Returns  to  Paris,  ma- 
king a  pompous  entry  into 
the  city,  Oct.  16. 

A  decree  of  the  President 
convokes  the  Senate  for 
Nov.  4,  for  the  purpose  of 
deliberating  on  the  restora- 
tion of  the  empire.  Oct.  19. 


The  Senate  decrees  the  re 
establishment  of  the  em- 
pire, subject  to  the  ratifica- 
tion of  the  people,  Nov.  7. 
The  vote  is  taken  through- 
out France  and  Algeria. 
Nov.  21  and  22;  result— 
7,824,189  in  favor  of  reestab 
lishing  the  empire,  against 
253,145  negative,  and  63,326 
void  ballots. 


The  Senate  goes  in  a  body  to 
St.  Cloud,  to  announce  offi- 
cially the  result  of  the  elec- 
tion to  Louis  Napoleon,  anc 
hall  him  Emperor,  Dec.  1. 


At  the  Hotel  de  Ville,  in  Paris 
Louis  Napoleon  is  publicly 
proclaimed  EMPEROR  OF 
THE  FRENCH,  under  th 
name  of  NAPOLBON  III 
Dec.  2. 


1852.  Greece : — Signing  of  a  convention  in 
London  by  the  five  powers,  England, 
France,  Prussia,  Bavaria  and  Greece,  in 
reference  to  the  affairs  of  Greece.  None 
but  a  prince  of  the  Greek  religion  is 
hereafter  to  ascend  the  throne  of  Greece. 
Nov.  18. 

Hawaii: — Eruption  of  Mauna  Loo; 
lasts  several  weeks.  Feb. 

India:— The  Burmese  evacuate  and 
burn  Prome,  Sept.  10.  The  British  un- 
der Godwin  take  it  with  a  loss  of  38  men, 
Nov.  21. 

Italy : — The  Grand  Duke  of  Tuscany, 
refuses  to  give  audience  to  an  English 
Protestant  deputation  in  favor  of  Rosa 
and  Francisco  Madiai,  Oct.  25. 

— The  punishment  of  death  is  rees- 
tablished in  Tuscany,  for  treason,  crimes 
against  religion,  murder,  and  robbery 
•with  violence,  Nov.  10. 

— The  Pope  addresses  a  letter  to  the 
King  of  Sardinia,  strongly  adverse  to 
the  bill  under  consideration  in  the  Pied- 
montese  parliament,  permitting  mar- 
riages without  religious  ceremonies;  it 
is  consequently  withdrawn  by  the  mi- 
nistry, Dec.  20. 

— At  Borne,  Bishop  Ives,  of  North 
Carolina,  U.  S.,  formerly  an  Episcopa- 
lian, is  received  into  the  Catholic 
Church  by  the  Pope,  Dec.  26. 

Liberia  :— President  Eoberts  attacks 
and  gains  possession  of  the  native  chief 
Boyer's  principal  town,  Jan  15. 
A  treaty  of  peace  between  the  courts  of  Vienna  and 
Rome  is  ratified,  stipulating  that  the  former  shall  main- 
tain in  the  territories  of  the  Pope,  12,000  infantry  and 
1,400  cavalry,  for  whom  $18,000  monthly  are  to  be  paid 
by  tho  Papal  government.  Nov.  10. 

Mexico : — Carvajal  attacks  Camargo 
and  is  defeated,  Feb.  21. 

The  French  Count  Boulban  de  Ra- 
ousset,  who  led  an  enterprise  upon  80- 
nora,  is  defeated  at  Hermosillo,  and  his 
expedition  completely  overthrown,  Nov. 


1852.  The  Empe- 
ror of  Austria 
visits  the  King 
of  Prussia  at 
Berlin,  Dec.  17. 


Prussia : — 
The  bill  for  bi- 
ennial    parlia- 
ments becomes 
a  law,  Dec.  23. 


Spain : — A  priest,  aged  63,  attacks 
with  a  dagger,  and  wounds  the  Queen 
of  Spain,  on  her  return  from  celebrating 
at  the  cathedral  a  Te  Deum  for  the 
birth  of  her  child,  Feb.  2.  He  is  tried, 
convicted,  degraded  from  his  priestly 
office,  and  suffers  death  from  the  garote, 
7th. 

— Ninety-five  Americans  belonging 
to  the  Lopez  expedition,  who  had  been 
sent  to  Spain,  arrive  at  New  York, 
March  13,  having  been  liberated  by  the 
Queen. 

—The  Cortes  dissolved  by  royal  de- 
cree, for  having  elected  De  la  Rosa,  th« 
anti-ministerial  candidate,  their  presi- 
dent, Doc.  2. 


166* 


THE    WORLD  S    PROGRESS. 


[Period  XL — 40  years. — 


A.B. 


PKOGRESS  OF  SOCIETY,  etc. 


UNITED  STATES. 


GKEAT  BRITAIW. 


1853 


firmans  accorded  to  all  sub- 
jects of  the  Porte  (not  Mus- 
sulmans) confirming  their 
religious  rights,  June  22. 


The  first  Norwegian  railway 
opened  July  4. 


The  American  expedition  un- 
der Com.  Perry  arrives  at 
Japan,  July  8.  On  the  14tl 
he  lands  and  delivers  to  the 
Imperial  commissioners  the 
letter  from  the  American 
President ;  a  few  days  af tei 
leaves  the  island,  to  return 
in  the  spring. 


Over    60,000   pilgrims    ente 
Aix-la-Chapelle,  to  visit  the 
exhibition  of  the  relics,  Ju 
Iyl7. 


853.  Caloric  ship  Ericsson 
makes  her  trial  trip  to  the 
Potomac,  Jan.  11. 


Adverse  decision  of  Na- 
poleon, arbiter  between  the 
United  States  and  Portugal, 
in  case  of  the  General  Arm- 
strong, read  at  "Washington. 
Jan.  IT. 


Franklin  Pierce  and 
William  R.  King  declared 
duly  elected  President  and 
Vice-President  for  four 
years  from  4th  March  next, 
Feb.  9. 


W.  R.  King  sworn  in  as 
Vice-President,  at  Cumbre, 
Island  of  Cuba,  Consul 
Sharkey  administering  the 
oath,  March  24. 


Second  American  Arctic 
expedition  leaves  New 
York,  May  81. 


Important  amendments 
to  the  city  charter  of  Now 
York,  restraining  the  power 
of  municipal  officers  in 
money  matters,  adopted  by 
a  vote  of  36,672  in  favor 
8,351  against,  June  7. 


Crystal  Palace  at  New 
York  opened  in  presence  o 
the  President  of  the  United 
States,  etc.,  July  14. 


1S53.  Mr.  Ingersol,  American 
envoy,  feted  at  Liverpool 
and  Manchester, 'Jan.  4-7. 


Sandilli  and  other  Caflre 
chiefs  send  in  their  submis- 
sion to  General  Cathcart, 
thereby  closing  the  war, 
Feb.  10.  Peace  concluded, 
March  9. 


Doncaster  church,  built 
in  1070,  destroyed  by  fire, 
Feb.  28. 


Warlike  stores,  supposed 
to  be  for  Kossuth,  seized, 
April  14. 


Mrs.  H.  B.  Stowe,  au- 
thoress of  "Uncle  Tom's 
Cabin,"  received  at  Stafford 
House  by  many  of  the  no- 
bility and  statesmen  of 
England,  May  7. 


Dublin  Industrial  Exhi- 
bition opened,  May  12. 


The  "strike"  at  Stock- 
port  ceases,  and  20,000  men 
resume  labor,  having  ac- 
complished thoir  object,  an 
advance  of  ten  per  cent  in 
their  wages,  August  8.  Si- 
milar strikes  occur  at  Leeds, 
Kidderminster,  and  other 
cities. 


1815-1855.] 


THE    WORLD  S    PROGRESS. 


167* 


A.D. 


FBANCB. 


AUSTBIA,  etc. 


THE  WORLD,  elsewhere. 


1868 


The  Pantheon  at  Paris  re- 
opened as  the  Church  of 
St.  Genevieve,  Jan.  3. 

Russia,  Austria,  and  Prussia, 
at  last  acknowledge  Napo- 
leon III.  Emperor  of  the 
French,  Jan.  11. 

Marriage  of  the  Emperor  and 
Eugenie  de  Montijo,  Count- 
ess de  Teba,  celebrated  at 
Cathedral  of  Notre  Dame, 
Paris.  Amnesty  granted 
to  4,312  political  prisoners 
and  exiles,  Jan.  30. 

Oeneral  St.  Priest,  and  many 
other  legitimists,  secretly 
arrested  in  Paris,  on  the 
charge  of  political  commu- 
nication with  the  Count  of 
Chambord,  and  some  of 
having  sent  false  intelli- 
gence to  foreign  journals, 
Feb.  5. 

Application  is  made  by  the 
French  government  to  the 
English  for  Napoleon's 
will,  Feb.  IT.  Subsequent- 
ly granted. 


Funeral  of  Mme.  Easpail  at 
Paris,  the  occasion  of  a 
formidable  socialist  demon- 
stration. 40,000  persons 
march  in  procession  to  Pere 
la  Chaise,  March  13. 

Fleet  sent  to  Turkish  waters, 
March  20. 

A  peace  address,  signed  by 
4,000  English  merchants, 
bankers  and  traders,  is  pre- 
sented to  Napoleon  II L  a1 
the  Tuilleries,  by  English- 
men, March  28. 


A  bill  restoring  capital  pun- 
ishment for  attempts  on  the 
life  of  the  Emperor,  or  to 
subvert  the  Imperial  go 
vernment,  is  passed,  May 
88. 


853.  Austria  of- 
fers herself  as 
a  mediator  be- 
tween   the 
Turks  and 
Montenegrins, 
Feb.  1. 


Attempt  on 
the  life  of  Em- 
peror of  Aus- 
tria at  the  ram- 
parts of  Vien- 
na, Feb.  13. 


Baden: — 
Prof.  Gervinns 
tried  for  high 
treason,in  pub- 
lishing his  "In- 
troduction to 
the  History  of 
19th  century." 
Sentence,  ten 
months'  im- 
prisonment, 
and  book  to  be 
destroyed, 
March  5. 


Prussia : — 
Democratic 
conspiracy  dis 
covered  at  Ber 
lin,  March  29. 


Austria  re- 
cals  her  minis- 
ter from  Berne, 
May  20. 


1852.  Switzerland  :— The  Canton  of  Ticino 
suppresses  the  order  of  Capuchin  monks, 
and  expels  all  of  that  order  under  65 
years  of  age,  Nov.  25. 

Turkey : — War  breaks  out  between 
the  Turks  and  Montenegrins,  Dec.  15. 

853.  Belgium : — A  maritime  congress  as- 
sembles at  Brussels,  Aug.  23. 

— Marriage  of  the  Duke  of  Brabant, 
heir-apparent  of  the  throne,  and  the 
Arch-Duchess  Maria,  Aug.  23. 

Canada  and  New  Brunswick:— Ga- 
vazzi  lectures  at  Quebec  and  Montreal ; 
riots  ensue;  military  called  out;  June 
6-9. 

— The  first  sod  of  the  European  and 
North  American  Railroad  turned  at  St. 
Johns,  by  Lady  Head,  assisted  by  the 
Lieutenant-Governor,  in  presence  of 
25,000  persons,  Sept.  14. 

China  -.—Nankin  taken  by  the  rebels ; 
Tartar  garrison  (20,000)  massacred; 
March  19.  Amoy  captured,  May  19. 

Denmark :— Parliament  prorogued, 
and  a  "fundamental"  law  issued,  by 
which  the  government  becomes  hereaf- 
ter an  absolute  one,  July  19. 

Hawaii: — Small-pox  rages,  having 
carried  off  since  May  1,805  out  of  a  po- 
pulation of  60,000  persons,  Aug.  31. 

Holland  :— The  first  chamber  adopts 
the  much-disputed  law  on  religious  li- 
berty, Sept.  8. 

India: — Battle  of  Donabew,  in  Bur- 
mah :  Sir  J.  Cheape  defeats  Mea  Toon, 
March  19. 

Italy  : — An  insurrection  breaks  out 
at  Milan,  but  is  vigorously  suppressed 
by  Radetsky,  Feb.  6.  The  property  of 
the  Lornbardo- Venetian  refugees  seques- 
tered till  they  can  prove  they  are  not 
implicated  in  this  outbreak,  and  10,000 
Ticinese  expelled  from  Austrian  Italy, 
Feb.  26.  Protracted  diplomatic  contro- 
versies between  Austria  and  both  Sar- 
dinia and  Switzerland,  follow— Sardinia 
solemnly  protesting,  April  1(5. 

— The  Pope  prohibits  the  circulation 
of  "  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin"  in  his  domini- 
ons, May  10. 

Guerazzi  tried  at  Florence  for  high 
treason,  and  found  guilty.  June  11. 

—Conspiracy  in  Rome,  146  arrests, 
Aug.  15. 

— Order  signed  for  immediate  release 
of  Miss  Cunningham  at  Lucca,  Oct.  9; 

— New  church,  built  for  the  Wal- 
denses,  opened  and  consecrated  at  Turin, 
Dec.  15. 

Mexico : — New  revolution  ;  Arista 
resigns  the  presidency,  Jan.  5. 

—Santa  Anna  having  been  elected 
President,  is  received  in  Mexico  with 
great  enthusiasm.  April  17. 


168* 


THE  WORLD'S  PROGRESS.  [Period  XL — 10  years. — 


A.D 


PROGRESS  OF  SOCIBTT,  etc. 


UNITED  STATES. 


GREAT  BRITAIN. 


1858 


A  great  national  horse-show 
at  Springfield,  Mass.,  U.  S. 
Oct.  19-21. 


The  first  Presbyterian  Chinese 
church  organized  at  San 
Francisco,  U.  S.,  Nov.  6. 


Duel  between  Soule  and 
De  Turgot,  American  am] 
French  ministers  to  Spain, 
Dec.  18. 


!holera  prevails  in  Europe. 


Jeveral  new  asteroids  discov- 
ered, raising  the  number  to 
27,  between  the  planets 
Mars  and  Jupiter. 


Deaths  in  1858 : 


U.S. 

0.  B.  Adams, 
funius Smith, 
W.  R.  King, 
B.  Bates, 
Sim.  Qre&n- 
leaf. 


EUROPE. 

Arago, 
Von  Buch, 
Dacres, 
Mrs.  Opie, 

Wardlaw. 


1858.  Great  heat  throughou 
the  country — thermomete 
every  where,  100°  Fah 
Deaths  from  it  in  Nev 
York  city  in  four  days,  400 
Aug.  11-14. 


Remaining    portion    o 
"Table  Rock,"  at  the  Fall 
of  Niagara,  breaks  off,  Sept 
9. 


"Great  Eepublic,"  ves 
eel  of  4,000  tuns,  larges 
merchantman  in  the  world 
launched  at  East  Boston 
Mass.,  Oct  4. 


Captain  Gunnison  am 
party  massacred  by  the 
Indians  in  Utah,  Oct.  26. 


Inauguration     of      the 
Washington  aqueduct 
President  Pierce  turns  the 
first  turf,  Nov.  9. 


A  mob  of  men  and  wo- 
men demolish  the  railroad 
track  near  Erie,  Penn.,  Dec. 
9,  and  repeat  the  outrage, 
Dec.  27. 


Yellow  fever  epidemic 
in  the  States  bordering  on 
Gulf  of  Mexico,  carries  off 
from  12,000  to  15,000  per- 
sons. 


Bedini,  the  Papal  Nun- 
cio, tries  to  influence  the 
EomanCatholic  laity  to  give 
up  their  church  property  to 
the  Bishops,  but  does  not 
succeed.  He  quits  the 
country  ignominiously. 


Immigration,  868,000. 


1853.  Naval  Pveview  at  Spit- 
head,  in  presence  of  the 
Queen,  Aug.  11. 


Queen    Victoria    visits 
Ireland,  Aug.  29. 


Deputation  from  the 
Protestant  Alliance,  headed 
by  the  Earl  of  Shaf'tesbury, 
waits  upon  Lord  Clarendon. 
to  state  the  case  of  Miss 
Cunningham,  arrested  at 
Lucca  for  distributing  Ita- 
lian Bibles,  etc.,  and  to 
urge  the  government  to 
procure  her  immediate  li- 
beration, Sept.  28.  A  depu- 
tation of  clergymen  and 
others,  headed  by  Sir  Cul- 
ling Eardley,  wait  upon 
Lord  Clarendon  and  thank 
him  and  the  government 
for  the  exertions  which  had 
been  made,  Oct.  27. 


Bronze  statue  of  Sir  Ro- 
bert  Peel  erected  in  front 
of  the  Royal  Infirmary  at 
Manchester,  Oct.  8. 


Captain  Inglefield,  of  the 
Phoenix,  arrives  from  the 
Arctic  regions,  with  the 
news  of  the  discovery  of 
the  North-west  Passage,  on 
Oct.  26,  1850,  by  Captain 
McClure  of  the  Investiga- 
tor, Oct.  7. 


The  first  stono  of  a  Ro- 
man Catholic  cathedral 
laid  at  Shrewsbury,  by 
Bishop  Brown— the  young 
Earl  of  Shrewsbury  giving 
£15,000  towards  its  erection 
—Dec.  12. 


The  Dublin  Exhibition 
building  is  formally  opened 
as  a  winter  garden,  by  the 
Lord  Lieutenant  and  the 
Countess  St.  Gcrraaina, 
Dec.  15. 


1815-1865.] 


THE    WORLD  S    PROGRESS. 


169* 


A.  D. 


1858 


FBANCE. 


Plot  to  assassinate  the  Empe- 
ror, while  on  his  way  to  the 
Opera  Comique,  discovered 
at  Paris,  July  7. 


A  Roman  circns  of  great  size 
discovered  at  Tours,  Aug. 
81. 


The  Duke  de  Nemours,  on 
behalf  of  the  entire  Orleans 
House,  effects  a  reconcilia- 
tion with  the  Count  de 
Chambord,  Nov.  17. 


Inauguration  of  the  statue  of 
Marshal  Ney,  on  the  spot 
where  he  was  shot,  and  the 
anniversary  of  his  execu- 
tion, Dec.  7. 


ATTSTBIA,  etc. 


THE  WORLD,  elsewhere. 


1853.  Persia: — Earthquakes  destroy   Shi- 
rar,  (12,000  lives  lost,)  May  9  ;  and  Tehe- 
,  Jul 


ran, 


ily  11. 


Peru : — Difficulty  at  Chincha  Islands 
between  Peruvian  commandant  and 
American  shipmasters,  Aug.  17. 


Portugal : — Maria  (Queen)  dies,  Nov. 


1853,  AnAustrian 
war  vessel    in 
the  port  of 
Smyrna,  seizes 
and  attempts 
to  carry  off 
Martin  Koszta, 
a  Hungarian 
refugee,  travel- 
ing under  an 
American  pass- 
port,  who 
claims  protec- 
tion of  Ameri- 
can flag.    An 
American  fri- 
gate places  tho 
Austrian  un- 
der her  guns, 
and  Koszta's 
release  is  impe- 
ratively de- 
manded, June 
21. 

Austrian  go- 
vernment pro 
tests  against 

Eroceedings  of 
aptain  Ingra- 
ham  at  Smyr- 
na, in  a  circu 
lar  addressed 
to  the  Europe- 
an courts,  Aug. 
1.  and  through 
its  envoy   ad- 
dresses a  note 
to  the  Ameri- 
can govern- 
ment on  the 
same  subject, 
Aug.  29. 

EASTERN  AFFAIRS.— WAK  BETWEEN  TURKEY  AND 
RUSSIA.— Prince  Menschikoff  sent  by  the  Emperor  of  Rus- 
sia  with  demands  which  are  rejected"  by  the  Porte,  May  '21. 
June  15.  The  Russians  cross  the  Pruth,  120,000  strong, 
June  21-28. — The  Porte  addresses  a  protest  to  tlie  Russian 
cabinet  against  the  occupation  of  the  Principalities.  July 
14.  The  Conference  of  Vienna  draw  up  the  celebrated 
''Vienna  note,"  for  the  joint  acceptance  of  Russia  and 
Turkey,  July  26.  Russia  at  once  accepts ;  Turkey  re- 
quires modifications,  Aug.  20;  which  Russia  will  not  ac- 
cede to,  Sept.  14.  Military  congress  at  Olmutz.  Sept.  20. 
The  note  is  dropped,  Sept.  30.  Turkey  declares  war 
against  Russia,  Oct.  3.  Hostilities  commenced  on  the 
Danube,  Oct.  30.  Turks  capture  Fort  St.  Nicholas  in  the 
Black  Sea,  Oct.  31.  Turks  defeat  Russians  at  Oltenitza, 
Nov.  4.  Russia  declares  war  against  Turkey,  Nov.  11. 
The  Anglo-French  fleet  enters  the  Dardanelles,  Oct.  4, 
and  the  Bosphorus,  Nov.  15.  Turks  beaten  and  massa- 
cred at  Sinope  by  Russians,  Nov.  30.  The  Vienna  Con- 
ference continues'its  efforts  to  effect  an  arrangement  be- 
tween the  belligerents,  Dec.  Decided  manifestation  of 
the  people  of  Constantinople  in  favor  of  war,  Dec.  21. 
Russians  uniformly  victorious  in  Aeia.  The  religious  fana- 
ticism of  both  parties  is  aroused. 


10. 


Spain:  —  New  and  stringent  law 
against  liberty  of  the  press  published, 
Jan.  2.  Queen  Isabella,  in  commemo- 
ration of  her  birth-day,  orders  three 
screw-frigates  to  be  constructed,  to  be 
called  after  the  three  queens  from  whom 
she  derives  the  crowns  of  Castile,  Arra- 
gon,  and  Navarre,  Oct.  10. 


Switzerland : — Insurrection  in  Fri- 
burg  by  the  Jesuit  party  speedily  sup- 
pressed, April  22. 


Venezuela : — Earthquake  at  Cumana ; 
600  persons  killed,  July  15. 


170* 


THE    WORLD  S    PROGRESS. 


[Period  XL — 40  yearn. 


A.  D. 


1864 


PROGRESS  OF  SOCIETY,  etc. 


Deputation  of  "  Friends'"  pre- 
sents to  the  Emperor  of 
Russia  a  peace  memorial, 
Feb.  10. 


Complete  equality  before  the 
law  secured  to  all  subjects 
of  the  Porte,  without  dis- 
tinction of  creed,  by  treaty, 
March  12. 


Commercial  treaty  concluded 
between  the  United  States 
and  Japan,  March  23. 


In  Turkey,  the  possessions  of 
the  Mosques  to  be  declared 
the  property  of  the  State 
from  March  27. 


The  first  railway  is  opened 
in  Brazil,  the  Emperor  and 
Empress  being  present  at 
the  inauguration,  April  30. 


The  changes  introduced  in  the 
Ottoman  Empire  by  the  in- 
fluence of  the  Allied  Pow- 
ers, amount  to  a  revolution 
in  its  social  condition. 


Marked  increase  in  the  num- 
bers and  prosperity  of 
Christians  in  Turkey  ;  Mo- 
hammedan population,  ex- 
cept in  Bosnia,  rapidly  dy- 
ing out. 


Cross  raised  In  a  Catholic 
burying  ground  belonging 
to  the  French,  in  Turkey. 


UNITED  STATES. 


1854.  The  steamer  San  Fran- 
cisco founders  at  sea;  240 
U.  S.  troops  washed  over- 
board ;  the  rest  of  700  res- 
cued by  the  Three  Bells, 
Kilby,  and  Antarctic,  Jan. 
5. 


Astor  Library  opened 
for  use  of  the  public,  in  New 
York  city,  Jan.  9. 


Outrages  on  the  railroad 
near  Erie,  Pa.,  renewed  by 
mobs  of  women,  Jan.  17, 31. 


Skirmishes  between  U. 
S.  troops  and  Apache  and 
Utah  Indians,  March  5,  80. 


Certain  sections  of  the 
"Maine  Liquor  Law"  deci- 
ded to  be  unconstitutional 
in  Massachusetts,  March  13. 


Miss  Dix's  bill  for  ame- 
liorating the  condition  of 
the  indigent  insane,  vetoed, 
April  20. 


Great  flood  in  the  Con- 
necticut river,  hundreds 
driven  from  their  dwel- 
lings, May  1. 


Mass  meetings  at  Bos- 
ton, Feb.  23 ;  New  Market, 
N.  H.,  Feb.  27 ;  New  York, 
May  13,  against  the  Ne- 
braska bill,  which,  how- 
ever, becomes  a  law,  May 
30. 


Kiots  in  Michigan,  April 
17 ;  at  Boston,  (attempt  to 
rescue  a  fugitive  slave,) 
May  26 ;  at  New  York  and 
Brooklyn,  (papist  interfe- 
rence with  street-preach- 
ing,) May  2S,  June  4,  11. 


San  Juan,  Nicaragua, 
bombarded  and  burnt  by 
the  U.  S.  sloop-of-war,  Cy- 
ane,  July  13. 


GREAT  BRITAIN. 


1S54.  Parliament  opened  by 
Queen,  who  expresses  a  de- 
sire that  exertions  for  an 
amicable  settlement  of  the 
Eastern  difficulties  should 
be  persevered  in,  Jan.  31. 


The  Queen  reviews  the 
fleet  on  its  departure  for 
the  Baltic,  March  11. 


A  day  of  humiliation 
and  prayer  observed,  April 
26. 


Launch  of  the  "Royal 
Albert,"  the  Queen  chris- 
tening the  vessel,  May  13. 


Crystal  Palace  at 
denham  opened  by 
Queen,  June  10. 


8 


1815-1855.] 


THE  WORLD'S  PROGRESS. 


171* 


A.D 


FRANCE. 


AUSTRIA,  etc. 


THE  WORLD,  elsewhere. 


1854.  Alliance, 
offensive  and 
defensive,  be- 
tween Austria 
and  Prussia, 
signed  Aprr 
20. 


J854 


The  Emperor  and  Empress. 
attend  the  first  agricultural 
exhibition  ever  held  in  Pa- 
ris, June  9. 


The  Emperor  reviews  a  di- 
vision of  troops  about  to 
proceed  to  the  Baltic,  July 
12. 


1854.  Brazil : — San  Salvador  destroyed  by 
an  earthquake,  causing  a  loss,  "in  less 
than  one  minute,  of  200  lives,  and 
$4,000,000  of  property,  April  16. 

Canada:— Parliament  House  at  Que- 
bec burnt,  including  government  library 
and  philosophical  apparatus,  Feb.  1. 

India: — The  Ganges  Canal,  a  work 
of  vast  magnitude  opened,  April  8. 

—Day  of  humiliation  and  prayer  for 
success  of  the  British  arms,  observed  at 
Bombay  and  all  over  India,  by  the  na- 
tives, as  well  as  the  Europeans,  July  16. 

Italy : — Shocks  of  earthquake  in  the 
country  between  Florence  and  Rome, 
May. 

— Eailway  from  Lusa  to  Turin  inau- 
gurated in  presence  of  King  and  Queen 
of  Sardinia,  etc.,  May  22. 

Mexico : — Battle    of  Guyamas,    be 
tween  some  Frenchmen   under   Count 
Raousset  de  Boulbon  and  the  Mexicans, 
July  13.    The  Count  is  defeated,  taken 
prisoner,  and,  Aug.  12,  shot. 

Russia :— An  imperial  ukaso  calls  out 
nine  men  in  1,000  souls  in  eastern  por- 
tion of  the  Empire,  May  9. 

Spain  : — Earthquake  at  Fiana,  crum- 
bling down  the  greatest  part  of  the  Al- 
cazaba,  an  ancient  castle  of  the  Moors, 
and  causing  large  chasms  in  nearly  all 
the  streets,  Jan.  13. 

— Strike  at  Barcelona;  15,000  arti- 
zans  demand  of  the  municipal  authorities 
that  the  price  of  provisions  be  reduced, 
and  wages  increased,  March  81. 

— The  insurrection  of  the  people 
at  Madrid  (July  17)  triumphs,  and  the 
Rivas  ministry  resign,  July  19.  Espar- 
tero  enters  the  city,  and  is  received 
with  great  enthusiasm,  July  29.  3,000 
defenders  of  the  barricades  defile  before 
the  Queen's  palace,  her  Majesty  present- 
ing herself  on  the  balcony,  July  31. 

— Dona  Maria  Christina,  the  Queen 
Mother,  leaves  Madrid  for  Portugal,  un- 
der escort  of  troops,  but  against  the  will 
of  the  people.  She  was  indebted  to  the 
State  71,000,000  reals,  Aug.  28. 

Turkey: — Fire  at  Constantinople, 
400  houses  destroyed,  Jan.  1. 

— Fire  at  Salonica,  destroys  600  build- 
ings, April  8. 

— Banquet  given  by  the  Sultan  to 
Prince  Napoleon,  May  8. 

— Fire  at  Varna,  destroys  180  houses 
and  vast  quantities  of  military  stores, 
Aug.  10. 


172* 


THE  WORLD'S  PROGRESS.  [Period  XL — iO  year*.— 


A.D. 


1854 


PROGRESS  OF  SOCIETY,  etc. 


UNITED  STATES. 


GREAT  BRITAIN. 


The  Sultan  issues  a  firman  for 
the  construction  of  a  church 
at  Scutari,  Sept. 

Deaths  in  1854. 


1854.  Grisi  and  Mario,  the  two 
most  renowned  lyric  ar- 
tists of  the  old  world,  arrive 
at  New  York,  Aug.  19. 


U.S. 

N.  B.  Blunt, 
Jacob  Bur- 
nett, 
John  Davis, 
Com.  Dow nes, 
J.  Harring- 
ton, last  sur- 
vivor of  bat- 
tle   of   Lex- 
ington. 
Mrs.  E.  Jud- 

son. 
Bishop  Wain- 
wright. 


1855 


EUROPE. 

Anglesea, 

Bodisco, 

Cockburn, 

Forbes, 

Jameson, 

Maitland, 

Melloni, 

Montgomery, 

Paixhans, 

Pellico, 

Plunkett, 

Rubini, 

Schelling, 

Mine.  Sontag, 

Mrs.  C.  South- 

ey, 

Talfourd, 
Wilson, 
St.  Armuid, 
Denman, 
Lockhart. 


"Immaculate  Conception  of 
the  Virgin"  proclaimed  as  a 
dogma  by  the  pope,  Dec.  8. 


1855.  Panama  railroad  com- 
pleted, first  train  on  it  Jan. 

OQ 

Financial  panic  in  California, 
Feb. 

Suspension  Bridge  &t  Niaga- 
ra first  crossed,  March  14. 

Difficulty  in  Phila.  about 
slaves  of  J.  H.  Wheeler  of 
N.  Carolina,  July  18. 

Election  riot  at  Louisville, 
Ky.,  between  Americans 
and  foreigners,  Aug.  6. 


Extensive  drought  pre- 
vails several  weeks. 


Passmore     Williamson     re 
leased  from  jail  (where  he 
had  been  three  months  in 
the    Wheeler   slave  case). 
Nov.  8. 


Cholera  prevails,  June- 
Nov. ;  yellow  fever  prevails, 

Aug.-Nov. 


Immigration,  about  500,000. 


"Ostend  Conference"  be- 
tween Buchanan,  Mason, 
Soule,  Oct.  10, 11. 


1855.  Southern  Commercial 
Convention  at  New  Orleans, 
Jan.  8. 

Soule  quits  Madrid  Jan. 
31. 

U.  S.  S.  Water  witch  fired 
on,  on  the  Paraguay,  Feb.  1. 

U.  S.  Dist.  Court  in  Wis- 
consin pronounces  the  Fu- 
gitive Slave  Law  unconsti- 
tutional, Feb.  8. 

Convention  at  Lawrence, 
Kansas,  Aug.  14. 

Walker  (filibuster)  takes 
possession  of  Granada,  Oct. 
16. 


Law  passed  for  the  en- 
listment of  foreigners  in  the 
British  service,  Dec.  22. 


1855.  Visit  of  the  Emperor 
and  Empress  of  France, 
April  16. 

Death  of  Lord  Raglan, 
Commander-in-chief  at  Se- 
bastopol,  June  28. 

The  Queen  and  Prince 
Albert  visit  the  Emperor 
Louis  Napoleon  at  Paris, 
Aug.  18. 


Kansas :    Convention 
Topeka,  Oct.  23. 


at 


1816-1855.] 


THE    WORLD  S    PROGRESS. 


173* 


A.  D. 


FRANCE. 


1856.  Subscriptions  to  the 
French  loan  of  500  millions 
of  francs  amount  to  2,000 
millions  of  francs,  offered 
by  177,000  persons. 

Death  of  Don  Carlos, 
claimant  of  the  Spanish 
throne,  March  10. 

Indust'l  Exhibition  open- 
ed at  Paris,  May  15. 


AUSTRIA,  etc. 


THE  WORLD,  elsewhere. 


1854.  Venezuela:  —  Slaves     emancipated, 
April  25. 


1854.  Saxony:— 
The    King 
thrown  from 
his  carriage  at 
Innspruck,  and 
killed,  Aug.  10. 

EASTERN  AFFAIRS. — The  Anglo-French  fleet  enters 
the  Black  Sea,  Jan.  4.  Turks  defeat  Russians  at  Citate, 
Jan.  6.  Negotiations  for  peace  continue  through  the  Vi- 
enna Conference,  Jan.  Russian  ambassadors  quit  Lon- 
don, Feb.  6,  Paris,  Feb.  7.  English  and  French  ambassa- 
dors dismissed  St.  Petersburg,  Feb.  16.  England  and 
France  resolve  to  summon  Russia  to  evacuate  the  Prin- 
cipalities by  the  30th  April,  Feb.  28.  Russians  cross  the 
Danube,  March.  Treaty  of  alliance  concluded  between 
England,  France,  and  the  Porte,  March  1 2.  Anglo-French 
ultimatum  forwarded  to  St.  Petersburg.  Russia  refuses 
a  reply.  England  and  France  declare  war  against  Russia, 
March  28.  Counter  declaration  of  war  by  Russia  against 
England  and  France,  April  12.  Convention  between 
England  and  France,  April  18.  Odessa  bombarded,  April 
22.  Anglo-French  fleet  scours  the  Baltic,  May,  June. 
Austro-Turkish  Convention,  June  4.  Russians  raise  the 
siege  of  Silistria,  June  23,  and  re-cross  the  Danube,  July 
7.  Russians  defeated  by  Turks  at  Rutschuk,  July  12  and 
13.  Are  compelled  to  evacuate  the  Principalities"  and  re- 
cross  the  Pruth,  Aug.  16.  Bomarsund  capitulates  to  the 
Allied  fleet  and  French  army,  Aug.  16.  Austrian  armies 
enter  the  Principalities,  Aug.  20.  Allies  land  in  the  Cri- 
mea, Sept.  14.  Defeat  the  Russians  at  the  Alma,  Sept 
20.  Commence  the  siege  of  Sebastopol,  Sept.  28.  Fire 
opened,  Oct.  17.  Battle  of  Balaklava,  Russians  repulsed, 
Oct.  25.  Battle  of  Inkermann,  Russians  again  repulsed. 
Nov.  5.  Siege  of  Sebastopol  progresses,  Dec.  31. 

1855.  Russia :  Death  of  the  Emperor  Nicholas  L,  March  2. 

— The  allies  take  possession  of  Kertch  and  the  Sea  of 
Azoph,  May  24. 

—  The  allies  repulsed  In  an  assault  on  the  outposts  of 
Sebastopol,  June  18. 

—  Kars  invested  by  the  Russians,  June  23. 


FALL  OF  SEBASTOPOL— 

The  Malakhoff  carried  by  the 
French,  Sep.  8. 

Terrific  attack  of  the  Rus- 
sians on  Kars  repulsed,  Sep.  29. 


Mexico :  Santa  Anna 
abdicates.  Aug.  9.  Car- 
rara chosen  to  succeed 
him. 


174* 


THE  WORLD'S  PROGRESS.      [Period  XL— 46  years.— 


A.D. 


1855 


PROGRESS  OF  SOCIETY,  etc. 


UNITED  STATES. 


GREAT  BRITAIN. 


Deaths  in  1855 : 
U.  S.  EUEOPE. 

S.  H.  Cone,        Sir  H.  Bishop, 
Abbott     Law-  Silk  Bucking- 

renee,  ham, 

John  0.  Spen-  Jos.  Hume, 

cer,  Miss  Mitford, 

T.  E.  Beck.        Nicholas  I 

"Currer  Bell.1' 
Sir  W.  E.  Par- 
ry 

Lord  Eaglan, 
Saml.  Rogers, 
Ans.     Roths- 
child, 
Lord  Truro. 

Launch  of  the  stm.  Adriatic 
(the  largest  yet  afloat)  at 
N.  Y.,  April  7. 


1855.     Proclamation  against  fllibus- 
terism  by  President    Pierce,  Dec 

8. 

British  Arctic  vessel  Eesolute 
found  and  brought  to  New  London 
by  an  American  whaler,  Dec.  23. 


1856 


Personal  Assault  on  Senator 
Suinner  of  Mass.,  in  the  U. 
S.  Senate  by  Brooks  of  S. 
Ca.,  May  22. 


Submarine  Telegraph  cable 
laid  from  Cape  Breton  to 
Newfoundland.  July  12. 


Burlinghame's  acceptance  of 
Brooks's  challenge,  July 
21. 

Brooks  and  Keitt  ro-elected 
to  Congress  from  S.  C.,  July 
28. 

Dudley  Observatory  inaug. 
at  Albany.  Aug.  28. 

Preston  S.  Brooks,  the  as- 
saulter of  Sunnier,  publicly 
welcomed  and  presented 
with  a  cane,  at  Columbia, 
8.  C.,  Aug.  29. 

Charles  Sumner  received  in 
Boston  with  public  hon- 
ors, Nov.  3. 

N.  Y.  and  Newfoundland 
Telegraph  line,  1715  miles, 
opened  to  St.  John's,  Nov. 
10. 


1856.  N.  P.  Banks,  jr.,  of  Mass.,  elect- 
ed Speaker  of  House  of  Represent, 
of  U.  S.,  after  a  contest  of  9  weeks, 
by  plurality  of  3  votes,  Feb.  2. 

Gubernatorial  contest  in  Wiscon- 
sin, Jan. — Fob. 

Mr.  Fillmore  nominated  for  Pres't 
by  Arner.  Con.  at  Phil  a.,  Feb.  22. 

Free  State  Legisl.  at  Topeka, 
Kansas,  elect  Reeder  and  Lane  as 
delegates  to  Congress,  Feb.  8. 

Kansas  Investigation  Committee 
appointed,  March  19. 

Padre  Vigil  recognised  as  Minist. 
from  Nicaragua,  May  14. 

President's  message  announcing 
difficulty  with  Brit.  Gov.  on  enlist- 
ments in  the  IT.  S.,  May  29. 

Buchanan  nominate'd  for  Pres't 
by  Dem.  Con.  at  Cincinati,  June  7. 

Fremont  nominated  for  Pres't  by 
Repub.  Conven.  at  Phila.,  June  17. 

H.  Eepres.  U.  S.  pass  a  bill  ad- 
mitting Kansas  under  Topeka  Con., 
July  8. 

Topeka  legislature  dispersed  by 
U.  S.  troops  under  Col.  Sumner, 
July  4. 

-John  \V.  Geary  confirmed  as  Gov. 
of  Kansas,  July  81. 

Whitefield  and  Reeder  both  re- 
jected by  H.  Eepres.  as  delegates 
from  Kansas,  Aug.  1. 

Extra  session  of  Congress  ad- 
journed Aug.  30. 

Municipal  election  riot  at  Balti- 
more, 9  &.,  Oct.  8. 

U.  S.  troops  in  Kansas  arrest  and 
disarm  parties  of  emigrants  from  N. 
E.,  Oct.  10. 

Buchanan  elected  Pres.  No^.  4 


1855.  Visit  of  the 
King  of  Sardinia  to 
England,  Nov.  30. 

Captain  McClure 
receives  the  re- 
ward of  £5,000  for 
discovery  of  "  the 
N.  W.  passage" 
and  is  knighted 
Nov. 


Brit,  fleet  bom- 
bard and  partially 
destroy  Canton, 
China.  Oct.  28. 


1815-1861.] 


THE  WORLD'S  PROGRESS. 


175* 


A.D. 


FRANCE. 


EUROPE,  elsewhere. 


THE  WORLD,  elsewhere. 


1855 


1855.  Omar  Pasha  defeat 
the  Russians  at  the  Ingour 
Nov.  5. 

Explosion  of  100,000  Ibs 
of  powder  at  Sebastopol 
Nov.  15. 

Surrender  of  Kars  to  the 
Russians  after  a  famous  de- 
fence by  Gen.  Williams, 
Nov.  25. 


1S55.  Meadco  : — Alvarez  re- 
signs the  presidency,  and  is 
succeeded  by  Comonfort, 
Dec. 


1856 


Feace    Conference    at    Paris 

opened  Feb.  25. 
Birth  of  an  heir  to  the  throne, 

March  16. 
Treaty  of  Peace  with  Russia 

signed  at  Paris,  March  30. 


856.  Preliminaries  of  Peace 
signed  at  Vienna,  Feb.  1. 


Destructive  floods  near  Ly- 
ons, &c.,  whole  villages  de- 
stroyed, June. 


The  Crimea  wholly  eva- 
cuated by  the  Allies,  July 
12. 


Russia  : — Alexander  II. 
crowned  emperor,  Sept.  7. 

—  Raihcayx  of  2600 
miles  contracted  for  by 
Government.  Capital,  10UO 
millions  of  francs,  Oct.  28. 


Naples  :  —  French  and 
English  ministers  leave. 
Oct..  23. 


1856.  Costa  Rica : — Schlessin- 
ger  and  Walker's  invasion 
defeated,  March  20. 

—  Walker  defeats  3,000 
Costa  Ricans  at  Rivas,  Ap. 
11. 

Panama: — Riot  on  the 
Panama  R.R.,  30  passengers 
killed,  April  15. 


Gunpowder  explosion  at 
Salonica,  Turkey,  700  k. 
and  •«>.,  July  17. 


Earthquake  in  Egypt, 
Syria,  and  isles  of  Med. 
About  1200  lives  lost,  and 
many  thousand  buildings 
destroyed,  Oct.  12. 


Granada,  city  of,  de- 
stroyed by  Walker,  Nov. 
20-25. 


176* 


THE  WORLD'S  PROGRESS.      [Period  XI. — 46  years. — 


A.D. 


PROGRESS  OF  SOCIETY,  etc. 


UNITED  STATES. 


BRITISH  EMPIRE. 


1856 


Revival  of  the  African  Slave 
Trade,  recommended  by 
Gov.  Adams  in  8.  Ca. 

Arctic  discovery  ship  Reso- 
lute presented  to  Queen 
Victoria  by  Lieut.  Hart- 
stene  for  tho  U.  S.  Govern- 
ment, Dec.  30. 


Death*  in  1856 : 


1856.  Barrier  Forts,  near  Can- 
ton, China,  destroyed  by 
U.  S.  squadron,  for  an  at- 
tack on  an  American  boat, 
Dec.  6. 

Resolution  against  the 
Slave  Trade  passed  by  H. 
of  Reps.  U.  S.,  Dec.  15. 


U.  S. 

J.  M.  Berrien. 

Ogden  Hoff- 
man. 

Com  Morris. 

J.G.Perceval. 

Jno.  C.  War- 
ren. 

J.  M.  Clayton, 

u.  a.  s. 

George  Steers, 
naval  archi- 
tect. 

T.  Crawford, 
sculptor. 

Louis  M'Lane. 


EUROPE. 

Jno.  Braham, 
vocalist. 

Sir  W.  Hamil- 
ton, meta- 
physician. 

Von  Biela,  as- 
tronomer. 

LM  Hardinge. 

Father  Mat- 
thew. 

Hugh  Miller. 

Sir  Jno.  Ross. 

Westmacott. 

Yarrell. 

PL  Delaroche. 


1857 


Geo.  Peabpdy  gives  $800,000 
to  establish  a  free  Literary 
and  Scientific  Institute  at 
Baltimore,  Feb.  12. 


The  Chief-Justice  of  the  U. 
S.  proclaims  that  negroes 
have  no  rights  which  white 
men  are  bound  to  respect, 
March  6. 

Dred  Scot  decision"  de- 
nounced by  the  Legislature 
of  N.  Hampshire,  June  25. 

The  Atlantic  Telegraph  Ca- 
ble first  joined  at  sea  by 
the  Niagara  and  Agamem- 
non, Aug.  5,  but  breaks 
Aug.  11. 

Loss  of  the  Central  America 
and  450  lives,  Sept.  8. 

Mass  meetings  of  unemployed 
workmen  in  N.  Y.,  Nov.  2 
and  10. 

Stm.  Adriatic  starts  on  first 
voyage  to  Liverpool,  Nov. 
28. 


185T.  Four   members   of  H 
of  Representatives  of  U.  S, 
from  N.  Y.  and  Conn,  ex- 
pelled for  corrupt  conduct, 
Feb.  19. 

Buchanan  inaugurated 
President,  March  4. 

Lord  Napier  recognise  <i 
as  British  minister,  March 
16. 

The  DRED  SCOT  DECI- 
SION delivered  by  Chief- 
Justice  Taney,  March  6. 

R.  J.  Walker  accepts  ap- 
pointment as  Governor  of 
Kansas,  March  26. 

Attempt  to  arrest  Mayor 
Wood  in  N.  Y.  for  an  as- 
sault on  the  Street  Com- 
missioner, June  16. 

General  Financial  Pa- 
nic begins  with  suspension 
ot  Ohio  Life  and  Trust  Co. 
Aug.  24. 

Lecompton  Convention 
Kansas,  meets  Sept.  7. 

Suspension  of  Philad 
banks,  Sept.  25  and  26,  fol 
lowed  by  general  suspen.  o 
banks  in  Pa.,  Md.,  D.  C. 
R.  I. 

Suspension  of  N.  Y.  city 
banks,  Oct.  13-14,  and  Mas 
sachusetts  banks  same  day 

Payments  resumed,  Dec 
12. 


1857.    Treaty  of  Peace  with 
Persia  signed  March  6. 

Palmerston  Ministry  out- 
voted on  the  Cbinese  ques- 
tion, March  5. 

New  septennial  Parlia- 
ment meets,  April  30. 

The  Manchester  Art  Ex- 
hibition opened,  May  5. 

Rebellion  in  India  begins 
May  9  ;  KiDg  of  Delhi  pro- 
claimed sovereign  of  India. 

HAVKLOCK  defeats  the  re- 
bels under  Nena  Sahib,  and 
recaptures  Cawnpore,  July 


The  Ernp,  and  Empress 
toria,  Aug.  6. 

Sir  COLIN  CAMPBELL,  the 
new  com.  -in-chief,  arrives 
at  Calcutta,  Aug.  14. 

Delhi  taken  after  an  as- 
sault of  6  days,  Sept.  14. 


1815-186L] 


THE  WORLD'S  PROGRESS. 


177* 


A.D 


FRANCE. 


ETTROPE,  elsewhere. 


WOBLD,  elsewhere. 


1867.    Austria: — Amnesty  to 

Eolitical  offenders  in  Lorn 
ardy,  &c.,  Jan.  25. 


1867.  Mexico:  New  constitu- 
tion promulgated,  March  11. 


Costa  Rica : — Walker  sur- 
renders Kivas,  and  agrees  to 
leave  Nicaragua,  May  1. 


of  the  French  visit  Queen  Vic- 
Sweden  and  Norway: — 
Charles      Louis,     Prince- 
Royal,  made  Regent.  Sep. 
26. 

Emperors  of  France  and  Russia  meet  at    Stuttgart, 
Sept.  25. 


Nicaragua  :  —  "Walker 
and  his  men  surrender  to 
U.  8.  shin  Wabash,  Com. 
Paulding,  Dec.  8. 


178* 


THE  WORLD'S  PROGRESS.      [Period  IX.— 46  years.— 


A.D. 


PROGRESS  OF  SOCIETY,  etc. 


UNITED  STATES. 


GREAT  BRITAIN. 


'.857  Deaths  in  1857. 

U.  8.  EUROPE. 

C.  Col  ton.         iBeranger. 
E.  K.  Kane.     JC.  Bonaparte 
W.  L.  Marcy.  'J.  W.  Croker 
Thos.  J.  Eusk.;Thos.  Dick. 
Eli  Smith.         Marshall  Hall 

Earl  of  Elles 
mere. 

Douglas   Jer 
rold. 

"W.  Scoresby. 

Eugene  Sue. 

And.  lire. 

Cavaignac. 

Aug.  Compte 

Ilavelock. 

Chris.  Ranch 
sculptor. 

1858  Commercial  failures  in  one 
year,  ending  Dec.  25,  1857. 
amount  to  5,123 :  liabilities, 
$291,750,000. 

Launch  of  the  monster  steam- 
er Great  Eastern  at  Lon- 
don, Jan.  81. 

Crawford's  Monument  to 
Washington,  at  Richmond, 
inaugurated,  Feb.  22. 

Extensive  and  remarkable  re- 
ligious " revival"  through- 
out the  U.  S.  in  February, 
March,  &c. 

Gold  mine  excitement  in 
Washington  and  Oregon 
territory. 

New  "  Divorce  Court""1  open- 
ed in  London,  May  10. 

Donati's  Comet  seen  in  June 
and  July. 

Vigilance    Committee"    in 
N.  Orleans,  June  2. 

New  Prohibitory  Liquor 
Law  voted  in  Maine,  June 

Turkish  Admiral,  Mehemet 
Pacha,  and  suite  leave  Bos- 
ton, after  *n  extended  visit 
in  the  U.  States,  July  14. 

A  Jew  in  Brit.  Parliament, 
July  26. 

ATLANTIC  TELEGRAPH. 

National  Teachers'  Associa- 
tion— 1st  Ann.  Convention 
at  Cincinnati,  Aug.  11. 


Queen  Victoria's  message  to  '. 


1857.  "  Lecompton  Constitu 
tion"  adopted  by  Conven 
tion,  Nov.  9. 

Walker   resigns    as  Go 
vernor  of  Kansas,  Dec.  15. 

W.  Walker  reaches  N.  T 
"on  parole,"  and  surren- 
ders to  U.  8.  marshal,  Dec, 
28. 


1857.     English    and    French 
ture  the  city,  Dec.  28-80. 


1858.    Mr.  Buchanan's  "  Kan. 
sas  Message"  to  H.  Reps., 


1858.    French    and    English 


the  Governor,  Yeh,  Jan.  5. 

The  Princess-Royal  of 
England  married  to  the 
Prince  of  Prussia,  Jan.  25. 

Steamer  Great  Eastern 
first  floated,  Jan.  81. 

Resignation  of  Palmer- 
ston's  Ministry,  and  acces- 
sion of  Lord  Derby,  Feb.  20. 


Slaver  Echo  captured 
gust  27. 


with  Lecompton  Constitu- 
tion, Feb.  2 

"  Anti- Lecompton  De- 
mocratic "  meetings  in 
Phila.,  N.  Y.,  &c.,  Feb.  and 
March. 

Bill  to  admit  Kansas  as  a 
State,  under  Lecompton 
Const.,  passes  the  Senate, 
March  23. 

The  House  passes  another 
bill. 

New  Free  State  Conven- 
tion of  Kansas,  at  Leaven- 
worth,  March  25. 

The  "  English  Kansas 
bill"  passed  both  Houses  of 
Congress,  April  30. 

Minnesota  State  Govern- 
ment organized  at  St.  Paul, 
May  23. 

A  tlantic  Telegraph  fleet 
land,  June  10. 

The  President  sends  a 
message  announcing  peace- 
able settlement  of  trouble 
in  Utah,  June  10. 

Treaty  of  Peace  and  Ami- 
ty with  China,  -signed  at 
Tien-Tsin,  June  13. 

News    of  the  completion 
eived  with  joyful  demonstrations,  Aug.  5. 

Magnificent  celebration 
at  New  York,  Sept.  1. 

The  English  bill  voted 
on  by  the  people  of  Kan- 
sas and  rejected,  August 

9-  i 

resident  Buchanan  sent  and  received,  August  16. 


sails   from  Plymouth,  Eng- 

Eng.  steam.  Cyclops  bom- 
bards Jeddah,  July  25-26. 

Baron  Eothschild  takes 
his  seat  in  H.  of  Commons 
July  26. 

Queen  Victoria  and   Pr. 
bourg,  Aug.  4. 
of  Atlantic   Telegraph  re- 


and  carrried  to    Charleston,  Au- 


1815-1861.] 


THE   WORLD  S    PROGRESS. 


A.D. 


FRANCE. 


EUROPE,  elsewhere. 


THE  WORLD,  elsewhere. 


1857.  Naples  :  Terrible  earth 
quake,14,000  persons  killed. 


fleets  bombard  Canton,  and  oap- 


troopa  enter  Canton  and  capture 

Attempt  by  Orsini  and 
others  to  assassinate  the 
Emperor  with  a  hand  gre- 
nade :  8  persons  k.  and  156 
wounded,  Jan.  14. 


1858.  Mexico:— Revolution, 
Comonfort  gives  np  the  Go- 
vernment to  Juarez ;  Zulo- 
aga  proclaimed  president  by 
a  H.  of  Representatives. 


Albert  visit  the  Emperor  at  Cher- 


Turkey  :  —  Massacre  of 
Christians  at  Jeddah— 45 
killed,  June  15. 


80* 


THE  WORLD'S  PROGRESS.      [Period  IX.— 46  years.— 


A.D. 


PROGRESS  OF  SOCIETY,  &c. 


UNITED  STATES. 


GKEAT  BRITAIN. 


1858  The  N.  Y.  State  quarantine 
buildings  at  Staten  Island 
destroyed  by  the  citizens 
as  a  nuisance,  Sept.  1. 

First  overland  mail  for  Ca- 
lifornia leaves  St.  Louis, 
Sept.  16. 

Boston  Public  (Free)  Library 
opened,  costing  $450,000, 
Sept.  17. 

The  "  General  Admiral"  stm. 


1650 


1858.  The  East  India,  Com- 
pany ceases  to  exist,  and 
its  vast  possessions  pass 
into  the  hands  of  the  Brit. 
Government,  Sept.  1. 


1858.    U.    St.    stm.  Niagara 


sails  from  Charleston  for 
Liberia,  with  rescued  slaves 
of  the  "  Echo,"  Sept.  20. 


frigate,  built   for    Russian 

government,    launched   atj 

N.  Y.,  Sept.  21. 
Crystal  Palace,  N.  Y.,  burnt, 

Oct.  5. 
The  yacht  Wanderer  lands  300  Africans  near  Brunswick, 

Ga..  Nov.  28. 
The  Grand  Jury  at  Columbia.  S.  C.,  refuse  to  indict  the 

slaver  "  Echo,"  Nov.  30. 
First  railroad  in  Egypt. 


Deaths  in  1858. 


U.  S. 

T.  H.  Benton. 

Rob.  Hare. 

H.W.  Herbert. 

Freem'nHunt. 

Com.  Perry. 

Gen.  Quitman. 

Gen.  P.  F. 
Smith. 

N.  W.  Taylor. 

B.  F.  Butler. 

Parker  Cleve- 
land. 

Wm.  Jay. 


EUROPE. 

R.  Brown,  bo- 
tanist. 

Geo.  Combe. 

"  Eachel." 

Marshall  Hall. 

Duchess    of 
Orleans. 

Reschid     Pa- 
cha. 

Radetsky. 

Ary  Scbeffer. 

Robt.  Owen. 

Sir  W.  Reid. 

Foresti. 


U.  S.  Agricultural  Conven- 


1859.     New  Hall  of  the  U.  S. 


tion  at  Washington,  D.  C., 
Jan.  3. 

Slidell's  bill,  giving  $30,000,000  to  facilitate  the  acquisition 
of  Cuba,  introduced  Jan.  10. 


Senate  first  occupied,  Jan. 
4. 


Sickles  kills  Key  at  Washing- 


Mr.    McLane  recognises  the 


Juarez  government  in  Mex- 
ico, April  4. 


ton,   for  seduction  of    his 

wife,  Feb.  27 ;   he  is  tried 

and  acquitted,  April  26. 
Southern  Convention  at  Vicksburgh  discusses  the  opening 

of  the  Slave  Trade.  May  11. 
Great  fire  at  Key  West.  110 


housed ; 
May  Ifr 


loss     $2,750,000, 


Telegrams — India  to  Eng- 
land. 

Several  slavers  captured  by 
U.  S.  vessels. 


1859.  D'Israeli  introduces  a 
new  Reform  Bill,  Feb.  28. 

Lord  Lyons,  new  British 
minister  at  Washington,  re- 
ceived. April  12. 

England  protests  against 
Austrian  menaces  of  Sardi- 
nia, April  21. 

English  court  in  mourn- 
ing for  the  tyrant  king  of 
Naples  (May). 

New  Parliament  mceta, 
May  80.  J.  E.  Denniaon 
elected  speaker. 


Telegrams  to  India  acce- 
lerated seven  days  by  cable 
on  the  Red  Sea,  June  8 


1815-1861.] 


THE  WORLD'S  PROGRESS. 


181* 


A.  P. 


1858 


1859 


FRANCE. 


EITROPK,  elsewhere. 


The  Emperor's  New-Tear's  1859.    Austria  demands  that 
speech  to  Hubner,  Austrian      Sardinia      shall      disarm, 
minister,  causes  a  war  sen- 
sation, Jan.  1. 

Prince  Napoleon  marries 
the  Princess  Clothilde,  Jan. 
29. 


Ap.  23.     England  protests 
against  this  menace. 

Sardinian  army  on  a  war 
footing. 


French  troops  reach  Turin  and  Genoa,  April  26-30. 


War  declared,  in  alliance 
with  Sardinia,  against  Aus- 
tria, May  8. 

Subscriptions  for  loan  of 
500  million  francs  exceed 
four  times  that  sum,  from 
525,000  persons. 


Tuscany  : — Grand  Dnke 
abdicates ;  his  troops  fra- 
ternize with  revolutionists, 
April  27. 

Austria  declarfK  "WAR 
AGAINST  SARDINIA, 
and  her  troops  cross  the 
Ticino,  April  26. 

The  Emperor  L.  Napoleon  arrives  at  Genoa,  May  12. 
Empress  made  Repent.     | 
Battle  ofMontebeUo:  Austrians  defeated.  May  20. 

Garibaldi  enters    Como, 
May  27. 

Battle  of  Palestro  :  Austrians  defeated,  May  80. 
Bottle  of  Magenta :  Allies  victorious,  June  4 ;  and  enter 
M  ilan,  June  8. 


THE  WORLD,  elsewhere. 


1858.  Egypt:  — First  train 
on  the  Suez  Railroad  crosses 
the  isthmus  in  eleven  hours, 
from  Suez  to  Alexandria, 
Dec.  5. 

Hayti :  —  Revolution  — 
Faustin  banished — General 
Jeffrard  proclaimed  Presi- 
dent, Dec.  21. 


1859.  Mexico. — Miramon  ap- 
pears before  Vera  Cruz, 
March  18-27. 

Peru : — Earthquake  de- 
stroys part  of  Quito,  March 
29.  ' 


Naples  : — Death  of  Ferdi- 
nand II.,  and  accession  of 
Francis  II ,  May  22. 


182* 


THE  WORLD'S  PROGRESS.      [Period  XL— 46  years.— 


A.r 


PROGRESS  OF  SOCIETY,  etc. 


UNITED  STATES. 


GREAT  BRITAIN. 


1PK) 


Remarkable  religious  revi- 
val in  Ireland,  June,  July, 
etc. 


Excessive  heat  in  California 
and  in  Europe,  June-July. 


Wise  travels  1200  miles  in  a 
balloon  from  St.  Louis  to  N. 
York  state,  July  1. 

Gold  images  found  in  Indian 
graves  at  Chiriqui,  July. 


Cosmopolitan  celebration  o 
100th  birthday  of  Schiller 
Nov.  10. 


Brilliant  meteor  seen  in  N.  Y 
and  N.  England,  Nov.  15. 


Deaths  in  1S59 : 
U.  8.  ETJKOPE. 


French  and  English  in 
the  forts  of  the  Peiho,  June 
Com.  Tatnall. 

1859.     Gen.  Harney  takes  possession  of  the  island  of  San 
Juan  (now  Vancouver's  island)  July  9. 


J.  W.  Alexan 

der. 

W.  C.  Bond. 
Rufus  Choate. 
Bp.  Doane. 
HOE.  MANN. 
Den.  Olmsted, 
W.    H.   PRES- 

COTT. 

Rich.  Rush. 

Gco.  Bush 

J.  Y.  Mason. 

Theo.     Sedge- 
wick. 

Linn  Boyd. 

WASHINGTON 
IRVIKG. 


Dr.  Abbott. 
T.  K.  Hervey. 
HUMBOLDT 
Leigh  Hunt. 
Jejeebhoy. 
D.  Lardner. 
C.  R.  Leslie. 
Lady  Morgan. 
Jos.  Sturge. 
De     Tocque- 

ville. 
Metternich. 
De  Quincey. 
J.  A.  James. 
J.  P.  JSichol. 
Thos.  Nuttall. 
[.  K.  Brunei. 
Carl  Ritter. 
Louis  Spohr. 
Sir  J.Stephen. 
MACAU  LAY. 
Robert     Ste- 

phenson. 


Law  passed  in  Arkansas,  Jan. 
1,  to  banish  free  negroes 
from  the  state. 


Decree  by  the  Emperor  of 
Austria  in  favor  of  rights 
of  the  Jews,  Jan.  10. 


Kansas  Const.  Conven 
tion  meets  at  Wyandote 
July  5. 

Gen.  Harney  proclaim 
possession  of  the  island  o 
San  Juan  for  the  U.  States 
July  27. 

Mr.  Ward,  U.  S.  minis 
ter,  reaches  Pekin,  July  8u 

Treaty  with  China  rati 
fied,  Aug.  16. 

J.  Y.  Mason,  U.  S.  mi 
nister  to  France,  dies  a 
Paris,  Oct.  3. 

John  Brown's  Raid  for 
the  liberation  of  slaves,  a 
Harper's  Ferry,   Va.,   Oct 
17.     12  of  his  men  and  ] 
marine  killed.  2  of  his  men 
hung,  Dec.  16;  and  2  more 
March  16, 1860. 


5. 


Congress  assembles,  Doc. 


1860.  Pennington  of  N.  Jer- 
sey elected  speaker  of  the 
House  of  Representatives, 
after  a  balloting  for  nearly 
two  months,  Feb.  1. 


Builders'  strike  begins  in 
London,  July  25. 


Captain  McClintock  re- 
turns, bringing  relics  of 
Franklin's  expedition,  Sep. 
21. 

Steamer  Royal  Charter 
wrecked  in  British  Chan- 
nel ;  445  persons  lost,  and 
£1,000,000  in  gold, 


Death  of  Lord  Macaulav, 
Dec.  28. 


860.  Lord  Clyde  proclaims 
the  rebellion  in  India  a* 
subdued,  Jan.  7. 

Commercial  Treaty  wiib 
den  and  Lord  Cowley  and 


1815-1861.] 


THE  WORLD'S  PROGRESS. 


*..!>. 


FRANCE. 


EUBOPE,  elsewhere. 


THE  "WORLD,  elsewhere. 


1859 


Perugia  sacked  by  papal  troops,  June  20. 


Battle  of  Solfcrino'  June  24.  Austrians  under  the  Empe- 
ror in  person  defeated  by  the  allies :  great  loss  on  both 
sides. 

China  repulsed  in  an    attack  on  I 
25.     They  are  aided  by  American! 

Treaty  of  Peace  signed  by  the  Emperors  of  France  and 
Austria,  at  Villafranca,  July  11. 

The  Emperor  returns  to  St.  1859.  Tuscany :— Council  of 
Cloud,  July  27.  State  votes  in  favour  of 

Entrance  of  "the  Army  of]  annexation  to  Sardinia, 
Italy"  into  Paris,  Aug."l4.  July  12. 

Political  amnesty,  Aug.  17. 


Treaty  with  Japan,  ratified 
at  Jeddo,  Sept.  22. 


1860 


The  Emperor  advises  Victor 
Emanuel  a  programme  for 
the  Regeneration  of  Italy, 
Oct.  20. 


Exchange  of  ratifications  of 
the  Treaty  of  Zurich,  Nov. 
21. 


Zurich 


Conference      at 
opened,  August  8. 

Sardinia : — Cavour  dis- 
missed from  the  ministry, 
July  13. 

Tuscany: — The  Nation. 
Assem.  decrees  the  perma- 
nent exclusion  of  the  Aus- 
trian dynasty,  Aug.  16. 

Mod-ena : — Farini  dicta- 
tor, opens  the  Nat.  Assem- 
bly, Aug.  16,  aud  assumea 
government  of  Parma, 
Aug.  18. 

Rome : — Concordat     be- 
tween the  Pope  and  Spain, 
•  Aug.  26. 

Russia : — Schamyl  taken 
prisoner  in  Caucasia,  Sept 
6.  i 

Bologna : — Assemb.  Nat 
under  pres.  of  Minghetti 
decree  independence  from 
the  Pope.  Sept.  7. 

Sardinia  :  —  The  king 
receives  deputations  from 
Modena  and  Parma,  ten- 
dering annexation  to  Sar- 
dinia, Sept.  15. 

Romagna  : — Decree  of 
annexation  to  Sardinia, 
Oct.  7. 

Spain  declares  war 
against  Morocco,  Oct.  22. 
O'Donnell  named  com.-in- 
chief  of  Spanish  army. 

Sardima  .-—Prince  Ca- 
rignan  made  regent  of  Ro-~ 
magna,  Parma,  etc.,  Nov.  6, 
but  declines  in  favor  of 
Buoncompagni. 


1859.  Mexico : — Juarez  de- 
crees the  confiscation  of 
church  property,  July  12. 

Venezuela  : — Civil  "  wur ; 
downfall  of  Castro,  the  Pre- 
sident, July. 

Costa  Rica : — Revolution 
— fall  of  Mora,  Ang.  14. 


The  Emperor's  letter  to  the  Pope,  advising  cession  of 
Romagna,  Dec.  31. 


Treaty  with  Nicaragua  rati- 
fied, Jan.  11. 


France,  signed  at  Paris  by  R.  Cob- 
the  French  ministers,  Jan.  23. 


1860.      Spain:— The    Moors 
defeated  at  Castellejor,  Jan. 

Rome  : — The  Pope  re- 
plies to  the  Emperor,  refus- 
ing to  cede  the  Legations, 
Jan.  8. 

Sardinia: — Cavour  re- 
called to  the  premiership, 
Jan.  15. 


Buenos  Ay  res  : — Battle 
with  the  troops  of  Argen- 
tine Coni'ederation,  Oct.  2&, 


184* 


THE   WORLD'S  PROGRESS.      [Period  IX.— 46  years.— 


A.D. 


1860 


PROGRESS  OF  SOCIETY,  etc. 


UNITED  STATES. 


GREAT  BRITAIN. 


Papal  bull  against  agitators 

and  reformers. 
Fight  of  Ileenan  and  Sayers 

for  the  championship  of 

England,  April  17. 


'irst  "  Pony  Express"  reaches  Carson  Valley  in  eight  and 
a  half  days  from  Missouri ;  and  news  thence  by  telegraph 
reaches  San  Francisco  in  nine  days  from  New  York. 

1860.  The  "Covode  Com- 
mittee11 (House  of  Repre- 
sentatives) appointed  to  ex- 
amine alleged  corruption 
of  the  government,  March 
5. 

U.   8.   corvette  Saratoga 
captures  Miramon's  vessels 
at  Vera  Cruz,  March  7. 
Japanese  Embassy  arrives  at  San  Francisco,  March  28 ; 
at  Washington,  May  14;  at  Baltimore,  June  8;  at  Phila- 
delphia, June  9  ;   at  New  York,  June  16.    Sails  for  Ja- 
pan, in  the  U.  S.  frigate  Niagara,  June  30. 


Tniversal  Suffrage  in  Cen- 
tral Italy. 


1860.  French  treaty  ratified 
by  116  majority  in  the  Com- 
mons, Feb.  24. 


Lord  J.  Russell  proposes  a 
new  Reform  Bill,  March  2, 
but  abandons  it,  June  11. 


Ministers  defeated  on  a 
bill  for  repeal  of  paper  duty 
— passed  by  the  Commons 
but  rejected  (89  majority) 
by  the  Lords,  May  21. 


Review  of  18,000  volun- 
teers by  the  Queen  in  Hyde 
Park,  June  23. 


Democratic  Convention 
at  Charleston,  April  23. 

Mr.  McLane's  treaty  with 
Mexico  (Juarrez)  rejected! 
by  the  Senate,  May  31. 

National  Repub.  Conven- 
tion at  Chicago  meets  May 
16,  and  nominates  Abraham 
Lincoln  for  President,  and 
Hannibal  Hamlin  for  Vice- 
President  of  U.  S. 

Law  of  Maryland  prohibiting  the  inamimission  of  slaves 
takes  effect,  June  1. 

Tornado  in  Iowa  and  Il- 
linois destroys  whole  vil-; 
lages,  June  3. 

Nat.  Democratic  Conven- 
tion (adjourned)  at  Balti- 
more, June  18,  nominates 
Douglas  and  Fitzpatrick : 
a  seceding  Convention  no-; 
minate  Breckenridge  and 
Lane,  respectively  for  Pre- 
sident andV.-Pres.  of  U.  S. 
The  Great  Eastern  arrives  at  New  York,  from  Southampton,  June  28. 
Dr.  Hayes's  Arctic  Expedition  from  Boston,  sails  July  7.  i 
Remarkable  meteoric  various  northern  states,  July  20. 

Visit  of  the  Prince  of  Wales  to  British  North  Ame- 
rica and  the  United  States.     He  lai  ds  at  St.  John's,  July 
24 ;    arrives    at    Quebec,  August  18 ;     Montreal,  24th ; 
Ottawa,  Ausust  81;    Ni.-igara,  September   14;    Detroit, 
Sept.  20 ;  Washington,  Oct. 
8;    Philadelphia,    Oct.    9; 
New  York,  Oct.  11;   Bos- 
ton, 17th;  Portland,  20th; 
Plymouth,   England,  Nov. 
15. 

Lincoln  and  Hamlin 
elected  Pres.  and  V.-Pres. 
of  the  U.  S.  by  the  votes  of 
all  the  northern  states  ex- 
cept New  Jersey,  which 
chose  4  electors  for  Douglas 
and  3  fir  Lincoln,  Nov.  6. 

This  election  is  made  the 
pretext  for  rebellion  and 
"  secession"  of  the  cotton 
state*— S.  Carolina  leading, 
and  adopting  in  Convention 
an  ordinance  of  secession 
from  the  U.  S.,  Dec.  20. 


Deaths  in  1860. 


U.  S. 

J.  A.  Alexan- 
der. 

W.  E.  Burton. 

C.     A.     Good- 
rich. 

S.     G. 
rich. 

Theo.  Parker. 

J.   K.     Pauld- 
ing. 

W.  C.  Preston. 


Good- 


EUROPE. 

Sir  C.  Barry. 
Lady      Noel 

Byron. 
G.P.R.  James. 

Anna  •Jame- 
son. 

Jullien. 

•Mi'W.  Napier. 

Baden  row- 
ell. 

II.  II.  Wilson. 


1815-1861.] 


THE  WORLD'S  PROGRESS. 


185' 


A.D. 


1860 


Thouvenel  foreign  minister, 

Jan.  24. 
"  V  Univers"  ultra-montane 

journal,  suppressed,  Jan.  29. 

Diplomatic  correspondence  of 
Antonelli,  Feb. — March. 

Negotiations  respecting  an- 
nexation of  Nice  and  Sa- 
voy. Treaty  for  cession  to 
France  signed  at  Turin, 
March  24 ;  but  Switzerland 
protests. 

Nice  votes  for  annexation  to 
France  24,448  for,  and  160 
against. 

Savoy  gives  131,744  for  and 
233  against. 


FRANCE. 


EUROPE,  elsewhere. 


The  Emperor  refuses  an  ap- 
plication from  Naples  to 
act  as  mediator,  June  7. 


French  troops  sent  to  Syria 
to  punish  the  murderers  of 
Christians,  Aug.  5. 


A  French  fleet  placed  before 
Gaeta;  for  which  side  is 
not  proclaimed. 


1860.  Spain : — Decisive  vic- 
tory over  the  Moors  at  Te- 
touan,  Feb.  4. 

Sardinia : — The  army 
raised  to  50,000,  Feb.  26. 

Thouvenel  with  Cavour  and 

Buoncompagni  resigns  as 
governor  of  Central  Italy, 
March  3. 

Tuscany : — Result  of  vot- 
ing on  annexation  to  Sardi- 
nia pub.,  viz :  For,  866,571 ; 
against,  14,925  (for  sepa- 
rate kingdom) 

Austria  advertises  for 
new  loan,  March  24,  and 
protests  against  Sardinian 
occupation  of  Tuscany,  &c. 

Spain  : — Peace  with  Mo- 
rocco ratified,  March  29. 

Home  :  —  Papal  bull 
against  revolutionists,  Mar. 
29. 

devolution  in  Sicily  be- 
gins at  Palermo,  Messina, 
and  Catania,  April  4. 

Rome: — Antonelli  pro- 
tests against  Sardinian  an- 
nexation of  Romagna. 

Sicily: — Garibaldi  lands 
at  Marsala,  with  2,000 
men,  from  Genoa,  May  10 
Proclaims  himself  dictator 
on  behalf  of  Victor  Ema- 
nuel,  14th. 

Naples: — Concessions  pro- 
claimed to  the  people,  May 
19. 

—  Garibaldi    takes  Pa- 
lermo, May  27. 

—  A    liberal    ministry 
formed  at  Naples,  June  28. 
The  King  grants  new  con- 
stitution and  amnesty,  J'ne 
25. 

Garibaldi's  victory  at  Me- 
lazzo,  July  20-21. 

Sicily  (excepting  the  ci- 
tadel of  Messina)  evacuated 
by  the  Neapolitans,  July 
30. 

Garibaldi's  troops  land  in 
Calabria,  Aug.  8. 

—  Enters  Naples. 

The  King  of  Naples  re- 
tires to  Gaeta,  Sept.  ,  and 
is  besieged  there  by  the 
troops  of  Garibaldi  and 
Victor  Emauuel. 

Garibaldi  resigns  his 
power  to  Victor  Emanuel, 
and  retires  to  Caprera. 


THE  WORLD,  elsewhere. 


1860.  Argentine  ConfeA.  Der- 
qui  president,  Feb.  5. 


Mexico  :— Miramon  at- 
tacks Vera  Cruz,  March  7- 
13. 

Japan  :  —  The  Regent 
wounded  in  a  riotous  at- 
tack. 

Mexico  : —  Zuloaga  pro- 
claims himself  president, 
and  denounces  Miramon. 
Mayl. 


Asia  Minor : — Horrible 
massacre  of  the  Christians 
and  Maronites,  May.  3,000 
killed  at  Damascus,  July  9. 

Honduras:  -W.  "Walker 
the  "  filibuster,"  taken  pri- 
soner and  shot,  Sept.  12. 

Syria : — Fuad  Pasha  sent 
against  the  Druses,  Aug.  5. 
167  Moslems  implicated  in 
the  massacres  are  executed 
at  Damascus,  Aug.  20. 


186* 


THE  WORLD'S  PROGRESS.      [Period  XL— 46  years.— 


A.D 


1861 


PROGRESS  OF  SOCIETY,  etc. 


UNITED  STATES. 


BRITISH  EMPIRE. 


1861.  This  example  followed 
byMississippi,  Jan.  9,Alaba- 
ma,  Jan.  11,  Florida,  Jan. 
12,  Georgia,  Jan.  19,  Loui- 
siana, Jan.  26. 

Attempt  to  carry  Virginia, 
Kentucky,  Tenn.,  N.  Caro- 
lina, Missouri,  and  Arkan- 
sas for  secession  defeated, 
Jan.— March,  1861.  Texas 
carried  for  secession,  but  a 
strong  reaction  for  union 
follows.  Gen.  Twiggs  sur- 
renders the  U.  S.  forces  in 
Texas,  and  the  military 
stores,  to  the  state,  Feb. 

INAUGURATION  OF  LINCOLN 
(Kepub.)  President  U.  8., 
March  4 


1815-1861.] 


THE  WORLD'S  PROGRESS. 


187* 


A.D.  i 


FRAXCE. 


EUROPE,  elsewhere. 


WORLD,  elsewhere. 


1861 


1861.  G-aeta  surrenders  to 
Victor  Emanuers  troops, 
Feb.  13.  The  King  of  Na- 
ples escapes  on  board  a 
French  frigate. 

END  OF  BOURBON  RULE 
in  Italy. 

The   Italian    Parliament 
declares  VICTOR  EMANUEL 
KING  OF  ITALY,   Feb. 
1861. 


ADDITIONS  TO   THE  BIOGRAPHICAL  INDEX. 

(INCLUDING  ACCIDENTAL  OMISSIONS  IN  THE  FORMER  EDITIONS,  PAGE  657 ;  AND  ALSO  INCLUDING 

PERSONS  NOW  LIVING  (JAN.  1861.) 


NATION.  NAME   AND   PROFESSION. 

Egypt.  Abbas,  Pasha,  Viceroy  of  Egypt  (grandson  of  Mehemet  All)     . 

Amer.  Abbott,  Benjamin,  distinguished  educationist     .... 

Amer.  Abbott,  Jacob,  author  of  historical,  biographical,  and  religious 
works  ............ 

Amer.  Abbott,  Jno.  S.  C.,  historian  and  biographer        .... 

Ara.  Abd-el  Kader,  Emir  of  the  Bedouins,  warrior  and  statesman    . 

Turk.  Abdul  Medjid,  sultan  of  Turkey 

Eng.  A'Becket,  Gilbert  A.,  comic  writer 

Amer.  Abeel,  David,  missionary  and  author  of  travels  .... 

Eng.  Abinger.  lord  (Sir  Jas.  Scarlett),  eminent  lawyer  and  judge 

French.  About,  Edmond,  novelist,  traveller,  &c 

French.  Abrantes,  duchess  of,  biographer 

Ital.  Achilli,  Giovanni  G  ,  protestant  preacher 

Amer.  Adams,  Hannah,  author  of  history  of  New  England,  &c.    . 

Ger.  Adelung,  John  C.,  philologist  and  lexicographer 

Eng.  Adolphus,  John,  author  of  history  of  England,  &c. 

Eng.  JSlfric,  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  author  of  Anglo-Saxon  works 

Sp.-Moor.  Africanus,  Leo.  author  of  travels  in  Africa          .... 

Eng. -Jew.  Aguilar,  Grace,  novelist 

Pers.  Ahasuerus,  king  of  Persia  (Artaxerxes,  Long.  ?),  flourished 

Eng.  Aikin,  Lucy,  biographer  and  historian 

French.  Aime-Martin,  Louis,  writer  on  education 

Eng.  Ainsworth,  Win.  Francis,  traveller,  geologist,  &c. 

Eng.  Ainsworth,  Wm.  Harrison,  novelist 

Eng.  Airy,  Geo.  B.,  astronomer-royal 

Ger.  Albert,  Prince,  husband  of  the  Queen  of  England 

Eng.  Albert  Edward,  Prince  of  Wales,  heir  to  the  British  throne      . 

Ital.  Alboni,  Marietta,  eminent  contralto  singer          .... 

Greek.  Alciphron,  author  of  Letters,  &c. 

Amer.  Alcott,  A.  Bronson,  philosopher  and  educationist 

Amer.  Alcott,  Wm.  A.,  writer  on  education  and  philosopher 

Amer.  Alden,  John,  one  of  the  1st  Plymouth  colony      .... 

Puiss.  Alexander  II.  (became  Emperor  1855) 

Eng.  Alexander,  A.  H.,  claiming  to  be  Earl  of  Stirling 

Amer.  Alexander,  Archibald,  theologian  and  author       .... 

Amer.  Alexander,  James  W.,  theologian 

Amer.  Alexander,  J.  Addison,  theologian  and  commentator  . 

Amer.  Alexander,  Stephen,  astronomer 

Amer.  Alexander,  Wm.  ("  Earl  of  Stirling  "),  major-general  in  Revolution 

Amer.  Allen,  Wm.,  author  of  Amer.  Biog.  Dictionary    .... 

Eng.  Alleyn,  Edward,  actor  and  manager  (temp.  Shakspeare)    . 

Eng.  Almon,  John,  political  writer        ....  . 

Mex.  Almonte.  Juan  N".,  general  and  statesman  (abt)  .... 

Amer.  Alsop,  Kichard,  poet  and  linguist 

Eng.  Althorp,  Viscount,  statesman  and  book-collector 

Mex.  Alvarez,  Juan,  leader  of  Mexican  revolution        .... 

Ger.  Amalie,  duchess  of  Saxony,  dramatic  poet 

Amer.  Ames,  Nathan  P..  machinist  and  bronze-founder 

Ger.  Ammon,  Christ.  F.  von.  protestant  theologian    .... 

French,  Ampere,  Jean  J.,  traveller  and  essayist 

Mex.  Ampudia,  Pedro  de,  general 

Dan.  Andersen,  Hans,  poet  and  novelist 

Swe.  Andersson.  Chas.  John,  explorer  in  Africa 

Eng.  Andre,  John,  British  officer  in  American  war    .... 

A.mer.  Angell,  Jos.  K.,  author  of  legal  works  .  .     . 


BORN.  DIED. 

1818 1854 

1763 1849 

ISflS 

1805 

1807 

1822 


1769 


1732 


1487- 
1816- 


-1838 

-1832 
-1806 

-1005 


1S47 

B.  c.  456 


1807- 
1805- 
1801- 

1841- 


-1687 


-1851 
-1859 
-1860 


-1626 
-1805 

-1815 
-1834 


-1847 
-1850 


1805 


-1856 
-1780 
-1857 


696 


THE 


WORLD'S 


PROGRESS. 


NATION.  NAME   AND   PROFESSION. 

Eng.  Anglesey,  Henry  W.,  marquis  of.  general  at  Waterloo,  &c. 

French.  Angoulerne,  duchess  d',  daughter  of  Louis  XVI. 

Aust.  Anne  of  Austria,  wife  of  Louis  XIII.  of  France  . 

Eng.  Anne  Eoleyn,  second  wife  of  Henry  VIII.  . 

Eng.  Anspach,  Eliz.,  margravine  of,  author  of  memoirs 

Irish.  Anster,  Jno  ,  translator  of  "  Faust" 

Amer.  Anthon,  Charles,  classical  scholar  and  author      . 

Ital.  Antonelli,  Giacomo,  cardinal,  premier  of  Pius  IX.     .        . 

French,  Anville,  Jean  B.  d\  geographer 

Roin.  Apicius,  the  name  of  three  Roman  epicures        . 

Greek.  Apollodorus,  the  name  of  several  writers  and  statesmen    . 

Amer.  A]>pleton,  Jesse,  president  of  Bowdoin  college,  and  theologian  , 

Rom.  Apuleius,  a  Platonic  philosopher  and  writer" 

French.  Antgo,  Dotn.  Fr.  Jean,  astronomer  and  statesman 

Eng.  Argall,  Samuel,  early  colonist  and  deputy  governor  of  Va. 

Scot.  Argyle,  duke  of,  chief  of  clan  Campbell,  statesman      . 

Mex.  Arista,  Mariano,  general  under  Santa  Anna         . 

Amer.  Armstrong,  Sam.  T.,  book  publisher  and  lieul-gov.  of  Mass.    . 

Eng.  Arnold,  Matthew,  poet,  prof,  of  poetry,  Oxon       . 

Eng.  Arnold,  Thos.  K.,  author  of  classical  text-books 

Scot.  Arnott,  Niel,  popular  scientific  writer 

Flem.  Artevelde,  Philip  van,  revolutionary  popular  leader 

Amer.  Arthur,  Timothy  T.,  author  of  tales  and  essays  . 

Eng.  Asbury,  Francis,  first  methodist  bishop  in  U."  S.          . 

Eng.  Askew,  Anne,  protestant,  burned  at  Smithfield    . 

Greek.  Aspasia,  the  accomplished  wife  of  Pericles 

Amer.  Atchison,  David  R.,  senator  U.  S.  from  Missouri 

Swiss.  Aubigne,  J.  H.  Merle  d1,  historian  of  Reformation 

Amer.  Audubon,  John  James,  naturalist  and  traveller  . 

Ger. -Jew.  Auerbach,  Berthold,  novelist 

Aurungzebe,  last  Mogul  emperor  in  India 

Eng.  Austen,  Jane,  novelist 

Eng.  Austen,  Sarah,  essayist  and  translator,  (abt)        . 

Amer.  Austin,  Stephen  F.,  founder  of  first  American  colony  in  Texas 

Ital.  Avezzana,  Joseph,  patriot  soldier,  refugee  ia  New  York    . 

Scot.  Aytoun,  Win.  E.,  professor,  essayist,  and  poet    . 

French,  Azais,  Pierre  H.,  philosophic  writer 

Ital.  Azeglio,  Massimo  T.,  marquis  d',  statesman  and  author     . 

French.  Babeuf,  Franc  N.,  agrarian  and  socialist  author  . 

Amer.  Bache,  Alex.  D.,  scientific  engineer  and  writer    . 

Amer.  Bachman,  John,  naturalist  and  theologian 

Amer.  Bacon,  Leonard,  theological  writer  and  preacher 

Eng.  Baffin,  Wm.,  navigator,  discoverer  of  Baffin's  bay 

Amer.  Bailey,  Jacob  W.,  professor  of  chemistry,  botany,  &c. 

Eng.  Bailey,  Philip  Jas.,  poet,  author  of  Festus    .... 

Eng.  Bailey,  Samuel,  metaphysician  and  political  essayist 

Eng.  Baillie,  Joanna,  poet  and  novelist 

Amer.  Baird,  Robert,  D.D.,  author  of  travels  ..... 

Span.  Balboa,  Vasca  Nunez  de.  early  navigator  to  South  America 

Irish.  Balfe,  Michael  Wm.,  musical  composer        . 

Scot.  Baliol,  intriguing  rival  of  Robert  Bruce       .... 

Amer.  Ballon,  Hosea,  universalist  minister  and  author  . 

French.  Balue,  Jean  do  la,  cardinal,  premier  of  Louis  XI. 

Amer.  Bancroft,  Aaron,  cong.  min.,  author  of  life  of  Washington  . 

Amer.  Bancroft,  George,  historian  of  the  U.  S.,  secretary  of  navy,  «fec. 

Amer.  Bangs,  Nathan,  D.D.,  minister  of  methodist  church  and  author 

Amer.  Banks,  Nath.  P.,  speaker  of  House  of  Rep.  U.  S.,  gov.  of  Mass. 

French.  Baraguay-d'Hilliers,  Achille,  marshal  of  France . 

French.  Barante,  A.  G.,  P.  B.,  baron,  historian  .... 

Amer.  Barber,  Francis,  officer  in  revolutionary  army    . 

Eng.  Barham,  Kich.  Henry,  humorist  (Ingoldsby  Legends) 

Amer.  Barker.  Joseph,  noted  financier 

Amer.  Barnard,  Henry,  distinguished  educator       .... 

Amer.  Barnes.  Albert,  theologian  and  commentator 

Eng.  Barre,  Isaac,  col.,  M. P.,  friend  of  America    .... 

Irish.  Barrington,  Sir  Jonah,  lawyer  and  author   .... 

Amer.  Barrow.  James,  commodore  (in  the  all'air  of  the  Chesapeake) 

Eng.  Barrow,  Sir  John,  traveller,  author,  secretary  to  Admiralty 

Eng.  Barry,  Sir  Charles,  architect  of  houses  of  Parliament  . 

Irish.  Barry,  John,  the  first  American  commodore 


17S2 

.    A.  D..  1st  Cent. 

c.  5th  to  2d  Cent. 

1772 


A.  D.  2d  Ci-nt. 

1786 I>o3 

1572 1639 


ISIS 
1546 


1807- 
1794- 
17SO- 

1812- 


1775- 
1800- 

1797- 
1813- 
I7ri6- 
1793- 

1806- 
1790 


1836 


-1S45 
-1797 


1745 1808 


ADDENDA. 


G97 


NATION. 

Ger. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

French. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Hung. 

Hung. 

Ger. 

Ger. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Ger. 

French. 

Amer. 

Ger. 

Eng. 

Russ. 

Eng. 

Ital. 

Amer. 

Scot. 

Amer. 

Eng. 

Amer. 

Pol. 

Ger. 

Eng. 

Amer. 

Sp.-Jew. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

French. 

Egypt. 

Amer. 

French. 

French. 

Amer. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Irish. 

Eng. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Eng. 

Amer. 

Scot. 

Eng. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Eng. 


Ital. 

Ital. 

Eng 

French. 

Eng. 

Ital. 

Amer. 

Irish. 

French. 

French. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Eng. 

French. 


NAME   AND   PROFESSION. 

Earth,  Henry,  traveller  in  Africa 

Bartlett,  John  E.,  author  explorations,  &c. 

Bartlett,  Josiah,  statesman,  gov.  N.  H.,  &c.          .... 

Barton,  Bernard,  the  Quaker  poet 

Baskerville,  John,  eminent  printer  and  publisher 

Bastiat,  Frederick,  political  economist         ..... 

Bates,  Edward,  statesman  and  jurist 

Bates,  Joshua,  banker  (Baring  Bros  ) 

Batthyani,  Kasimir,  count,  statesman, 

Batthyani,  Lajos,  statesman  (shot  by  Haynau)    .... 
Bauer,  Bruno,  an  audacious  opposer  of  Christianity  . 
Baur,  Ferd.  Christ.,  professor  of  theology  and  author 

Beck,  Lewis  C.,  chemist  and  mineralogist 

Beck,  Theo.  Romeyn,  author  of  medical  jurisprudence 
Beckmann,  Johann,  hist,  of  inventions.  &c.          .... 
Becquerel,  Antoine  Caesar,  natural  philosopher  .... 
Bedell,  Gregory  T.,  D.D.,  eloquent  pulpit  orator 
Behaim,  or  Behem,  Martin,  navigator  and  geographer 

Behn,  Aphra,  dramatic  writer 

Behring,  Vitus,  arctic  navigator   .  

Belcher,  Sir  Edw.,  admiral,  arctic  navigator       .... 
Belgiojoso,  Christina,  princess  of,  accomplished  and  philanthropic 
Belknap,  Jeremy,  D.D.,  historian  of  New  Hampshire 
Bell,  Henry,  first  successful  steam  navigator  in  Europe    . 

Bell,  John,  statesman 

Bellingham,  Rich.,  royal  governor  of  Massachusetts  . 
Bellows,  Henry  W.,  Unitarian  clergyman  and  author 
Bern,  Josef,  general  in  Hungarian  war  against  Austria 
Bengel,  Johann  A.,  Lutheran  theologian  and  philologist    . 
Benger,  Eliz.  Ogilvy,  author  of  hist. "memoirs     .... 
Benjamin,  Park,  poet,  lecturer,  and  journalist     .... 
Benjamin  of  Tudela,  rabbi,  traveller  in  the  east .... 

Bennett,  Jas.  Gordon,  journalist 

Benton,  Thomas  Hart,  statesman  and  historian  .... 

Beranger,  Pierre  Jean  de,  lyric  poet 

Berenice  ;  the  name  of  seven  different  queens  of  Egypt  and  Syria 
Berrien,  John  Macpherson,  statesman          .        .  . 

Berry,  Chs.  F.,  duke  of,  2d  son  of  Charles  X.  (assassinated) 
Berry,  duchess  of  (wife  of  th,e  above),  intriguing  politician 
Bethune,  Geo.  W.,  D.D.,  theologian  and  poet    .... 

Betterton,  Thomas,  famous  actor 

Betty,  Wm.  Henry  W.,  actor,  "  the  Young  Roscius" 

Bewick,  Thos.,  naturalist  and  wood  engraver    .... 

Bickerstaff,  Isaac,  dramatist 

Bickersteth,  Edward,  theological  writer 

Bigelow,  Jacob,  medical  writer 

Bird,  Robt.  M.,  M.D.,  novelist 

Birney,  James  G.,  anti-slavery  politician 

Bishop,  Sir  Henry  R.,  musical  composer 

Bissell,  Wm.  H.,  governor  of  Illinois,  volunteer  in  Mexico 
Black,  Adam,  publisher,  M.  P.,  provost  of  Edinb. 

Blackwell,  Eliz.,  first  female  M.D.  in  the  U.  S 

Blair,  Francis  P.,  journalist  and  politician 

Blair,  Francis  P.,  Jr.,  leader  of  Missouri  free-soilers  . 

Bloomfield,  E.  V.,  classical  scholar 

Booth,  Junius  Brutus,  tragedian 

Borgi,  Giovanni,  originator  of  ragged  schools     .... 
Borgia,  Lucrezia,  infamous  daughter  of  Pope  Alex.  VI.     . 
Borrow,  George,  author  of  Gypsies  of  Spain,  &c. 

Bosquet,  Marie  Jos.,  marshal  of  France 

Bosworth,  Joseph,  D.D.,  Anglo-Saxon  lexicographer  . 

Botta,  Carlo  G.  G.,  historian         ...  ... 

Botts,  John  Minor,  politician 

Bourcicault,  Dion,  dramatist 

Bourdon,  Pierre  L.  M.,  mathematician 

Boussingault,  Jean  B.,  VD.,  chemist  . 

Bouvier^  John,  jurist  and  legal  author 

Bowen,  Francis,  biographical  and  metaphysical  author     . 
Bowles,  Wm.  Lisle,  poet      ...  .... 

Boyer,  Abel,  lexicographer 


BORN. 
1821- 
1S05- 
1729- 
1784- 
1706- 
1801- 
1790- 
178 
18»7- 


DIED. 


-1795 
-184^ 
-H75 

-1550 


-1354 
-1S49 


1809- 

17L2- 

1800- 

1791- 

1739- 

1783- 

1793- 

14  9- 

1640- 

16SO- 

1759- 

1S08- 

1744- 

17H7- 

1797- 

1684- 

1814- 

17S 

16>7- 

1778- 

1809- 


-1853 
-1S55 
-1311 

-18*14 
-1506 
-1689 
-1741 


-1793 
-1S30 


1800- 
1782- 
1780- 


-1672 

-1850 
-1752 
-1827 

-1173 


1858 
-1857 


B.  c.  1-3  Cent. 

1781 1856 

-1820 


1810 
1828 
1850 

1854 
1857 
1855 


1788— 
1796— 
1736— 
15th  Cent. 


1846 
1852 
1802 


1837 


1802 
1822 
1799 
1802 
1787 
1811 
176-' 
1667 


-1854 
-1851 

-1850 

•1729 


698 


THE    WORLD  S    PROGRESS. 


NATION. 

Amer. 

Greek. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Eng. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

N.  A.  led. 

French. 

Hex. 

Eng. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Eng. 

Amer. 

Arner. 

Eng. 

French. 

Eng. 

Ger. 

Amer. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Irish. 

Irish-Am. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Scot. 

Eng. 

Scot. 

Amer. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Arner. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Euss. 

Eng. 

Araer. 

Ger. 

Amer. 

Eng. 

Amer. 

Eng. 

Amer. 

Atner. 

En?. 

Eng. 

Aust. 

Scot. -Am. 

Ger. 

Amer. 

Swiss. 

Ger. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Eng. 

Amer. 


NAME    AND    PROFESSION. 

Bozman,  John  Leeds,  historian  and  jurist   .  , 

Boz/:aris.  Marco,  patriotic  leader  ....... 

Brace,  Charles  Loring,  philanthropist  and  traveller    . 

Brackenridge,  Henry  M.,  jurist  and  diplomatist          . 

Braddoek,  Edward,  general,  defeated  and  killed  in  Va. 

Bradford,  Alden,  author  of  hist,  of  Massachusetts      . 

Bradford,  Andrew,  printer,  publisher  of  first  newspaper  in  Phila.     . 

Bradford,  Wm.,  first  printer  in  Pennsylvania      .  . 

Bradstreet,  Anne,  poetess  (daughter  of  Gov.  Dudley) 

Brant,  Joseph  (Thayendanega),  a  Mohawk  chief       . 

Brantome,  Pierre  de  B.,  biographer  and  chronicler    .... 

Bravo,  Leonardo,  revolutionary  patriot       ..... 

Bray,  Anna  Eliza,  novelist  (abt.) 

Breckenridge,  John,  D.D.,  theologian 

Breckenridge,  John  C.,  Vice-President  U.  S 

Breckenridge,  Eobt.  J.,  D.D.,  presbyt,  theologian      . 
Brewster,  Wm.,  elder  of  the  Plymouth  pilgrims         .        .        .        . 
Bridgwater,  Francis  II.  E..  duke  of,  founder  of  "  Treatises  " 
Briggs,  Charles  F.,  novelist  and  journalist . 

Brigham,  Amariah,  writer  on  insanity  and  philan 

Bright,  John,  "  reform  "  politician  and  M.P 

Brinvilliers,  Marie,  marchioness  of,  poisoner 

Brittan,  John,  architectural  and  antiquarian  writer    .... 
Brock  haus,  Fried.  A.,  founder  of  the  publishing  house 
Brodhead,  John  E.,  author  of  Hist,  of  New  York      .... 
Brodie,  Sir  Bcnj.  C.,  P.E.S.,  surgeon  and  surgical  author . 

Bronte,  Charlotte,  novelist  .  

Brooke,  Sir  Jas.,  rajah  of  Sarawak,  and  author 

Brooks,  Charles  T.,  author  of  translations  from  German    . 

Brooks,  Erastus,  journalist  and  politician 

Brooks,  James,  journalist  and  politician 

Brooks,  Maria,  poetess  (Maria  del  Occidente)      . 

Brougham,  John,  actor  and  author 

Brown,  Alex.,  father  of  the  eminent  merchants,  "  Brown  Brothers" 
Brown  (Blackwell),  Antoinette  L.,  preacher  and  philanth. 

Brown,  Goold,  grammarian 

Brown.  Henry  Kirk,  sculptor 

Brown,  James,  eminent  publisher 

Brown,  Nichobs,  principal  patron  Brown  Univ.         .... 

Brown,  Samuel,  chemist  and  poet 

Brown,  Thomas,  satirist        .        . 

Brown,  Thomas,  metaphysician 

Brownell,  Thos.  C.,  Prot.'Epis.Bp.  of  Conn 

Browning,  Eliz.  Barrett,  poet 

Browning,  Robert,  poet 

Brownson,  Orestes  A.,  metaphysical  writer 

Brummell,  Geo.  Bryan,  "Beau  Brnmmeir' 

Brunei,  Isambert  K.,  engineer  of  Gr. Western  and  Great  Eastern    . 

Brunnow.  Baron,  diplomatist 

Brunton,  Mary  B.,  novelist  ("  Discipline,"  &c.)          .... 

Bryant,  Wm.  Cullen,  poet,  traveller 

Buch,  Leopold  von,  geologist 

Buchanan,  James,  i  5th  President  of  the  United  States 

Buckingham,  James  Silk,  traveller  and  author 

Buckingham,  Joseph  T.,  journalist  and  author 

Buckland,  Win.,  D.D.,  geologist 

Buckminster,  Joseph,  D'.D..  theologian 

Buckminster,  Jos.  S.,  author  of  sermons,  &c 

Buckstone,  John  B.,  actor  and  playwright 

Biilwer.  Eos.,  Lady  Bulwer  Lytton,  novelist 

Buol-Schauenstein,  K.  F.,  count,  statesman 

Burden,  Henry,  inventor  and  mechanic 

Burger,  G.  A.,  poet 

Burges,  Tristam,  statesman  and  orator 

Burlamqui,  Jean  J.,  writer  on  civil  law, 

Biirnu-ister,  Herman,  naturalist  .... 
Bumap,  Geo.  W.,  clergyman  and  author     ... 
Burnet,  Jacob,  pioneer  of  Cincinnati,  and  author 
Burnet.  John,  engraver,  painter,  and  art  critic  . 
Burritt,  Elihu,  "the  learned  blacksmith,"1  and  philanth.     . 


BORX. 
1757- 
1789- 


DIED. 

—18-13 
-1823 


1786- 
1715- 
1765- 
1686- 
1659- 
1612- 
1742- 
1540- 
1792- 
1800- 
1797- 
1821- 
1800- 
1560- 
1756- 


-1753 
-1843 
-1712 
-1752 
-1672 
-1807 
-1614 
-1S54 


-1841 


1793- 
1811— 


1771— 
1772— 
1814— 
1.83— 
1816— 
1808— 
1818— 
1815— 

1810 — 
1795— 
1S1C— 
1764— 
1825— 
1791— 
1814— 
1800— 
17C9— 
1817— 
1663— 
177S— 
1779— 
1809— 
1812— 
1803— 
1778— 
1806— 
1797— 
1778— 
1794— 
1774— 
1791— 
1784— 
1779— 
1784— 
1751— 
1784— 
1800— 
18(17— 
1797— 
1791— 
1748— 
1770— 
1694— 
1807— 
1802 — 
1776— 
1784— 

1811 — 


-1644 
-1826 

-1849 

-1676 
-ls.57 
-1S23 


-1855 


-1845 


-1S57 

-1855 
-1841 
-1856 
-17U4 
-1&20 


-1S40 
-1S59 

-1818 
-1853 

-1855 

-1856 

-1812 
-1812 


-1794 

-1853 
-1748 

-1859 
-1853 


ADDENDA. 


699 


NATION.                                                 NAME    AND   PROFESSION.  BO-IN.           Dir.ll. 

Amer.  Burroughs,  Stephen,  notorious  adventurer 1765 Is40 

Eng.  Burton,  Win.  E.,  actor  and  author i.-r.-j. 1860 

Amer.  Bush,  tieorae,  D.  L>.,  theological  and  philosophical  writer          .        .     1795 1859 

Amer.  Bushnell,  Horace,  L'.U.,  theol.  and  metaphys.  author        .        .        .    1st  2 

Mex.  Bustauiente,  .-\ nastasio,  President  of  Mexico       .....     17S2 1S51 

Amer.  Butler,  Andrew  P.,  U.  S.  senator  from  South  Carolina      .         .        .     1796 

Eng.  Butler,  Charles,  catholic  historian  and  jurist 175:; 1832 

Amer.  Butlvr,  Wm.  Allen,  poet Ib25 

Amer.  Butler,  William  O.,  statesman  and  general 1793 

Eng.  Buxton,  Sir  Thomas  1'owell.  legisl.  and  philanth 178's—     — 1S45 

Amer.  Byles,  Mather,  clergyman  and  author 17u; 1788 

French.  Cabet,  Etienne,  cominunist 17bS 1&56 

Ital.  Cabot,  John,  navigator  and  discoverer  of  iNorth  America  .        .        . 

Irish.  Cade,  John,  the  noted  rebel  "Jack  Cade" = — 1450 

Amer.  Cadwallader,  John,  oSleer  in  the  Revolution 1743 17--G 

Ital.  Cagliostro,  Ales.,  count,  swindling  adventurer 1743 1795 

French.  Cailliaud,  Frederic,  traveller 17:7 

Eng.  Calumy,  Edmund,  presbyterian  divine  and  author    ....     1600 16£G 

Amer.  Caldwell,  Charles,  eminent  physician  and  author        ....     1772 1853 

Amer.  Caldwell.  Uev.  Jas.,  revolutionary  patriot 1734 17sl 

Amer.  Cahert,  Geo.  Henry,  belles-lettres,  author 18l3 

French.  Campan.  .Jeanne  L.  H.  G.,  educationist  and  author    .        .  .     17.2 1S22 

Amer.  Campbell,  Alex.,  founder  of  a  religious  sect ]792 

Scot.  Campbell,  Sir  Colin,  British  com.  in  India,  &c.  (now  Lord  Clyde)  .     1791 

French.  Canrobert,  Franc.  C.  de,  general  in  Crimea,  &c.  ...  .     ISi  9 

Ital.  Cantu,  Cesare.  historian,  poet,  and  philos.  ...  .     1805 

Greek.  Capo  d'Istria,  president  of  Greece,  1827-31          .        .  .    1776 1S31 

Eng.  Cardigan,  J.  P.  I!.,  earl  of,  general  of  cavalry  at  Balaklava  .     1797 

Amer.  Carey,"  Alice,  author  of  poems  and  tales 1&2J 

Amer.  Carey,  Henry  C.,  political  economist 1793 

Irish.  Carleton,  Wm.,  novelist .  179- 

Eng.  Carlisle,  G.  W.  F.,  7th  earl  of,  statesman  and  author 

Span.  Carlos,  don  Maria  Isidor,  pretender  to  throne 178s 1855 

Eng.  Carpenter,  Lant.  Unitarian  minister  and  author .                         .        .  1780 

Eng.  Carpenter  Wm.  B.,  physiologist 18 — 

Gua.  Carrera,  Rafael,  ruler  o'f  Guatemala •       . 

Amer.  Can-oil,  Chas.,  last  surviving  signer  of  the  Dec.  of  Indep.  .        .        .     17o7 1832 

Eng.  Cartwright,  Thos.,  puritan  divine        .        .        .        .    '     .        .        .     1E35 1603 

Amer.  Cass,  Lewis,  statesman  and  diplomatist 17S2- 

Amer.  Cassin,  John,  ornithologist 

Port.  Castro,  Ines  de,  wife  of  Pedro  king  of  Po-tugal  .  1355 

Sp.-Eng.  Catherine  of  Arr.igon,  wife  of  Henry  VIII 1483 1536 

Ital.-Fr.  Catherine  de  Medici,  wife  of  Henry  "II.  of  France       ....     1519 15S9 

Eng.  Catherine  Parr,  6th  and  last  wife  of  Henry  VIII 1548 

Amer.  Catiin,  George,  artist  and  traveller  among-  Indians     . 

French.  Caulaincourt,  A.  A.,  duke  of  Vicenza,  diplomatist      .  .     1773 1807 

French.  Cavaignac,  Louis  E..  gen.,  chief  of  Republic  of  1848  .        .        .        .    18o2 1857 

Ital.-Eng.  Cavallo,  Tiberius,  electrician,  author  of  Nat.  Philos 174^ 18,9 

Eng.  Cave,  Edward,  printer.  I ookseller  and  author 1C91—      —1754 

Ital.  Cavour,  Camillo  di,  count,  Sardinian  statesman 1S09 

Eng.  Cecil,  Kob.,  earl  of  Salisbury,  statesman  (abt.)  ......  1550—     — 1612 

Eom.  Cecil::\  a  saint  of  the  Reman  Catholic  church,  patron  of  music         .  2d  Cent. 

Greek.  Cecrops.  1st  king  of  Athens  (about) B.  c.  1500 

Ital.  Cellini,  Benvenuto,  artist,  jeweller,  and  author 1500 1570 

Ital.  Cenci,  Beatrice,  Roman  maiden,  tragically  famed       ....  1599 

Ital.  Cesare,  Giuseppe,  cavaliere  di.  historian 17S3 IslC 

Scot.  Chambers,  William,  publisher  and  author  .        .        .  .    IS.iO 

Scot.  Chambers,  Cobt.,  publisher  and  author 18--2 

French.  Chambord,  H.,  count  of.  last  scion  of  the  house  of  Bourbon       .        .     1>20 

Ger.  Chamisso,  A.  von,  author  of  "Peter  Schlemihl,"  &c 1781 

Amer.  Channing,  Edward  T.,  essayist  and  reviewer 179U 1556 

Amer.  Channing,  Wm.  Henry,  unitarian  minister  and  author        .         .         .  1810— 

Amer.  Chapin,  Kdwin  II.,  eloquent  clergyman  and  orator      ....  1814— 

Eng.  Charles,  Edward,  grandson  of  James  II.,  and  Pretender    .        .        .  l7i;  —     —1783 

Amer.  Chase,  Philander,  bishop  of  Prot.  Epis.  church,  Ohio         .        .  1775—     —1852 

Amer.  Chase,  Salmon  P.,  senator  of  U.  S.  and  yov.  of  Ohio           .         .         .  1808— 

French.  Chasles,  V.  E.  I'hilarete,  misc.  writer    ' 1799— 

French.  Chastellux,  F.  J.,  marquis  de,  general  and  author       ....  17-4—     —1788 

Amer.  Cheever,  Geo.  B.,  cong.  clergyman  and  author 1S07— 

Amer.  Cheesebro,  Caroline,  novelist" and  essayist 


700 


THi:    \VOKTJV3    PKOGKESS. 


NATIOX. 

AllKT. 

EBg. 

Anicr. 

Kntr.-Am. 

Eng. 

Ens! 

AiiHT. 

Ainer. 

Amer. 

Ainer. 

Eng. 

lioin. 

A  raer. 

Ainer. 

Ainer. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

A  uier. 

Crook. 

Greek. 

8  wits. 

Fr.-Am. 

A  in  or. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Fiench. 

Mex. 

Ainer. 

French. 

Ainer. 

Span. 

Amer. 

Eng. 

Ainer. 

French. 

Scot. 

Irish-Am 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Amor. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

French. 

Eng. 

Amer. 

Irish. 

Eng. 

Fr.-Eng. 

Eng. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Eng. 

Amer. 

Eng. 

Cor. 

Scot 

Ainer. 

Irish. 
Irish. 

Eng. 
Eng. 

Amer. 
Beat. 

Scot. 


NAME    AM)    PROFESSION. 

CHlld,  Lydia  Maria,  author  of  various  works 
Cliillingvrorlh,  Wm..  theologian  and  author 
Choate,  i.'ufus,  advocate,  jurist  and  senator         .        .        .        . 

Choules.  John  Overton,  L>.D.,  baptist  minister  and  author        . 

Cl.ii  o.  John,  poet   ... 

Clarendon,  (j.  \\'  .  F.  Villiers,  earl  of,  statesman         ... 

Clark,  Louis  Gay  lord,  editor  of  "Knickerbocker"      ... 

Chirk,  \Vm.,  general,  explorer  of  Rocky  Mts 

Clarke,  .las.  Freeman,  clergyman  and  author 

Clarke,  McDonald,  "the  crazy  poet11   .         .  . 

C'larke,  Mary  Cowden,  author  of  Concordance  to  Shaks.,  &c.     . 

C-laudius,  Appius,  decemvir 

Clay,  Cassias  M.,  anti-slavery  politician      ..'.. 

Clay,  Clement  C.,  ex-senator  of  U.  S.  from  Alabama          .        . 

Cl.iy,  llenry,  statesman  and  diplomatist 

Cl  a  ton,  .  I  ohn  M.,  senator  and  secretary  of  state        ... 

Cloaveland,  I'arkor,  mineralogist  and  chemist    .... 

Clemens,  Jeremiah,  U.  S.  senator  from  Alabama        ... 
Clement,  the  name  o?  14  popes,  and  3  anti-popes         ... 
Clement  of  Alexandria,  a  '•  father  of  the  church  " 
Cleo:),  an  Athenian  politician  and  demagogue    .... 

CK-rc,  Jean  le,  theological  writer          ...... 

Clere,  Laurent,  the  oldest  living  teacher  of  deaf  mutes 
Colton,  Calvin,  clergyman  and  political  writer    .... 

Colton,  Geo.  li.,  author  of  "  Tecumseh,1"  &c  ..... 

Colton,  Walter,  liev.,  author  of  voyages  and  travels  . 
Comines,  Philip  do,  statesman  and  historian       .... 

Comonfort,  Youncio,  president  of  Mexico   .  ... 

Comstock,  John  L..  author  of  popular  schoolbooks 

Comptc.  Auguste,  metaphysician,  founder  of  "positivism" 

Conant,  Thos.  J.,  D.D.,  biblical  scholar  and  critic 

Concha,  Jote  de  la,  captain-general  of  Cuba 

Cone,  Spencer  Houghton.  baptist  clergyman        .... 

Congreve,  Sir  Wm..  inventor  of  "  Congreve  rocket" 

Conrad,  liobrrt  T.,  judge,  politician  and  poet      .... 

Considerant,  Victor,  socialist  philosopher  ..... 

Constable,  Archibald,  publisher  of  Scott's  poems,  "  Miscellany,"  &c. 
Con  way,  Thos.,  maj.-gen.  in  Kevolution,  and  "cabaler,"  &c. 
Conybeare,  \Ym.  D.,  clergyman  and  geologist    .... 

Conybeare,  W.  G.,  son  of  "above,  author  of  Life  of  St.  Paul, 
Cook,  Eliza,  poetess      ......         . 

Cooke.  Philip  P.,  poet  ......... 

Cooke,  John  Ksten,  novelist  ar.d  poet          ..... 

Cooper.  James  Fenimore,  novelist,  traveller,  and  hist. 
Cooper,  Peter,  merchant  and  philanthropist,  founder  of  Institute 
Corday  d1  Annans,  M.  Charlotte  de^  guillotined  in  revolution    . 
Cornbury,  Ed.  Hyde,  lord,  governor  of  New  York 
Corwin,  Thomas,  statesman,  sec.  of  treas.,  gov.  of  Ohio 
Costello,  Louisa  Stuart,  author  of  memoirs,  &c  ..... 

Cotton,  Charles,  humorist  and  poet      ...... 

Courayer,  P.  F.  le,  Koman  Catholic  theologian  .... 

Cowper,  Wm.,  lord  chancellor  (see  page  66S)      .... 

Cox,  Samuel  Hanson,  presbyterian  clergyman  and  author 

Cox,  Arthur  Cleveland,  episcopal  clergyman  and  poet 

Coxe,  Tench,  writer  on  political  economy   ..... 

Coz/ens,  Fred.  S.,  author  of  essays  and  poems    .... 

Crabb.  George,  philologist,  author  of  synonyms 

Craneh,  Wm.,  jurist,  judge  U.  S.  District  Court,  D.  C.       . 

Crashaw.  Kichard,  poet  and  divine        ...... 

Creuzer.  Geo.  Fred.,  philologist  and  antiquary    .... 

Criehton.  James.  "  the  admirable  Criehton  "      .... 

Crittenden.  John  J.,  statesman,  U.  8.  senator  from  Kentucky  . 
CiM'Siis,  king  of  Lydia,  famed  for  riches        ..... 

Croker,  John  Wilsmi,  statesman  and  author        .... 

Crokcr,  Thos.  Crofton,  author  of  Fairy  Legends,  &c. 
Ciowo.  Catherine,  autlior  of  "IsMghtsidu  of  Nature"  . 
Crnikshank.  Geo.,  humorous  artist       ...... 

Cuffee,  J'aul.  philanthropic  negro  sea  captain 

C'umniing,  John,  jtopular  preacher  and  theol.  author  . 

Cummiug,  iiouallyu  W.  G.,  sportsman,  traveller,  and  author    . 


BTED. 


180C 
1770 
1810 
1798 


18£8 

-1843 


1810- 
17;-9- 
1777- 
3796- 
17&C- 
1814- 


165 

178 

1769- 

181  S 

1797 

1445 

1M2 

17:  9 

179S 

18C2 

1800 

17 

1772 

1810 

18C5 

1776 


B.  c.  450 


-1852 

is:o 

-1653 


—  229 
o.  44% 
1730 


-1857 
•1847 


-1509 

-1853 
-IboT 


17S7- 


-1855 

-1823 
-1856 

-1827 

-1857 
Ib57 

1850 
1851 

1793 
-1723 


1687 
177G 


B.  c.  6th  Cent. 
1780—  -I  £57 
171J8 185-1 


17.9- 


-1518 


1820- 


ADDENDA. 


701 


XATION. 

Amer. 

Ainer. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Eng. -Am. 

Amer. 


Pers. 

Pers. 

Pol. 

French. 

Amer. 

S\ve. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Eng. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Venet. 

Amer. 

French. 

Ital. 

Eng. 

Ainer. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

French. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Ger.-Am. 

Eng. 

Amer. 

Swiss. 

Swiss. 

Pol. 

Greek. 

Mace. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

French. 

S-pan. 

Swe. 

Eng. 

Ger. 

Amer. 

Span. 

Eng. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Ger. 

Eng. 


NAME   AND   PROFESSION. 

Curtis,  Benj.  R.,  jurist  and  judge  of  Supreme  Court,  U.  S. 

Curtis,  Geo.  Ticknor,  political  writer  and  jurist 

Curtis,  Geo.  Wm.,  essayist,  traveller,  and  critic          . 

dishing,  Caleb, 'statesman  and  jurist 

Cushman,  Charlotte  S.,  actress 

Cushman,  Robert,  one  of  the  founders  of  Plymouth  . 
Cusris,  Geo.  W.  Parke.  adopted  son  of  Washington    . 
Cyril  of  Alexandria,  saint  and  patriarch,  and  theol.  writer 
Cyril  of  Jerusalem,  saint  and  archbishop,  and  author 
Cyrus,  the  Elder,  founder  of  the  Persian  empire        . 
Cyrus,  the  Younger,  (son  of  Darius  Nothus,  king  of  Persia) 
Czartoryski,  Adam,  prince,  head  of  the  Polish  nation 
Daguerre,  Louis  J.  M.,  inventor  of  udaguerreotyping" 

Dahlgreen,  John  A.,  naval  officer  and  author 

Dahlinan,  Fred.  C.,  historian 

Dale,  Richard,  commodore  in  Revol.  war 

Dallas,  Geo.  M.,  vice-pros.  U.  S.  and  diplomatist        . 

Dallas,  Kobt.  Charles,  author 

Dana,  James  D.,  mineralogist,  geologist,  &c 

Dana,  Richard  H.,  poet  and  essayist 

Dana,  Richard  H.,  jr.,  advocate  and  traveller      .... 

Dana,  Sainl.  L.,  agricultural  chemist 

Dandolo,  Enrico,  doge  of  Venice 

Dane,  Nathan,  jurist  and  legal  author 

Danton,  Geo.  Jacques,  leading  revolutionist        .... 
Da  Ponte,  Lorenzo,  poet  and  dramatist  (d,  at  N.  Y.)  . 
Darling,  Grace,  famed  for  rescue  of  nine  persons  wrecked 

Darlington,  Wm.,  botanist  and  politician 

Darwin,  Charles,  naturalist 

Daubeny,  Chas.  G.  B.,  natural  philos.  and  geologist  . 

Davenant.  Sir  \Vm.,  dramatist 

Davies,  Charles,  mathematician 

Davis,  Andrew  J.,  clairvoyant  and  writer  on  "  spiritualism  "    . 
Davis,  Chas.  H.,  mathematician  and  naval  officer 
Davis,  Jefferson,  general  and  U.  S.  senator  from  Mississippi     . 
Davis,  John,  gov.  Mass.,  U.  S.  senator  from  Mass.    . 

Davis,  Matthew  L.,  biographer  of  Burr,  &c 

Davoust,  Louis  N.,  one  of  Bonaparte's  generals 

Day,  Stephen,  the  first  printer  in  New  England 

Dayton,  Win.  Lewis,  jurist  and  statesman  .... 

De  Bow,  J.  D.  B.,  journalist  and  statistician       .... 

Decker,  Thomas,  dramatic  poet 

Dee,  John,  mathematician  and  astrologer 

De  Kalb,  John,  baron,  major-general  m  Am.  revol.  army 

Dela  Beche,  Sir  Henry  T.,  geologist 

De  Laircey,  Wm.  H.,  epis.  bishop  of  western  New  York    . 

De  Lolme,  Jean  L.,  author  of  a  work  on  the  English  constitution 

Deluc,  Jean  Andre,  natural  philosopher 

Dembinski,  Henry  K.,  general  in  Hungarian  revolt    . 
Demetrius  Phalereus,  Athenian  orator  and  statesman        .        .     B. 
Demetrius  Poliorcetes,  one  of  the  successors  of  Alex,  the  Great 
De  Morgan,  Augustus,  mathematician         .        .        .        .        . 
Denman,  Thos., "lord,  chief  justice  of  Ensland    .... 
Dennie,  Joseph,  author,  and  editor  of  "  Portfolio,"  &c, 
Dennis,  John,  critic,  embalmed  in  "Dunciad"    .... 

De  Quincey,  Thomas,  essayist  and  critic 

Derby,  Edw.  G.  S.  Stanley,  14th  earl  of,  statesman    . 
Desmoulins,  Canaille,  revolutionist  and  author  .... 
De  Solo,  Fernando,  discoverer  of  the  Mississippi 
De  Vere,  Maximilian  Schele.  philologist  and  essayist 
Devereux,  Robt,  3d  earl  of  Essex,  parliamentary  general 
De  Wette,  Win.  M.  L.,  theologian  and  biblical  critic          .        . 
Dewey,  Orville,  Unitarian  divine  and  essayist    .... 
Diaz  del  Castillo,  Bernal,  adventurer  and  chronicler  (about) 

Dickens,  Charles,  novelist 

Dickinson,  Daniel  S.,  statesman 

Dickinson,  John,  statesman,  author  of  "  Farmer's  Letters'" 
Dic.kson,  Saml.  Henry,  physician  and  medical  author 
Dietfenbach,  John  Fred.,  surgeon  and  surgical  author 
Dilke,  Chas.  W.,  journalist,  editor  of  Athenaeum 


DIED. 


B.  c.  559 
B.  c.  400 

1770 1860 

1789 1851 


-1828 


-1324 


-1205 
-1835 
-1794 
-1838 
-1843 


-16S8 


-1S54 
-1850 
-1823 
-1663 


-1633 
-16C6 
-1780 
-1S55 


B.  C. 


-1806 
-1817 


-1S54 
-1812 
-17S3 

-1359 


-1543 

-1646 
-1S49 


-1808 
-184T 


702 


THE   WORLD'S    PEOGEESS. 


NATION. 

Eom. 
Swiss. 
Greek. 
Greek. 


Amer. 

Amer. 

Eng. 

Amer. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Span. 

Ital. 

Ital. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Amer. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Eng.-Arn, 

Eng. 

Eng. 

French. 

Scot. 

Eng. 

Rom. 

Amer. 

French. 

French. 

Eng. -Am 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Scot. 

Swiss. 

French. 

Amer. 

Eng. 

French. 

French. 

Scot. 

Eng. 

A  mer. 

Eng. 

Scot. 

Eng. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Ger. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Scot. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Amer. 

Eng. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Amer. 


NAME   AND   PROFESSION. 

Diocletian,  Valerius,  emperor 

Diodati,  Giovanni,  theologian,  trans,  of  Bible      . 
Dionysius  of  Alexandria,  saint,  and  bishop  of  the  church  . 
Dionysius  the  Areopagite,  learned  Athenian  Christian 

Dionysius  the  Elder,  tyrant  of  Syracuse 

Dionysius  the  Younger,  tyrant  of  Syracuse 

Dix,  Dorothea  L.,  philanthropist,  founder  of  asylums 

Dix,  John  Adams,  U".  S.  senator  from  New  York,  &c. 

Dixon,  Wm.  Hepworth,  author  and  critic 

Doane,  Geo.  W.,  prot.  epis.  bishop  of  New  Jersey,  poet,  &c. 

Dobell,  Sydney,  poet 

Dodsle}7,  Kobt.,  publisher  and  author  ...... 

Dominic  de  Guzman,  founder  of  preaching  friars 

Donatello  (Doneto  di  Belto  di  Bardi),  sculptor  .... 

Donizetti,  Gaetano,  musical  composer.        ..... 

Donne.  John,  poet  and  theologian 

Donovan,  Edw.,  writer  on  natural  history 

Dorr,  Thos.  W.,  politician,  elected  (?)  governor  of  Ehode  Island 

Douce,  Francis,  antiquarian,  author 

Douglas,  Sir  Howard,  general,  military  and  naval  author  . 
Douglas,  Stephen  Arnold,  7J.  S.  senator  from  Illinois 
Douglas,  Frederick,  abolitionist,  politician,  and  editor 

Dow,  Lorenzo,  an  eccentric  preacher 

Downes,  John,  commodore  in  IT.  Sv  Navy 

Downing,  Andrew  J.,  author  of  works  on  landscape  gardening, 

horticulture 

Dowse,  Thos.,  a  leather-dresser,  collector  of  a  rare  library 

Drake,  Jos.  Bodman,  poet, 

Drake,  Samuel  G.,  historian  of  the  Indians,  "Boston,"  &c. 
Draper,  John  W.,  chemist  and  physiologist        .... 

Drayton,  Michael,  poet,  "  Poly-olb'ion  " 

Drew,  Samuel,  inethodist  divine,  and  theological  author  . 

Drouyn  de  Lhuys,  Edward,  statesman 

Drummond,  William,  poet 

Drummond,  Sir  William,  scholar,  author,  and  diplomatist 
Drusus,  Claudius  Nero,  general  in  Gaul  and  Germany 
Duane,  Wrm.,  politician  and  editor  of  "Aurora" 
Ducange,  Chas.  du  Fresne,  historian  and  philologist  . 

Ducas,  Michael,  Byzantine  historian 

Dudevant,  Amantine,  L.A.D.  ("Geo.  Sand"),  novelist 
Dudley,  Thos.,  Joseph,  Paul,  royal  governors  of  Mass. 

Duer,  John,  judge  of  Sup.  court,  N.  Y 

Duer,  Wm.  Alex.,  jurist,  president  of  Columbia  college    . 

Duff,  Alex.,  D.D.,  missionary  in  India 

Dufour,  Guil.  Henri,  general  and  military  author 
Dufrenoy,  Pierre  A.,  geologist  and  mineralogist 
Duganne,  Augustine  J.  H.,  poet,  novelist,  and  politician  . 

Dugdale,  Sir  Win.,  antiquarian  author 

Duhalde,  Jean  B.,  geographer 

Dumas,  Alex,  (the  younger),  novelist  and  dramatist . 
Dundas,  Henry,  viscount  Melville,  statesman    . 
Dundouald,  earl  of  ("  lord  Cochrane  "),  admiral 

Dunglisson,  Kobley,  M.I).,  medical  author 

Dunning,  John,  lord  Ashburton,  lawyer 

Duns  Scotus,  John,  scholastic  theologian     . 

Dunstan,  saint,  abbot  of  Glastonbury,  and  politician 

Durand,  A sher  Brown,  painter  and  engraver       . 

Durbin,  John  P.,  inethodist  divine  and  author    . 

Durer,  Albert,  painter  and  engraver    ...... 

Duyckinck,  Evert  Aug.,  author  and  critic 

Duyckinck,  Geo.  Long,  author  and  critic    .... 

Dyoc,  Alex.,  author  and  critic 

Dyer,  John,  poet  ("The  Fleece") 

Dymond,  Jona.,  writer  on  ethics  and  philanthropist  . 

Eastburn,  Manton,  episcopal  bishop  of  Mass 

Eastlake,  Sir  Chas.  L.,  painter  and  art  critic  . 

Eaton,  Wm.,  military  otficer  and  consul  in  Africa 

Eckford,  Henry,  eminent  shipbuilder 

Edwards,  John  W.,  jurist  and  writer  on  Spiritualism 

Edwards,  Bela  B.,  theologian  and  miscellaneous  author    . 


.    A.  r>.  1st  Cent. 
B.  c.  430 867 


and 


1573- 


-1.-37 


B.  c.  38- 

1760- 


-1688 
15th  Cent. 


1782— 


-1S58 


-1857 


-1811 


796- 


-1528 


-1811 


ADDENT5A. 


703 


NATION. 

Amer. 
Amer. 

Ainer. 

1-lem. 

Amer. 

En:;. 

Kng. 

A  mer. 

ling. 

Ainer. 

Eng. 

A  mer. 

Amor. 

Eng. 

Ainer. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Ens. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

French. 

Dutch. 

A  mer. 

A  mer. 

A  mer. 

Eng.-Am 

Ger. 

French. 

Greek. 

Swe.-Am, 

Scot. 

Assyr. 

Spun. 

French. 

Eng. 

Span. 

A  mer. 

Arner. 

A  mer. 

Ger. 

Eng  -Am 

Amer. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Ital. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Amer. 

French. 

French. 

French. 

Amer. 

Eng. 

Amer. 

Scot. 

Scot. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Ger. 

Ger. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Eng. 

Amer. 

Amer. 


AND    PROFESSION.  EOTCN.  DIED. 

Edwards,  Jona.  (the  younger),  president  Union  college  and  theolog,     1745 1801 

Edwards,  Tryon  (grandson  of  the  last),  theological  and  historical 

author         

Edwards,  Justin,  clergyman  and  author  ...*... 
Egmont,  Lamor;;],  count,  patriot,  and  martyr  ..... 

Eliot,  Samuel,  author  of  History  of  Liberty 

Elleiiborough,  Edw.  Law,  lord,  chief  justice 

Ellenboroagh,  Edw.  L.,  earl  of.  gov.-gun.  of  India  .... 
Ellery,  Win.,  signer  of  Declaration  of  independence  .... 
Ellesmere,  Fr.  Egerton.  earl  of,  statesman  and  author 

Ellet,  Eliz.  F.,  biographer  and  critic 

Elliotson,  John,  physician  and  physiologist  (about)  .... 
Ell. ott,  l'h:is.  Wyllys,  anlhor  of  History  of  Mew  England  . 

Elliott,  Chas.  Loring,  portrait  painter 

Elliott,  Ebenezer,  poet  (*•  Corn  Law  Ehymes  ")  .... 
Ellis,  Geo.  E.,  Unitarian  clergyman  and  author  ..... 

Eliis,  Sir  Henry,  antiquary  and  author 

Ellis,  \Vm.,  Rev.,  missionary  and  author  (about)        .... 

Elliston,  lLobt.  AY.,  actor 

Elmes,  James,  architect  and  author 

Elphinstoue,  Mount  Stuart,  hist,  of  India 

Elssler,  Fanny,  danseuse       ......... 

Elzevir,  Louis,  M.  G.  B.,  and  A.,  printers 16th 

Emerson,  Geo.  B.,  educator  and  author 

Emerson,  Ralph  AYaldo.  poet  and  essayist 

Eminons,  Nathaniel,  D.D.,  theologian  and  author       .... 

Endicott,  John,  gov.  of  Massachusetts 

Endlicher,  Stephen  L.,  botanist  and  linguist  ..... 
Enghien,  Louis  H.  de  Bourbon,  duke  of  (executed)  .... 
Eratosthenes,  astronomer,  geologist,  poet,  and  philosopher  .  B.  c. 

Ericsson,  John,  inventor  and  engineer 

Erskine,  Ebenezer,  theologian 

Esarhaddon,  son  and  successor  to  Sennacherib,  king  of  Assyria 
Espartero,  J.  B.,  duke  of  Vittoria,  statesman  and  soldier  .' 

Estaing,  Chas.  IT.,  count  d',  naval  commander 

Etheredge,  Sir  George,  comic  author  and  dramatist   .... 

Eugenie,  Marie  de  Guzman,  empress  of  France IS'26 

Evans,  Oliver,  inventor  and  engineer 17*5 1819 

Evarts,  Jeremiah,  sec.  Amer.  B.  C.  For.  Missions      ....    1781 liol 

Everett,  Edward,  statesman,  diplomatist,  and  author         .        .        .    179-1 

Ewald,  Geo.  II.  A.  von,  orientalist  and  theologian      .....     1803 

Ewbank,  Thos.,  writer  on  practical  mechanics   .  ...    1792 

Ewing,  Thos.,  statesman  and  jurist 1789 

Exmouth,  Edw.  Pellew,  viscount,  admiral 1757 1833 

Faber.  Fred.  AVm.,  Roman  Catholic  priest,  and  theological  author    .    1815 

Fabyan,  Robert,  chronicler 1450 1515 

Facciolato,  or  Facciolati,  Jac.,  philologist 

Fairfax,  Edw.,  poet,  translator  of  Tasso 

Falkland,  Lucius  Cary,  viscount,  politician  and  author 
Fanshawe,  Sir  Richard,  poet  and  diplomatist     . 

Farmer,  Hugh,  theologian    . 

Farrar,  John,  mathematician  and  author 

Faucher,  Leon,  political  economist 

Fauriel,  Claude,  historian  and  belles-lettres  author    . 

Favre,  G.  C.  Jules,  lawyer  and  politician 

Fay,  Theo.  S.,  author  and  diplomatist 

Fellows,  Sir  Charles,  traveller  in  the  East 

Felton,  Cornelius  C.,  scholar  and  critic,  pres.  of  Harvard  college 
Fergusson,  Jas.,  architect  and  writer  on  art        .... 

Ferrier,  Mary,  novelist 

Fessenden,  Thos.  Green,  author  and  journalist  .... 

Fessenden,  Wm.  Pitt,  IT.  S.  senator  from  Maine 

Feuerbach,  Ludwig,  philosopher  and  author        .... 

Fichte,  John  G.,  philosopher 1762 1814 

Field,  David  Dudley,  jurist  and  advocate 1805 

Field,  Cyrus  AV.,  promoter  of  Atlantic  telegraph        ....    1819- 

Field,  Henry  Martyn,  clergyman,  journalist,  and  author    .        .        .    1822 

Fielding,  Copley  Vandyke,  painter  in  water  colors    . 

Fillmore,  Millafd,  13th  president  U.  8 

Finney,  Chas.  G.,  preacher  and  theological  writer      .        .        . 


1831 


and  17th  Cent. 

1797 

180,3 

1589 1665 

1804 1849 

1772 lSr4 

27(5 196 

1803 

1680 1756 

B.  c.  7th  Cent 
1792 

1729 1794 

1C86 1C94 


-1337 


704 


THE  WORLD'S  PROGRESS. 


NATION. 

Pers. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Eom. 

Eom. 

Eng. 

Scot. 

Scot. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Ger. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Amer. 

Eng. 

Ital. 

Amer. 

Ger. 

Eng. 

Ital. 

Ital. 

Ger. 

French. 

Amer. 

Eng. 

Amer. 

Ital. 

Savoy. 

Eng. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Eng. 

Ger. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Eng. 

Amer. 

Ger. 

Swiss. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Eng. 

Eom. 

Eng. -Am 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Euss. 

Buss. 

Jew. 

Span. 

Eng. 

Ital. 

Amer. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

French. 

French. 

Span. 

Amer. 

Bwe. 

Eng. 

Eom. 

French. 

French. 

French. 


NAME   AND   PROFESSION. 

Firdusi,  or  Ferdusi,  poet,  author  of  60,000  verges 
Fisk,  Wilbur,  pres.  Vesleyan  Univ.,  "  Travels,"  &c.  . 
Fitch,  John,  inventor,  pioneer  of  steam  navigation 
Flaminius,  Titus  Quintus.  general  and  consul 
Fluminins,  Cains,  general,  consul,  and  censor  of  tribune 
Flamsteed,  John,  first  astronomer-royal 
Fleming,  .John,  naturalist 


BORN. 

940- 

1792- 

1743- 

c.  230- 


Fletcher,  Andrew,  "  of  Saltoun,"  statesman  and 


author 


Fletcher,  Giles,  poet 

Fletcher,  Phineas,  poet 

Flugel,  John  G.,  lexicographer 

Forbes,  Edward,  naturalist  and  author 

Forbes,  John,  M.D.,  medical  writer 

Force.  Peter,  journalist  and  historian    . 

Ford,  Richard,  author  of  works  on  Spain 

Foresti,  E.  Felice,  patriot  and  literateur 

Forrest,  Edwin,  actor     ..... 

Forster,  John  It.,  traveller  and  naturalist    . 

Forster,  John,  journalist  and  author 

Foscari,  Francesco,  45th  doge  of  Venice 

Foscolo,  Nicol  Ugo,  poet  and  musical  author 

Fouque,  Fried.  11.  K.  de  la  Motte,  author  of"  Undine,"  &c. 

Fourier,  Francois  M.  C.,  writer  on  social  science        . 

Fowler,  Orson  S.,  phrenologist 

Fox,  Sir  Charles,  engineer,  builder  of  Crystal  Palace  . 

Francia,  Jose  G.  E.,  dictator  of  Paraguay    ...... 

Francis,  John  W.,  physician  and  author 

Francis,  Saint,  founder  of  "  Franciscans"    ...... 

Francis  de  Sales,  saint  and  bishop 

Franklin,  Sir  John,  admiral  and  Arctic  explorer         . 
Freeman,  James,  D.D.,  first  Unitarian  minister  in  U.  S.     . 

Frelinghuysen,  Theo.,  statesman 

Fremont,  Chas.  James,  explorer  and  statesman 

Freneau,  Philip,  poet  and  journalist 

Frere,  John  Hookham,  poet  and  diplomatist 

Froebel,  Julius,  traveller  and  author   .  . 

Frothingham,  Eichard,  Jr.,  historian  and  jo-nrnalist    . 

Fry,  \Vm.  Henry,  composer  and  journalist 

Fuller,  Eichard,  D.D.,  baptist  preacher  and  author    . 

Fullerton,  Lady  Georgiana,  novelist 

Furness,  Win.  Henry,  D.D.,  Unitarian  preacher  and  author 

Furst,  Julius,  orientalist  and  philologist 

Fuseli,  Henry,  painter,  and  writer  on  art 

Gadsden,  Christopher,  revolutionary  statesman 

Gadsden,  James,  statesman  and  negotiator 

Gage,  Thos.,  last  royal  governor  of  Massachusetts 

Gaius,  or  Caius.  jurist  and  legal  wrriter 

Gales,  Joseph,  founder  of  National  Intelligencer 

Gallagher,  W  m.  D.,  journalist  and  poet       .  ... 

Gallaudet,  Thos.,  founder  of  the  first  American  Asylum  for  Deaf  and 

Dumb 

Gallitzin,  the  name  of  several  distinguished  princes  . 
Gallitzin,  Demetrius  Aug.,  a  noble,  missionary  priest 
Gamaliel,  a  Pharisee,  doctor  of  the  law        .        . 
Garcilasso  de  la  Vega,  one  of  the  conquerors  of  Peru 
Gardiner,  Stephen,  Eoman  Catholic  prelate 
Garibaldi,  Giuseppe,  patriotic  general  and  leader 
Garrison,  Wm.  Lloyd,  abolitionist,  politician 
Garth,  Sir  Samuel,  physician  and  poet 

Gaskell,  Elizabeth  C.,  novelist 

Gaston  de  Foix,  duke  of  Nemours,  general 

"  Gavarni,"  real  name  Sulpice  Paul  Chevalier,  caricaturist 

Gayangos,  Pascual  de,  oriental  scholar  and  historian  . 

Gayarre,  Chas.  A.,  historian  

Geyer,  Eric  Gustaf,  historian  and  poet 

Gell,  8ir  Wm.,  scholar  and  antiquary,  (Pompeii  and  Eome) 

Gellius,  Aulus,  grammarian 

Genest,  or  Genet,  Edward  C.,  dip!6matist  . 
Gooffroy  Saint  Ullairo,  Eticnue,  zoologist  . 
Gerard,  Etienne  Maurice,  connt,  marshal  of  France  . 


-1853 
-1858 

-1793 

-1457 
-1827 
-1843 
-1837 


1840 

1226 
-1622 
-1847 

-1835 


-1832 
-1846 


1787- 


-1805 
-1858 

178T 

1st  Cent. 


-1851 


16th  to  19th  Cent. 

.  1770 1840 

83 

1559 

.  1483 1555 

.  1SO€ 
.  1805 
.  171* 

.  1820 

.  1489 1512 

.  1801 

.  1809 

.  1805 

.  1783 184T 

.  1777 1886 

.   A.  D.  2d  Cent. 

.  1765 1834 

1T72 1844 

1778 1352 


ADDENDA. 


705 


NATION.  NAME    AXD   PEOFK8SION. 

Amer.  Gerstacker.  Fried.,  novelist  and  traveller 

Ger.  Gervinus.  Geo.  Gottfried,  historian  and  politician       .... 

Ger.  Gesenius,  Fried.  Hein.  Win.,  orientalist  and  bib.  critic 

Swiss.  Gesner.  Konrad  von,  naturalist 

Amer.  Gibbes.  Eobt.  Wilson,  physician  and  author        ... 

Amer.  Gibbs,  Josiah  W.,  philologist 

Eng.  Gibson,  Thos.  Milner,  statesman  

.Anier.  Giddings,  Joshua  Eeed,  statesman 

<&er.  Gieseler,  John  K.  L.,  church  historian 

Scot.  Gilfillan,  Geo.,  clergyman  and  author 

Amer.  Gillespie,  Win.  M..  professor,  and  author  on  engineering   . 

Eng.  Gilray,  James,  engraver  and  caricaturist 

Amer.  Gilman,  John  T.,  noted  governor  of  New  Hampshire 

Amer.  Gilinan,  Samuel,  Unitarian  clergyman  and  author        .... 

Ital.  Gioberti,  Vincenzo,  philosopher,  priest,  and  statesman 

Sw.-Am.  Girard,  Charles,  naturalist 

Fr.-Am.  Girard,  Stephen,  merchant,  banker,  millionaire 

French.  Girardin,  Emile  de,  journalist 

Eng.  Gladstone.  Win.  Ewart,  statesman  and  author 

Eng.  Glanvill,  Joseph,  divine,  philosopher,  and  author        .... 

Ei!.'.  Gleig,  Geo.  liobt.,  clergyman  and  author 

Welch.  Grlendower,  Owen,  chieftain 

Eng.  Gliddon,  G*».  Robins,  Egyptologist  and  author 

Ger.  Gluck,  Christop.  W.  von,  musical  composer 

Eng.  Godolphin.  Sidney,  earl  of,  statesman 

Span.  Godoy,  Manuel  de,  statesman,  "  prince  of  the  peace  "... 

Amer.  Godwin,  Parke,  journalist  and  historian 

Eng.  Good.  John  Mason,  physician  and  author 

Amer.  Goodrich.  Chauncey  A.,  scholar  and  divine 

Amer.  Goodrich,  Samuel  Griswold,  "Peter  Parley,"  voluminous  author 

Amer.  Goodrich,  Frank  B.  (son  of  the  last),  author 

Amer.  Goodyear,  Charles,  inventor,  and  india  rubber  patentee     . 

Eng.  Gordon,  "  lord  George,"  political  agitator 

Eng.  Gordon,  Wm.,  author  of  history  of  the  United  States 

Eng.  Gore,  Catherine  G.,  novelist  .  

Eng.  Gorges,  Sir  Ferdinando,  "  lord-proprietor  of  Maine  "  . 

Hung.  Gorgey,  Arthur,  general  in  the  revolution  (supposed  traitor)    . 

Euss.  Gortchakoff,  Michail,  prince,  general  in  Crimea,  &c 

Euss.  Gortchakoff,  Alex.,  prince,  diplomatist 

Amer.  Gorton,  Samuel,  enthusiast  and  author 

Eng. -Am.  Gough,  John  B.,  lecturer  on  temperance 

Irish.-  Gough,  Hugh,  viscount,  general  in  India,  &c 

Amer.  Gould,  Augustus  A.,  naturalist  and  physician 

Amer.  Gould,  Hannah  F.,  poet  (about) 

Eng.  Gould,  John,  naturalist  and  author 

French.  Gourgaud,  Gaspard,  baron,  one  of  Napoleon's  generals 

Scot.  Graham,  John,  viscount  of  Dundee,  lord  Grahame  of  Claverhouse, 

general          

French.  Grammont,  Count  Philibert,  licentious  author  of  "  Memoirs"  . 

French.  Granicr,  Adolphe,  journalist  and  historian 

Scot.  Grant.  James,  journalist  and  author 

Scot.  Grant,  James,  novelist 

Span.  Granvelle,  Ant.  Pierr.,  cardinal  de,  statesman 

Eng.  Granville,  G.  G.  Leveson-Gower,  2d  earl  of,  statesman     . 

Irish.  Grattan,  Thomas  Colley,  novelist 

Amer.  Gray,  Asn,  botanist     ....  

Amer.  Gray,  Henry  Peters,  painter 

Eng.  Gray.  John'  Edward,  naturalist  (about) 

Amer.  Graydon,  Alex., author  of  Revolutionary  "Memoirs" 

Amer.  Greeley,  Horace,  journalist  and  politician 

Amer.  Green,  Ashbel,  D.D.,  clergyman  and  author 

Amer.  Green,  Horace,  physician/author  of  medical  works     . 

Amer.  Greene,  Geo.  Washington,  scholar  and  critic 

Amer.  Greene,  Nathaniel,  author  and  journalist    .... 

Amer.  Greene.  Chas.  G,  journalist  and  politician  . 

Eng.  Greene.  Eobt.  dramatist 

Amer.  Greenleaf,  Simon,  jurist  and  author ." 

Amer.  Greenough,  Horatio,  sculptor  and  author 

Eng.  Greville,  Sir  Folke  (lord  Brooke),  statesman  and  author 

Amer.  Griffin,  Edw,  D.,  D.D.,  theologian 


BOEX. 

1816— 
1805— 
1786- 
1516— 

1809— 
1790— 
1807— 
1795- 


DIED. 


-1842 
-1565 


•1854 


-1815 

-1828 
-1858 
-1S52 


-1831 


-16SO 


-1827 
-I860 
-1860 


-1793 

-1807 

-1647 


-1677 


-1852 

-1689 
-1707 


-1586 


706 


THE   WORLD'S   PKOGKESS. 


NATION. 

Irish. 

Ainer. 

Ainer. 

Ainer. 

Eng. 

Amer. 

Eng. 

Ital. 

French. 


Priffl         f-  ,J 

Griffin,  Gernld.  novelist 

Griscom.  John,  educator,  philanthropist 


***** 


Grose,  Francis,  antiquary  and  author 
Gross,  Samuel  D.   physician,  surgeon,  and  author 
Grote,  George,  author  of  History  of  Greece 
;uerrazzi.  Francesco  D.,  author  and  politician 
Guillotm,  Joseph  J.,  benevolent  physician,  inventor  of  theW 

g;,  fs^^jaa±a^^^\  •  ;  :|s=sj 

fe     S^^^^^^SS^!^^  •'    •  :  ™=™ 

fewe.           Gustavus  III.,  kins  of  Sweden  •    ^~     -1500 

Gustavus  IV.,  Adolphus,  king  of  Sweden  -1'92 

pSn'h       £uthricVJameS'  secWv  of  the  tre^nrv  to  Pierce  ~1S3T 

ciJC/Q»      \j"  11  von  J  t1  in  n  i1  A  f    T^    fi  *i  i  *i  \  r  ++•             *  •              *  «w    •        ,         9  ^     .1  ( y«5        -— — 

Eng.           Guyon,  Richard  D    General  in  scVvke^fH  :eacher  and  writer  •     1643 1717 

Sw.-Am.    Guyot,  Arnold  H.,  Writer  on  phvsical  geo-rinhv1"70"     '  '     ?!J5 185G 

:  !  IIEE>- 

Amer.        Hackett,  Horatio  B.,  bib'lical 'critic  '    ]?5 1645 

Amer.        Hackett,  James  H.,  actor                                        '                •  •    ]8°^ 

Hagenbaeh,  Karl  K.,  ecclesiastical'  historian 

Hahn,  August,  theological  writer                                           '        '  •     1;>01 

Amer.        SSSSS^t^^S^^&Sf^  '  ''    ^«==1848 

A   YYI  £i  M                       TT       1             f~v              •  J        •                                                                                                    *• "  ^J*                      •  "f  ^i  1 " 

^^                    "                     •*-!  ^"  V        J.^'il  Vltl        1  Oil  TT1  "I  I  1  ^i"       ft  "ill  11  /I          i         -f*    XT        T*"         T                                                                                             *  •           A  •  3r  I  ^"~ ^~ ~ — — 

Amer.        Hale,  John  Parker' U  s  senif     f-      ^i  "onrnal  of  Commerce  .    1791- 1849 

Hale,  Nathan,  iournalist  (Boston  Daily  AdV  )  '            1776 

^«^V       Sa!6'  Sarrh  G"  P°et  and  Prose  writer  . 
French.      Halevy,  J.  F.  C.,  musical  composer 

=                                 i  iifcu. 

F^.er*        naii'  Jr&me^  ?eolo?ist  and  paleontologist   ' 

a  ,  Joseph  bishop  of  Norwich,  tbeofosrica'l  author  ' 

Hall,  Samuel  Carter,  author  and  iournalist                   *  1656 

Amer.        Ilalleck,  Fitz-Greene  poet                                      ...  .    1-00- 

Am^r         SoffTvV^8  Orch"d,  ar'chffiologist  and  author 

^iLiiL-r.            JlflllOCK.  (jrCrrirn    Pnitnr  nf  T'iu**nnl  «.4Po                                               *           *  i      J-O2 

>-t    ii          TJ      M        T>                          fouriJcH  *^i  v  omincrc6  N  Y  tcn/i 

^artu.         riamiicar,  liurca,  a  Cftrtha°*inian  o'pnen]                                         *  * 

Amer.        Hamilton.  Janic*5  st'itesnnn   TT  ^                *                        ...  B.  c.  2*29 

Hamilton,  Sir  Wm./diplonSt    t  and  an" tZu^f    °^  C™1™  '    JIJJ- 
bcot.          Ham,  ton,  Sir  AVm.,  nu-taphvsician 

Hamilton,  WilMam  Bichard/archteolorfst  *    ]-~             "56 

fe    »SSS«istt- :  ;  j^™ 

Carth.        Hannibal,  or  Annibal,  general  a-ainst  ROTTIA                                 '  '      7oC 1SS5 

Hanno,  navigator                                                                              •  B-  c-  247 183 

Hanno,  the  Great,  general  and  statesman      '  Bp  °'  5th  Cellt 

fr-  K±SjS%5£r^  :     .-  :  ,   »— » 

Amer.        Harding,  Chester,  portrait  painter  «22 

S'          gj^Jj&Jg-0' artist  and  author  on  art   .'       .'  '    ^799 

Eng.          Hare,  Julius  Chas.  archdeacon  theolmH    i '     -f '^ ^859 

Amer.        Harper  James  John  J   \V  "'f     "     <i  i?)      \.  °     1781 ^1853 

Amer.        Harper,'  Robert  Goodloe  statJsiiianand  lawv  P'  publisher8'  born  1T95-  '7-  ^^1,  '4 

Eng.           Harrington.  James,  political  writer  J.9',1 1S25 

|S|:     ^Jhaaffgft  •?'!•»«•*•*  •    :  :  «t=3ffi 

H«*Tta««B^1I1,SrtBrtik>              :    ;  ;  }^ — :;?g 


ADDENDA. 


707 


STATION. 

Ger. 
Ger. 

French. 

Lug. 

Amer. 

Eug.-Am 

A  uier. 

Jing. 

Auier. 

Aiaer. 

Eng. 

Aiiier. 

Eug. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Kng. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Lug. 

Ger. 

Aiiier. 

Eiig.-Am. 

Amer. 

Ger. 

Rom. 

French. 

Eng. 

French. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Flem. 

Eng. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Port. 

Amer. 

Rom. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Eug.-Am 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Amer. 


Hex. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Kuss. 

Eng. 

Ainer. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Amer. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Greek. 

Amer. 

Eng. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Hung. 


>-AME    AND    PROFIvSSIOX. 

Kase,  Karl  Aug.,  theological  author 

Hasenclever,  Jno.  Peter,  painter  (Dusseldorf  school)  . 

H.  .&'.-,  Ik-ne  Just,  iiiiiicniloirist 

Has  clock,  Henry,  general  in  India 

Haven,  Alice  t>.,  author  of  juvenile  books 

Haviland.  John,  architect 

Ilawes,  Joel,  congregational  clergyman  and  author  . 
Hawkins,  Sir  Jno..  author  of  "History  of  Music,11  &c. 
Hawks,  Francis  Lister,  episcopal  divine  and  historian 

Hawthorne.  Nathaniel,  novelist 

Haydon,  lienj.  A.,  histor.  painter 

Hayut/s,  Lemuel,  colored  preacher  and  patriot    .... 

Hay  ward.  Abraham,  translator  of  Faust 

Hazlitt,  Y\'in  (i  he  younger!  editor  and  translator,  &c. 

Head,  Sir  Francis  B.,  ajithor  of  Travels,  &c 

Head,  Sir  Geo;,  author  of  "  Koine,"  &c.        ..... 

Headley.  Joel  T.,  author  of  biographies  and  histories 
Heath,  Wm.,  maj.  gen.  in  Revolution,  author  of  Memoirs  . 
Ileber,  Richard,  bibliomaniac  and  book  collector 

Hecker,  Fred.  K.  F.,  politician 

Hecker,  Isaac  T.,  Roman  Catholic  clergyman  and  author  . 
Ileckwelder,  John,  Moravian  missionary  and  author  . 

Hedge,  Fred.  H.,  clergyman  and  author 

Heineccius,  Jno.  G.,  juridical  author 

Helena,  St.,  wife  of  Constantins  Chlorua,  emperor 

Heloise,  abbess  of  the  Paraclete,  famed  for  intrigue  with  Abelard 

Helps,  Arthur,  essayist  and  dramatist 

Helvetius,  Claude  A.,  philosopher 

Henlrey,  Arthur,  botanist 

Henley.  John,  clergyman  and  author,  "Orator  Henley"  . 
Hennepin,  Louis,  missionary  and  explorer  of  N.  A.    . 
Henningsen,  Chas.  Fred.,  author  and  soldier       .... 

Henry,  Caleb  5;.,  clergyman  and  author 

Henry,  Joseph,  physicist,  director  of  Smithsonian  Institution  . 
Henry.  Matthew,  author  of  comment,  on  the  Bible     . 
Henry  the  Navigator,  prince  (3d  son  of  John  I.)          ... 
Hcntz,  Caroline  Lee.  novelist         ....... 

Heraclius  (born  in  Cappadocia),  emperor  of  the  East 

Herbert.  Edward,  lord  of  Cherbury,  diplomatist  and  philosopher 

Herbert,  George,  clergyman  and  poet 

Herbert,  Henry  Win.,  novelist  and  miscellaneous  author  . 

Herbert,  Sidney,  statesman 

Herbert,  Win.  (3d  earl  of  Pembroke),  poet          .... 
Herbert,  Wm.,  dean  of  Manchester,  poet  and  philosopher 
llerndon,  Wm.  L.,  naval  commander  and  explorer     . 

Herod  the  Great,  king  of  the  Jews 

Herod  Agrippa  I.,  king  of  Judea,  (grandson  of  last)  .        .        .     i 

Herrera,  Jose  J.  de,  President  of  Mexico 

Herschel,  Caroline  L.,  astronomer 

Hervey,  Thos.  K.,  poet  and  prose  writer    ..... 

Herzen,  Alex.,  publicist,  editor,  and  author        .... 

Heywood,  Thos.,  humorist  and  dramatist  .        . 

Hickok,  Laurens  P.,  metaphysical  author  ..... 

Hicks,  Elias,  preacher  of  the  Society  of  Friends 

Hildreth,  Richard,  author  of  History  of  the  United  States 

Hill,  Rowland,  Rev.,  eccentric  clergyman 

Hill,  Rowland,  viscount,  general  in  Spain  and  Waterloo   . 
Hill,  Rowland,  author  of  cheap  postage  in  England    . 

Hil lard,  Geo.  S.,  author  and  journalist 

Hind,  John  Russel,  astronomer 

Hinton,  John  Howard,  author  of  History  of  United  States 

Hipparchus,  astronomer 

Hippolytus,  Saint,  ecclesiastical  writer 

Hitchcock,  Edward,  D.D.,  theologian  and  geologist  . 
Hobhouse,  John  Cam,  1  >rd  Broughton.  author  and  statesman  . 

Hodge,  Charles,  Rev.,  theological  writer 

Hoe,  Richard  M.,  an  inventor  of  printing  presses 

Hoffmann.  Chas.  Fenno,  poet  and  novelist 

H  oilman,  David,  lawyer  and  author 

Hoaenlohe,  prince  o£  prelate  and  alleged  miracle-worker 


DIED. 


IT  2 13C5 

18.4 

17-7 1814 

1773 1833 


-1S23 


-1TT1 

-1756 
-IGliQ 


-1830 

-1833 
-1842 


B.  c.  2d  Cent. 
A.  D.  3d  Cent. 
1793 

1797 

1812- 

im:  6 

1TS4 ISM 

1793 1&49 


708 


THE  WORLD'S  PROGRESS. 


NATION. 

Anier. 

A  mer. 

Eng. 

Anier. 

En- 

Eng.-Am 

Amor. 

Ainer. 

Ainer. 

Ainer. 

A  mer. 

Flein. 

Eng. 

Eng 

Eng. 

Koin. 

}•;  elich. 

Fi  ench. 

Fi  ench. 

A  mer. 

Anier. 

Aim-r. 

Ainer. 

Eng. 


Eng. 

ft  g- 

Eng. 

Swiss. 

French. 

Ger. 

French. 

Irish-Am, 

A  men 

Ger. 

Eng. 

A  mer. 

A  mer. 

A  mer. 

Eng. 

Anier. 

Eng. 

A  mer. 

Eng. 

Eug. 

A  mer. 

A  mer. 

Eng. 

A  mer. 

Ger. 

French. 

Greek. 

Jew. 

Turk. 

A  mer. 
A  mer. 

Scot. 


Greek. 
Kng. 

Ainer. 
A  mer. 
A  mer. 
Ainer. 
Anu-r. 
Span, 


NAME  ANI>   PROFESSION. 

Holbrook,  John  E.,  naturalist 

Holland,  Josiah  G.,  journali-st,  poet,  and  essayist 

Holman,  James,  a  blind  traveller  and  author      .... 

Holmes,  Oliver  Wendell,  physician,  poet,  and  essayist 

Hooker,  Jos.  D.,  physician  and  botanist 

Hooker,  Thos.,  theological  writer  and  preacher  .... 
Hopkins,  Esek.,  first  conm.odore  U.  S.  Navy  .... 
llopkiLB.  John  II..  protest,  epis.  bishop  of  Vermont,  and  author 

Hopkins,  Mark,  clergyman  and  author 

Hopkins,  Stephen,  signer  of  Declaration  of  Independence 
liopkinson,  1  rancis,  signer  of  Dec.  of  Independence,  and  author 
Lorn,  Phil,  do  Mont.,  count  of,  soldier  and  statesman 

IU;ine,  Lichard  H.,  poet  ami  essayist 

Home,  ']  hoinas  Hartwell,  biblical  critic  and  historian 
Homer,  Francis,  statesman  and  essayist      ..... 

Iiortensius,  i^uintus,  orator 

Houdin,  Lobert,  conjurer      ........ 

Houclon.  Jean  Antonio,  sculptor 

Houssaye,  A  re&ne,  miscellaneous  writer 

Houston,  bam.,  general,  goveinor,  and  ex-president  of  Texas    . 
Howard,  John  Eager,  revolutionary  soldier  and  statesman 
Howe,  Elias,  Jr.,  inventor  of  tewing  machines  .... 
House,  Samuel  G.,  physician  and  philanthropist 

Howe,  Lichard,  eail,  admiral 

Howe,  Geo.  Aug.,  general  in  colonial  war 

Howe,  bir  Win.,  coiiimundcr-in-chicf  in  America 

liowell,  James,  author  of  "Letters"     ...... 

liowitt,  Win.,  traveller,  essayist,  &c. 

Howitt,  Mary  B.  (wiiV  of  \\iii.),  novelist  and  poet    . 

II u her,  Francois,  naturalist 

Hue,  Kvariste  K.,  cath<jlic  missionary  and  author 

Hiuelaixl.  Christ.  VV.,  medical  author 

Hugh  Capet,  founder  of  the  C:vpctian  line  of  French  kings 
Hughes,  John,  Catholic  Archbishop,  N.  Y.          .... 

Hull.  Win.,  genera!  in  War  of  1812 

Humboldt,  Karl  Wi  helm,  baron,  statesman,  and  author  . 
Hume,  Jos.,  statesman  and  reformer  ...... 

Humphrey,  Hemar.  theologian  and  author          .... 

Humphreys,  David,  poet  an*!  diplomatist    ..... 

Hunt,  Freeman,  author  and  journalist 

Hunt,  Jas.  Henry  Leigh,  poet  and  essayist          .... 

Hunt,  ll:os.  S.,  chemist  and  geologist 

Hunter,  John,  surgeon  and  medical  author          .... 
Hunter,  Lobert  M.  T.,  U.  S.  senator  from  Virginia    . 
Huntington,  Selina,  countess  of.  patron  of  Methodists 

Huntington,  Win.,  Antinomian  preacher 

Hunnagton,  Jcdecl.  V.,  poet  and  novelist 

Huntington,  1  red.  D.,  clergyman  and  author      .... 

Hurd.  Ivichard,  bishop  of  Worcester,  &c.     ..... 

liutchinson,  Anne,  founder  of  ]ST.  E.  Antinomians 

Hutten,  Ulrich  von,  scholar  and  reformer 

Hyde  de  Neuville.  J.  G.,  baron,  politician 

Hypatia,  N«)-Platonic  female  philosopher 

Hyrcanus,  I.  and  II.,  high-priests 

lamblichus,  Neo-IMatonic  philosopher 

Ibrahim  Pasha,  viceroy  of  Eirypt 

Ignatius,  Saint,  primitive  father  of  the  church  .... 
Ingersoll.  Charles  J.,  statesman  and  historian  .... 
Ingersol!,  Joseph  K.,  statesman  and  lawyer  .... 

Inglis,  Honry  I).,  traveller  andauthor 

Innocent,  the  name  of  thirteen  popes,  402-1C87  .... 

Iiseneus.  Saint,  a  Gallic  bishop  and  author  of  the  2d  Cent. 
Irene,  a  J'-yzantine  empress  ....... 

Ireton,  Henry,  son-in-law  of  Cromwell,  and  one  of  his  generals 
Irvimr.  Washington,  historian  and  essayist          .... 

Irving,  William,  (-lie  of  the  authors  of  Salmagundi    . 

Irving,  Peter,  author,  (brother  of  Washington)   .... 

Ir.ing,  Theodore,  author  of  "Conquest  of  Florida"   . 
Irving,  John  Treat,  author  of  travels  and  novels 
Isabella  the  Catholic,  quee~  of  bpaic,  patron  of  Columbus 


DIED. 


-1S57 


-164T 

-1802 


-1828 


-1827 


•1831 


-1S36 
-  996 


-18S5 
-18S5 


-1792 


-1791 
-1813 


2d  and  1st  Cent. 
A.  D.  4th  Cent. 

17^9 1843 

107 

17S2 

178J 

1,95 1835 


752- 
1610- 

r.ss- 

1T6G- 
1771- 

1M9- 

1S10- 
1161- 


-  803 
-1651 

-18:9 

-18-21 

-1833 


-15C4 


THE  WORLD'S  PROGRESS. 


709 


KATION.  NAME    AND   PROFESSION.                                                                      BOK>'. 

Span.          Isabella  II.,  queen  of  Spain liSO— 

Heb.  Isaiah,  the  greatest  of  the  Hebrew  prophets        .... 

French.  Isambert,  Franc  A.,  politician  and  jurist    .                 .... 

Amer.  Ives.  Levi  S.,  ex-protestant  episcopal  bishop  of  North  Carolina 

Amer.        Izard,  Ralph,  statesman  (of  South  Carolina) 

Amer.        Jackson,  James,  eminent  physician 

Amer.        Jackson,  Patrick  T.,  eminent  merchant 

Amer.  Jackson,  Charles  T.,  chemist,  mineralogist,  geologist 

French.  Jacquard,  Jos.  M.,  inventor  of  the  Jacquard  loom 

French.      Jacquemont,  Victor,  traveller  and  naturalist 

Amer.  James.  Henry,  philosophical  writer     .                         .... 

Eng.  James,  John  Angell,  congregational  clergyman  and  author 

Eng.  Jameson,  Anna,  essayist  and  writer  on  art 

Scot.  Jameson.  Robert,  naturalist  and  author 

Pers.  Jami,  or  Djami,  poet 

Scot.  Jamieson,  John,  D.D.,  miscellaneous  author      .... 

Ital.  Januarius,  patron  saint  of  Naples 

Amer.        Jarves,  James  J.,  traveller  and  author 

Amer.  Jarvis,  Samuel  F.,  D.D.,  historian  and  theologist 

Amer.  Jasper,  William,  heroic  soldier  of  the  Revolution       .... 

Amer.        Jay,  Wm.,  judge,  anti-slavery  philanthropist 

Eng.  Jay,  Wm.,  D.D.,  religious  writer 

Eng.  Jeffreys,  Geo.,  an  twi'amous  judge        ....... 

Hindoo.  Jejeebhoy,  Sir  Jainsetjee,  Parsee  merchant  and  philanthropist . 

Aust.          Jellachich,  de  Buzim,  J.,  baron,  ban  of  Croatia 

Scot.  Jerdan,  William,  journalist 

Eng.  Jerrold,  Douglas  Win.,  essayist 

Hoi.  Johannes  Secundus  (Johannes  Everard)  poet 

French.      Johannot,  Tony,  artist  and  -designer 

Pol.  John  III.,  Sobieski,  king  of  Poland  and  general 

Ger.  John,  king  of  Saxony  and  author         .        .        >        .        ... 

Eng.  John  of  Gaunt  (or  Ghent),  duke  of  Lancaster 

Heb.          John  the  Evangelist 

Amer.  Johnson,  Alex.  B.,  philologist  and  miscellaneous  writer    . 

Amer.  Johnson,  Andrew,  IT.  S.  senator  from  Tennessee        .... 

Amer.        Johnson,  Reverdy,  jurist  and  statesman 

Amer.  Johnson,  Rich.  M.,  general  and  statesman,  vice-president 

Amer.  Johnson,  Samuel,  first  president  Columbia  college  and  author  . 

Amer.        Johnson,  Walter  R.,  physicist 

Ir.-Amer.  Johnson,  Sir  Wm.,  general  and  governor  in  North  America 

Amer.  Johnson,  Wm.,  judge  of  Supreme  Court,  U.  S.,  and  author 

Scot.  Johnston,  Alex.  K.,  geographer 

Scot.          Johnston,  Geo.,  writer  and  naturalist 

Scot.  Johnston,  Jas.  F.  W.,  chemist  and  agricultural  author 

French.      Joinville,  Jean,  sire,  chronicler 

French.  Joinville,  Franc,  prince  de,  third  son  of  Louis  Philippe 

Fr.-Am.  Jolliet,  Louis,  one  of  the  discoverers  of  the  Mississippi 

Amer.  Jones,  Anson,  last  president  of  the  Republic  of  Texas 

Amer.        Jones,  Jacob,  commodore  in  the  U.  S.  Navy 

Eng.  Jones,  Owen,  architect  and  decorator  ...               ... 

Eng.  Jones,  Thus.  Ryiner,  writer  on  anatomy  and  physiology    . 

Ice.  Jonsson,  Finnur,  Icelandic  historian  .                         .... 

Irish.         Jordan,  Dorothy,  actress,  mistress  of  William  IV 

Dan.  Jorgenson,  Jorgen,  adventurer  and  author 

Heb.  Joshua,  successor  of  Moses  as  leader  of  the  Israelites 

Heb.          Josiah,  17th  king  of  Judah B. 

Jovianus,  Flavins  C.,  emperor 

Mex.          Juarez,  Benito,  statesman  and  president 

Juba,  king  of  Numidia 

Juba,  king  of  Mauritania  and  historian 

Amer.        Judd,  Sylvester,  author  of  "Margaret " 

Amer.        Judson,  Adoniram,  missionary  in  India 

Amer.        Judson,  Ann  Hazeltine,  first  wife  of  above 

Amer.        Judson,  Sarah  Boardman,  second  wife  of  above 

Amer.  Judson,  Emily  Chubbuck,  third  wife  of  above  and  author,  ("Fanny 

Forester"1) 

Jugurtha,  a  Numidian  king 

Swiss.        Jullien,  Louis  G.,  musical  composer,  &c 

Hindoo.      Jung  Bahadoor,  prime  minister  of  Nepaul 

Ger.  Jung-Stilling,  John  H.,  mystic  author 


DIED. 


B.  c.  (about)  800 

17!>2 1857 

1797 

1742 1SC4 

1777 

17.-0 1847 

1752 1F34 

ISO! 183:2 


-lf-5-i 
-If,  2 

-  305 


-1689 


-1857 
-1852 


-1850 
-1772 
-1  ^52 

-1774 
-1834 

-1  =  55 
-1819 


1779 is3J 

B.  c.  150) 

c.  647 61 9 

£64 

1807 

B.  c.  46 
B.  c.  IS 
1853 


1834 

B.  C.   1'  4 

1^60 


1817 


710 


THE  WORLD'S  PROGRESS. 


NATION*. 

Greek. 
Greek. 
Swe. 


Amer. 

French. 

Ens. 

Irish. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Irish. 

French. 

French. 

En;,'. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Ger. 

Eng. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Irish-Am 

Amer. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Amer. 

Eng. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Eng. 

EL»,'. 

Arner. 

Eng. 

Amer. 

Eng. 

Hung. 

Ger. 

Anier. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Irish. 

Dan. 

Ger. 

Hung. 

Hung. 

Pol. 

Ger. 

Ger. 

Euss. 

Ger. 

French. 

Ital. 

Eng. 

French. 

French. 

liom. 

French. 

French 

French. 

Scot. 

Amer. 

Ital. 


NAMK    AND   PROFESSION. 

Justin.  Flavins.  A.  J.,  "the  elder,"  By/.antine  emperor     . 
Ji.st  uian  I.  (Fliv.  A.J.),  "the  Great,"  Byzantine  emperor 

Kalm,  Peter,  traveller  and  botanist 

Kauiehameha  (or  Tamehumeha)  1.,  first  king  of  the  Sandwich  Is- 
lands, (about)     ...  

Kamehameha  II.,  king  (introduced  Christianity) 
Kamehameha  III.,  king,  introduced  Constitution       . 
Kauiehimeha  IV..  (Alex   Liholiho)      .         .  . 

Kane,  Elisha  Kent.,  arctic  explorer  and  author 

Karr,  J.  B.  Alphonse.  miscellaneous  author        .... 

Kater,  Henry,  mathematician 

Kavanagh,  Julia,  novelist     ......... 

Kean,  Charles  John,  actor    . 
Kean.  Ellen  Tree,  wife  of  C  J.  Kean,  actress 
Keble,  J»hn,  divine  and  poet 
Keiirhtley,  1  hos.,  miscellaneous  author 
Kellerman,  Franc.  C.,  duke  of  Valmy,  general 
Kellerman,  Franc.  Etienne  (son  of  above),  general 
Kemble,  Charles,  actor 
Kemble,  Frances  Anne,  actress  and  author 
Kemble.  John  M.,  scholar  and  historian 
Kemi'elen,  Wolfgang,  baron,  inventor  of  th 
Kent,  Thos.,  bishop  and  theological  author 
Kendall,  Amos,  statesman  and  author 
Kendall,  George  W.,  journalist  and  author 
Kendrick,  Asahel  C.,  Greek  scholar  and  author 
Kennedy,  John  Pendleton,  statesman  and  novelist 
Kenick,  Francis  1'.,  Catholic  prelate  and  author 
Kent,  William,  judge,  esteemed  jurist 
Kenyon,  Lloyd,  lord,  jurist  . 
Kenyon,  John,  poet       .... 

Keppel,  Aug.,  viscount,  admiral  . 

Key,  Francis  S.,  author  of  "Star  Spangled  Banner 

Kidd,  Wm.,  noted  pirate,  executed 

Kimball,  Kichard  B.,  author 

King,  Thomas  Starr,  author    . 

King,  Wm.  E.,  diplomatist,  senator,  and  vice-president 

Kinglake,  Alex.  Wm.,  M.P.,  author  of 

Kingsley,  Charles,  clergyman,  novelist,  and  poet 

Kip,  Wm.  Ingraham,  protestant  episcoj 

Kir  by,  Wm.,  naturalist 

Kirkiand,  Caroline  M.,  author  of  travels  and  essays    . 

Kitto,  John,  biblical  scholar  and  author      ..... 

Klapka,  Gyorgy,  patriot,  general,  and  author       .... 

Knapp,  Geo.  Christ.,  theologian 

Knapp,  Samuel  L.,  miscellaneous  writer 

Knight,  Charles,  publisher,  editor,  and  author    .... 

Knight,  Kichard  Payne,  miscellaneous  writer    .... 

Knowles,  Jas.  Sheridan,  dramatic  author  and  actor  . 

Koppen,  Adolp.  Louis,  historical  writer  and  lecturer 

Kohl,  Johann  Geo.,  traveller  and  author      ..... 

Kossuth,  Lujos  (Louis),  late  governor  of  Hungary 

Kraitsir,  Charles,  philologist         ....... 

Krasinski,  Valerian,  count,  author 

Krummacher,  Freid.  Adolph.,  poet  and  theologian    . 
Krurnmacher,  Freid.  Wm.,  religious  writer,  (living,  1860) 

Krusenstern,  Adam  Jean,  navigator 

Kugler,  Franz  Theo.,  writer  on  art,  &c 

Labat,  Jean  B.,  missionary  and  historian 

Lablache,  Luigi,  renowned  vocalist 

Labouchere,  Henry,  baron  Taunton,  statesman  .... 

La  Bruydre,  see  Bruyere. 

Lacordaire,  Jean  B.  IL,  catholic  theologian  and  author 

Lielius,  Cains,  publicist,  tribune,  praetor,  and  consul          .        .      B 

Lafarge,  Marie  C.,  notorious  as  a  poisoner 

Lafitte,  Jean,  corsair,  privateer,  or  pirate 

La  Gueronniere,  Louis  E.  A.,  viscount  de,  publicist  . 

Laing,  Malcolm,  historian     ...  .... 

Lamar,  Mirabeau  B.,  second  president  of  the  Republic  of  Texas 
Lamballe,  Marie,  princess  of,  victim  of  the  Revolution 


BORN. 
450- 
4S2- 

1715- 


DTKT). 

-  527 


1779 


1800- 


1831- 
1S2C- 
ls>08— 
1717- 
1824— 


-1854 


-li5T 

-1835 


3SS       . 

•               •               • 

J.     J.1  •  • 

1805— 
1790 

isoo 

sral    
general    . 

e  automaton  chess-player 

•               •               •               •               • 

thor  .        . 
novelist    .... 
ithor          .... 

Banner". 

ce-president 
lothen  " 
d  poet        .... 
bishop  and  author    . 

189ft 

177A 

1HRS 

177s) 

1854 

1C1  1 

1cf57 

n~-.A    .  . 

is  or 

1711 

17C.O     ,. 

1810— 

IftfO 

179.3— 
1707 

1fifi1 

1-^0 

1  Ci  O 

17*5— 
n-n 

17S6 
104(1 

17111 

1010 

1824— 
178(5— 
1S02— 

101(1 

1853 

1Q1-I 

1  7r.O   .  . 

i«Kn 

1854 

1S25 

1838 

1824 


1860 
1655 
1845 


1846 
1858 
1788 

1858 


ADDEXDA. 


711 


NATION. 

Ens:. 
French. 
Eng. 
Eng. 
Eng. 
Ainer. 
Amer. 
Eng. 
French. 
Ital. 
French. 
Ger. 
Irish. 
French. 
French. 
Eng. 
Eng. 
Amer. 
French. 
Scot. 
Eng. 
Amer. 
Amer. 
Eng. 
Arner. 
Amer. 
Eng. 
Amer. 
Amer. 
Amer. 
Amer. 
French. 
Amer. 
Amer. 
Amer. 
Eng. 
French. 
Amer. 
Amer. 
Pol. 
French. 
Eng. 
French. 
Hul. 
Eng. 
French. 

Ger. 
Ger. 
Ger. 
Ger. 
Horn. 
Ger. 
Kuss. 
French. 
French. 
Eng. 
Scot. 
French. 
Ger. 
A  mer. 
Eng. 
French. 
French. 
Irish. 
Amer. 
French. 
Amer. 
Eng. 
Amer. 

NAME    AND    PROFESSION. 

Lambert.  Daniel,  noted  for  corpulency,  (739  pounds) 
Lamoriciere,  Christ.  L.  J.  de,  general"  

BORN. 
1770 

DIED. 
IfinQ 

.     IS".  6 

-1839 

-1  ;KO 

Landon  (Maclean),  Letitia  E.,  poet  and  novelist 
Landur.  \Valter  savage,  poet  and  essayist   

.     1802— 
.     1775 

Landseer,  John,  engraver  and  author  
Lane.  Jos.,  general,  U.  S.  senator  from  Oregon    .... 
Langdon,  John,  governor  of  Xew  Hampshire,  U.  S.  senator,  &c. 
Langhorne,  John,  miscellaneous  author 

17tp 

•tern 

1789 

1^10 

1  73") 

17^9 

Lanues,  Jean,  duke  of  Montebello,  marshal  of  France 
Lanzi,  Luigi,  writer  on  art    
La  Perouse.  Jean  F.  de,  count,  navigator    
Lappenberg,  Johann  M.,  historian                  .... 

1  7i'0 

i  cr  o 

1  7-:?0 

ICIf) 

1741 

17SQ 

1794 

Lardner,  Dionysius,  writer  on  physical  science  .... 
Larrey,  Dominique  J.,  baron,  surgeon,  and  author 
La  Salle,  Kob.  €.,  Sieur  de,  navigator  and  author 
Latham,  John,  ornithologist 

17QQ 

1v-.Q 

17(5fi 

1  xJO 

.    1635— 
1740 

1687 

1857 

Latham,  Eobt.  G.,  philologist  and  ethnologist    .... 
Laurens,  John,  lieut.  col.  in  Revolutionary  war 
La  Valliere,  F.  L.  de,  duchesse.  mistress  of  Louis  XIY.     . 
Law,  John,  financier  of  the  -'Mississippi  Bubble" 
Law,  Win.,  religious  and  mvstical  author    .... 

1s12   _ 

17!SH 

1  7^° 

1  M  1 

1710 

1rt7l 

U.;Q 

.     ii3s6  — 

—1761 

1855 

Lawrence.  Abbott,  merchant  and  diplomatist 

1799 

Lawrence,  Amos,  merchant  and  philanthropist  .... 

1786 

1852 

Lawrence,  Sir  Henrv  M.,  general  in  India  .... 

1-H6 

1S57 

Lawrence,  James,  captain  in  U.  S.  Navy    .... 

1781 

1813 

Lea.  Isaac,  naturalist  and  publisher      

1791 

Leake,  Win.  M..  traveller  and  philhellenist        .... 

1777 

1860 

Lear,  Tobias,  secretary  to  Washington,  diplomatist    . 
Le  Conte,  John,  naturalist    .         .                 .         . 

1  TC\Cl 

l  vOC 

17S4 

Le  Conte,  John  L.,  M.D.,  naturalist,  (son  of  preceding)     . 
Le  Conte.  John,  M.D.,  naturalist,  (Georgia)         .... 
Ledru-Kollin,  Alex.  A.,  iurist  and  politician       .        . 

i  <^f>'. 

181S 

.    18'  8  — 

17Q7 

Lee,  Francis  Lightfoot,  signer  of  Declaration  of  Independence  . 
Lee,  Henry,  general,  in  Revolutionary  War        .... 
Lee,  Eliza  B.,  miscellaneous  writer,  (about) 

1701 

.     1756— 
1800 

1S16 

Lee,  Samuel,  D.D.,  oriental  scholar 

17S3 

1  <s"j2 

Lefebvre,  Franc.  J.,  marshal  of  France        
Leisler,  Jacob,  political  adventurer      

17^ 

-1Q9;1 

1091 

Leland,  Charles  G..  essayist  and  humorist  ..... 
Lelewel.  Joachim,  historian  .... 
Lemaitre,  Fred.,  actor 

1R°4  • 

.     17>6  
1793 

Lemon.  Mark,  humorist,  editor  of  "Punch"       .... 
L'Knclos,  .Ninon  de.  noted  courtezan    
Lennep,  Jan  Van,  poet  and  novelist    
Lennox,  Charlotte,  authoress,  (born  in  Xew  York)     . 
Lenormand,  Marie  A.,  fortune-teller  and  biographer  . 
Leo,  the  name  of  twelve  Popes,  and  six  Byzantine  Emperors    . 
Leopold  I.,  king  of  the  Belgians 

111  0 

1fil  T 

170=5 

1Sft%2 

17lo 

1S04 

177° 

1i4Q 

1790  - 

Leopold  I.,  emperor  of  Germany          

Leopold  II.,  emperor  of  Germany 

Ifi  10 

17flT 

1717 

1792 

Leopold  II.,  grand  duke  of  Tuscany     

1^97 

Lepidus,  noted  Roman  family       
Lepsius.  Karl  Rich.,  traveller  and  Egyptologist 
Lermontoff,  Michail,  poet      .... 

BP      ^)  11  1.    . 

Sfi 

1^11 

1S11 

J841 

Leroux,  Pierre,  philosopher  and  socialist     
Lerov  de  St.  Arnaud,  A.  J.,  general  in  chief 

T7Q- 

IS'H 

1854 

Leslie.  Charles  Hob.,  artist  and  author 

17"4 

1S59 

Leslie.  John,  bishop,  theological  writer        .... 

1570 

1671 

Lesseps.  Ferdinand  de,  diplomatist      .... 

1805 

Leasing,  Gotthokl  E.,  critic  and  author 

1729 

1781 

Lester,  (.'has.  E.,  miscellaneous  author         ..... 
L'Estrange.  Sir  Roger,  political  writer         
Leuret,  Francois,  anatomist           
Le  Vaillant,  Franc.,  traveller  and  ornithologist  . 
Lever,  (.  has.  Jus.,  novelist    ...                 ... 
Levereit,  Fred.  I'.,  classical  scholar  and  author  . 
Leverrier.  Urbain  J.  J.,  astronomer    
Le  Vert.  Octavia  \V..  authoress     
Lewes,  Geo.  Henry,  miscellaneous  author  .                         . 
Lewis,  Francis,  signer  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence 

Iftl  T 

1  «i  (\ 

1~fM 

1707 

1  -^11 

n-  o 

1  x->4. 

IQi  R 

t  *,<  '? 

1  ;c!fi 

l  C11 

1  i>O-~». 

m- 

1710 

IQp.Q 

712 


THE  WORLD'S  PROGRESS. 


NATION.  NAME   AND   PROFESSION. 

Erg.  Lewis,  Sir  Geo.  Cornewall,  author  and  statesman 

Ainer.  Lewis,  Meriwether.  soldier,  explorer,  and  author 

Amer.        Lewis,  Samuel,  educationist 

Ainer.  Lewis,  Tayler,  classical  scholar  and  author         . 

Scot.  Leyden,  John,  author 

French.  L'Hopital,  Michel  de.  chancellor  of  France  . 

Ainer.  Lieber,  Francis,  publicist,  political  philosopher  (born  in  Berlin) 

Ger.  Liebig,  Justus,  baron,  chemist 

Kuss.          Lieven,  Dorothea,  princess  cf.  diplomatist 

Ital.  Liguori,  Alfons  M.  de.  saint  and  theological  writer     . 

Ei;g.  Lilly,  John,  the  Euphuist,  dramatic 

Eng.  Lilly,  "VVm..  astrologer 

Eng.  Lilly.  George,  dramatist 

V\mer.  Lincoln,  Abraham,  statesman,  16th  Pres.  of  the  TJ.  S. 

Amer.  Lincoln,  Benj.,  maj.  gen.  in  the  revolutionary  war    . 

Amer.  Lincoln,  Levi,  attorney  general  of  the  II.  S.,  (from  Mass.) 

Amer.        Lincoln,  Levi,  governor  of  Massachusetts 

Swe.  Lind  (Goldschmidt).  Jenny,  vocalist 

Eng.  Lindley,  John,  botanist 

Eng.  Lindsay.  Alex.  W.  Crawford,  lord,  author  of  Travels,  &c.  . 

Scot.  Lindsay.  Sir  David,  poet,  (about) 

Swe.  Ling.  Peter  H..  physiologist  and  poet 

Eng.  Liston,  John,  comic  actor     ........ 

Eng.  Littleton,  Sir  Thos.,  jurist 

Amer.  Livermore,  Abiel  A.,  clergyman,  journalist,  and  author 

Amer.  Livingston,  Philip,  signer" of  the  Declaration  of  Independence  . 

Amer.  Livingston,  Win.,  governor  of  New  Jersey          .... 

Amer.        Livingston,  Brockholst,  eoldier  and  jurist 

Amer.  Livingston,  liobt.  K.,  statesman  and  jurist          . 

Scot.  Livingstone,  David,  traveller  and  missionary  in  Africa 

Span.  Llorente,  Don  Juan,  antiquarian,  historian,  &c.  .... 

Eng.  Lloyd,  Henry,  soldier  and  author 

Ind.  Logan,  English  name  of  a  famous  Indian  chief   . 

Amer.  Logan,  James,  colonial  statesman  and  author      .... 

Irish.  Lola  Montez,  Maria,  countess  of  Landsfeldt,  adventurer    . 

Amer.  Long,  Stephen  H,,  engineer,  traveller,  and  author 

Amer.        Longfellow,  Henry  W.,  poet  and  novelist 

Eng.  Longman,  Thos.,  founder  of  the  publishing  house 

Amer.        Longstreet,  Aug.  B.,  jurist  and  author 

French.      Longueville,  Anne  G.,  duchess,  politician 

Ainer.  Longworth,  Nicholas,  extensive  wine  manufacturer  . 

.Amer.        Loomis,  Elias,  physicist,  astronomer 

French.  Lorraine,  Charles  de.  cardinal  and  politician        .... 

Amer.         Lossing,  Benson  J.,  historian  and  artist 

French.  LOUIS—I  he  name  of  eighteen  kings  of  France. 

Louis  I.,  the  Debonnaire 

Louis  IX.,  Saint 

Louis  XL,  6th  of  house  ofValois 

Louis  XII..  8th      do.  do 

Louis  XIII.,  2d  Bourbon 

Louis  XIV.,  8d        do.  

Louis  XV.,  4th        do.  

Louis  XVI., 

Louis  XVII., 

Louis  XVIII., 

French.      Louis  Philippe,  king  of  the  French 

French.  Louis  Napoleon.     See  £imapart6. 

Scot.  Lovat,  Simon  Fraser.  lord,  executed  for  treason  .... 

Irish.          Lover,  Samuel,  novelist  ano  song  writer 

Irish.  Lowe.  Sir  Hudson,  general,  jrulor  of  Napoleon    . 

Amer.         Lowell,  John,  lawyer  and  philanthropist 

Amer.  Lowell,  John,  Jr.,  founder  of  Lowell  Institute    . 

Amer.         Lowell.  Charles,  clergyman  and  author 

Amer.  Lowell,  Mary  (Mrs.  Putnam),  of  Boston,  authoress    . 

Amor.  Lowell,  Jas.  Russell,  poet  and  critic    .        .                .        .        . 

Amer.  Lowndes,  Ilawlins.  statesman,  (opposed  the  Union)  . 

Amer.        Lowndes,  Win.  J.,  statesman 

Span.  Loyola,  Saint  Ignatius  de,  founder  of  the  Jesuits 

Eng.  Lucun,  G.  C.  Bingham,  earl  of,  general  in  Crimea 

Ger.  Lucke,  Gott.  C.  F.,  theologian 


DIED. 


1607- 
1797- 
1769- 

m.9- 

1799- 
1782- 
ls:0- 
1819- 
1722- 
17-2- 
1491- 
18«0- 
1792- 


-1811 
-157-3 


-1810 
-1820 


-1J555 
-1839 

-1S46 
-1481 


-IS  23 
-17S3 


-1861 


-1679 


-1825 
-1S50 

-1747 

1S44 

-18!0 
-18?6 

-1801 


-18-J2- 


-1855 


ADDENDA. 


713 


ITATION. 

Eng. 
Span. 
Ainer. 
Eng. 
Ainer. 
Amer. 
Eiig. 
Ainer. 
Auier. 
Eug. 
Greek. 
French. 
Scot. 
Irish. 
Eng. 
Scot. 
Irish. 
Auier. 
Irish. 
Ainer. 
Anier. 
Scot. 
Scot. 
Scot. 
Scot. 
Ainer. 
Auier. 
Scot. 
Scot. 
Amer. 
Aust. 
Scot. 
Ainer. 
Irish. 
Irish. 
Amer. 
Amer. 
Amer. 
Amer. 
Irish. 
French. 
Scot. 
Irish. 
Amer. 

Eng. 
Eng. 
Ger. 
Welsh. 
Span. 
Ital. 
Amer. 
French. 
Amer. 
Ital. 
Swiss. 
Amei. 
French. 
French. 
French. 
Scot. 
Swiss. 
Eng. 
Eng. 
Ital. 
Eng. 
Ital. 
Ital. 
Amer. 
Eng. 

NAME   AND  PROFESSION.                                                                 BORN.          DIED. 

T  nllv,'    1  ?  -ii  m<  iiiH    "  thp  pnlifhti'Tipd  doftor  " 

1235  

-Iol5 

1R7T 

14.fi! 

Lydgate,  Jonn,  poet  (Benedictine  rnouk)     
Lynch,  Thos.  J..  signer  of  Declaration  of  Independence    . 
Lynch,  Win.  P.,  capt.  U.  S.  .Navy,  author  of  '-Uead  Sea,"  &c.  . 
Lyudhurst,  lord,  statesman  and  jurist  (born  in  Boston) 

1  T,(O 

-1779 

1805  
n-o 

1797 

-1S49 

Lyon,  Matthew,  politician    
Lyons,  Ldmund,  lord,  admiral      

1-7,114 

mo-> 

1"OH 

_-ie=)a 

360  

*81 

Mabillon,  Jean,  ecclesiastical  author    
Macadam,  John,  originator  of  Macadamized  roads      .... 
Macartney,  Geo.,  earl  of,  diplomatist  

-|cpo 

I7o7 

1756  

1797 

-1336 

1  -.(K) 

1733  

1S19  
1814  

10.  ,7 

-1791 

Macbeth,  a  chieftain  of  the  llth  century      

Macclure,  Sir  K.  J.,  discoverer  of  North-west  passage 

1826  

1sTo 

Maccorst,  David  J.,  political  writer      
Maccosh  James  clei>cpvm'in  and  author 

1707 

IblO 

Macrie,  1'hoi.,  clergyman  and  author  ....... 
i^acdiarmid,  John,  author    
Macdonald,  Flora,  an  adventurous  heroine  ..".... 

1  TTO 

-<oo^ 

i--o 

1S-'iS 

1  T°fl 

17Q|1 

17*>3 

-1815 

Macdume,  Geo.,  U.  S.  senator  from  South  Carolina    .... 

17bS  
I79o  

1-07 

-1851 
-1852 
mfi7 

Macgregor,  John,  statistical  and  political  author         .... 
Mackintosh.  Maria  J.,  novelist  (about)        
Mack  von  Liebenich  Jvarl  baron  general 

IQIfl 

17i«2 

3828 

Mackay,  Charles,  poet  and  miscellaneous  writer          .... 
Maekean,  Thos.,  jurist,  statesman,  signer  of  Dec.  of  Ind.    . 
Mackenzie  Kob  S    journalist  &c                                .... 

1OIO 

1734  

18i»9 

-1817 

Macklin  Charles  actor  and  dramatist                                  ... 

1690 

1796 

1786  

17'nT 

-1857 

Maclean,  John,  statesman,  judge  of  U.  S.  Supreme  Court  . 

1774  
1821  

-1S33 

Maclise  Daniel  historical  pointer                                 .... 

1311  

MacMahon,  M.  E.  P.,  duke  of  Magenta,  marshal         .... 

-|c<i7 

179S 

MacNeven,  Wm.  J.,  "  patriot,"  and  physician  (died  at  N.  Y.)    . 
Macon,  Nathaniel,  statesman,  member  of  Congress  for  North  Caro- 

1763  

1757 

-1S41 
1837 

1793 

l!-01 

1794  
12th 

1806  

Cent. 
-1755 

1R50 

Madoc,  prince,  said  to  have  discovered  America        .... 

1675  
I'O'I 

Maratt,  John  Newland,  noted  preacher        
Ala^nan  Bern   Pierre  mirshal  of  France                                              . 

1791 

1S10  

-1821 

175:5  
^7 

M'llcom  Howard  clergyman  and  author 

1799 

1638  
1721  -•• 

-1715 
1794 

1555  

1628 

M  '\llet  David  miscellaneous  writer                             .... 

J7(,2 

—  17ii5 

Mallet  Paul  Henri,  historian        
Malmesbury,  Jas.  Harris,  earl  of,  diplomatist      
Malmesbury,  Jas.  H.  H.  (son  of  above),  statesman    .... 
Mamiani,  Terenze.  count,  statesman  and  author          .... 
Mandeville,  Sir  John,  traveller  and  author           .         .                 .        . 
Manfred,  prince  of  Tarentum,  king  of  Two  Sicilies  (about) 
Mauin,  Daniele,  Venetian  statesman    
Mann,  Horace,  statesman  and  educationist  
Manning,  Henry  E.,  clergyman  and  author         .... 

1730  
1746  

"1  Qu7 

—  1-MiT 

-1S20 

1  70  :> 

1O.  u> 

1"7Q 

-IOO-J 

1804  
1~on 

-1-57 

IfifiQ 

-lC-10 

714 


THE  WORLD'S  PROGRESS. 


NATION. 

Eng. 
Scut. 
Ital. 
Ital. 
Eom. 
Kom. 
Amer. 
French. 
French. 
Ger. 
Dan. 
French. 
Span. 
Ger. 
Ger. 
1'rench. 
Ger. 
French. 
Ital. 
Eng. 
French. 
French. 
Eng. 
Amer. 
Eng. 
Eng. 
Eng. 
French. 
Amer. 
Eng. 
Eng. 
Span. 
Eng. 
Eng. 
Eng. 
En- 
Scot. 
Eng. 

Eng. 

Amer. 

Airier. 

Amer. 

Ind. 

Eng. 

Scot. 

Amer. 

Irish. 

Amer. 

Eng. 

French. 

Eng. 

Amer. 

Hoi. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Amer. 
Greek. 
Ger. 


Amer. 

Ger. 

Eng. 

Amer. 
Amer. 
Ital. 

Amer. 
Eng. 


--1793 
-1574 
-1597 
-  208 


-1857 
-1549 
-1481 
-1530 
-1412 
-1015 


-1642 

-17SO 

-1793 


-1E93 

—1675 
-1852 


NAME   AND   PROFESSION.  BORN.            DIED. 

Mansel,  Henry  L.,  metaphysical  and  theological  writer     .        .        .  1815 

Mansfield,  Win.  Murray,  earl  of.  jurist  and  statesman        .        .        .  1705- 

Manutius,  Paulas  (son "of  Manutius),  printer 1512- 

Manutius,  Aldus,  the  Younger,  printer  and  author     ....  1547- 

Marcellus,  Marcus  Claudius,  general B.  c.  267- 

Marcus  Aurelius.     See  Antoninus. 

Marcy,  Wm.  Learned,  statesman 1786- 

Margaret  of  Angouleme,  queen  of  Navarre 141:2- 

Margaret  of  Anjou,  queen  of  Henry  VI.,  of  England  .        .        .        .  1429- 

Margaret  of  Austria,  daughter  of  Maxill.  I.,  and  Mary  of  Burgundy  1480- 

Margaret,  queen  of  Denmark,  &c.,  "the  Semiramis  of  the  North"  1853- 

Margaret  of  Valois,  queen  of  Henry  IV.,  of  France    ....  1;~52- 

Maria  Christina,  queen  dowager  of  Spain  (born  at  Naples)         .        .  18i»6- 

Maria  de  Medici,  queen  of  Henry  IV.,  of  France        ....  1574- 

Maria  Theresa,  empress  of  Germany 1717- 

Marie  Amelie,  queen  of  the  French  (Louis  Philippe)  .        .        .        .  1782 

Marie  Antoinette,  queen  of  France  (Louis  XVI.)        ....  1755- 

Mariette,  Aug.  E.,  Egyptologist  and  explorer      .....  1S21- 

Mario,  Giuseppe,  marquis  of  Candia,  vocalist 1S10- 

Marlowe,  Christ.,  or  Kit,  dramatic  poet 15i 

Marquette,  Jacques,  early  explorer  of  the  Mississippi         .        .        .  1637- 

Marrast,  Armand,  journalist  and  politician 1800- 

Marsh,  Anne,  novelist,  (about)j 1800 

Marsh,  Geo.  Perkins,  philologist  and  diplomatist        ....  1801 

Marshman,  Joshua,  missionary  in  India  and  author    ....  1767 1837 

Marston,  John,  poet  and  dramatist  (about) 1570 1634 

Martin,  Benj.,  optician  and  author 17C4 

Martin,  Ban  Louis  Henri,  historian 1810- 

Martin,  Franc.  Xavier,  jurist  and  historian 1764 1846 

Martineau,  Harriet,  miscellaneous  authoress 1802 

Martineau,  Jas.  (brother  of  Harriet),  clergyman  and  author       .        .  1800 

Martinez  de  la  Rosa,  Franc.,  statesman  and  poet         .  1789- 
Martyn,  Henry,  missionary  in  India  and  Persia  .... 
Marvell,  Andrew,  author  and  statesman      ..... 

Mary  I.,  first  queen  regnant  of  England 

Mary  II.,  queen  regnant  (with  WTm.  of  Orange)  .... 

Mary  Stuart,  queen  of  Scots 

Maseres,  Francis,  "baron,"  mathematician          .... 

Massinissa,  king  of  Numidia  (about)  

Maskeleyne,  Nevil.  astronomer 

Mason,  Jeremiah,  lawyer  and  statesman 

Mason,  John,  maj.  gen.  Connecticut  colonial  forces    . 

Mason,  Lowell,  musical  teacher  and  composer    .... 

Massasoit,  a  sachem  of  the  AVampanoags 

Massey,  Gerald,  poet 

Masson,  David,  biographer  and  essayist 

Mather,  Increase,  clergyman  and  author 

Mathew.  Theobald,  "  the  Apostle  of  Temperance"    .        . 

Mathews,  Cornelius,  humorous  author 1817— 

Mathias,  Thos.,  author  of  "  Pursuits  of  Literature"  .        .        .        .  1750— 

Matter,  Jacques,  philosopher  and  historian 1791- 

Matthew  of  Westminster,  historian 

"  Matthias  "  (Robert  Matthews),  a  religious  imposter,  (about)  . 
Maurice,  count  of  Nassau  and  prince  of  Orange,  stadtholder 
Maurice,  Jno.  Fred.  D..  clergyman  and  author  .... 

Maurice,  Thos.,  Rev.,  history  of  Hindostan,  «fec.          ....  17."5- 

Mauricius.  Flavins  Tib.,  Byzantine  emperor        .....  589 

Maury,  Matthew  F.,  naval  officer,  astronomer,  &c 1806 

Mavrocordato,  statesman 1790— 

Maximillian  1.,  emperor  of  Germany    . 14C9 1519 

Maxim  in  as,  Cains  J.  Ar.,  emperor  of  Koine 238 

Mayer,  Brantz,  lawyer  and  historical  writer 18C9 

Mayer,  Johann  T.,  astronomer 1723 1762 

Mayhew,  Henry,  Edward,  Thomas,  and  Horace,  brothers,  humorous 

and  miscellaneous  writers  (about) 1812 

Mayhew.  Jonathan,  clergyman  and  author 1720 1766 

Mayo.  Win.  S.,  novelist   " 1812 

Mazzlni,  Guiseppe,  democratic  politician  (Genoa)       ....  1809 

Meade,  Win.,  episcopal  bishop  of  Virginia  and  author        .        .        .  1789— 

Medhurst,  Walter  11.,  oriental  scholar  and  missionary       .        .       .  17i)C 1857 


.  1621 

.  1515 

.  16C2 

.  1542 

.  1781 

B.  c.  24 

.  1732 

.  1768 

.  1600 

.  17S 

182, 

.  1823 

.  1C39 


-1812 
-1678 
-1558 
-1694 
-1587 
-1824 
-143 
-1811 
-1848 
-1672 

1661 


1723 

-1856 

-1S35 


13th  Cent. 

1790 183 

1567- 1025 

1805 

-1521 
-  602 


ADDENDA. 


715 


NATION. 

Dal. 

Ital. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Scot. 

Ainer. 

Scot. 

Ger. 

Ger. 

Port. 

Span. 

Ger. 

Ger. 

Russ. 

Russ. 

Ger. 

Ainer. 

Eng. 

French. 

Ger. 

Eng. 

Rom. 

French. 

Ger. 

French. 

Pol. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Scot. 

Amer. 

Eng. 

Amer. 

Eng. 

Amer. 

En?. 

French. 

Eng. 

Amer. 

French. 

Amer. 

Bom. 

Mex. 

French. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Eng. 

Ger. 

Ger. 

Scot. 

Hoi. 

Eng. 

Span. 

Scot. 

Swiss. 

Swiss. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

French. 

French. 

French. 

Mex. 

Mex. 

French. 


NAME   AXD   PROFESSION. 

Medici,  Cosmo  de,  >;the  Great,4'  *•  pater  patriot"  (Florence) 
Medici.  Piero.  successor  of  Cosmo,  patron  of  Arts 
Melbourne.  Wm.  Lamb,  viscount  de,  statesman 

Melmoth,  Wm.,  "religious  life" 

Melmoth,  Wm., ''Letters,"  translation  of  Cicero,  &c. 

Melville.  Andrew,  religious  reformer 

Melville,  Herman,  author  of  travel-romances      .        .        .        . 
Melville,  Sir  Jas.,  soldier,  statesman  and  author 
Mendelssohn,  Moses,  Jewish  scholar  and  philosopher 
Mendelssohn-Eartholdy,  Felix,  musical  composer 
Mendez-Pinto,  Fernam,  adventurer,  unjustly  famed  for  lying  . 
Mendoza,  Diego  H.  de,  scholar,  author,  statesman 
Mengs,  Anton  Rafael,  painter  and  writer  on  art 
Menno-Simonis,  reformer,  founder  of  "Mennonites" 

Mentchikoff,  Alex.,  prince,  statesman 

Mentchikoff,  Alex.  8.,  admiral      ....... 

Menzel,  Wolfgang,  critic  and  historian 

Mercer,  Hugh,  general  in  the  Revolutionary  war 

Merivale,  Charles,  historian 

Mery,  Joseph,  poet  and  novelist    ...  ... 

Mesmer,  Fred.  A.,  founder  of  "Mesmerism  "      . 

Metcalfe.  Charles  T.,  baron,  gov.  in  India  and  Canada 

Metellus,  The  name  of  several  famous  plebeians 

Miehaux,  Andre,  botanist,  ("  Sylva  Americana") 

Michelet,  Karl  Ludwig,  philosophical  writer       .... 

Michel,  Francisque,  archaeologist  .  , 

Mickiewicz,  Adam,  poet 

Mickle,  Wm.  J.,  poet,  translator  of  "Lusiad,"  &c. 

Middleton,  Thomas,  dramatist 

Mifflin,  Thomas,  general  in  Revolutionary  war   .... 
Milburn,  Wm.  Henry,  "blind  preacher,"  and  author  . 

Mill,  John  Stuart,  political  philosopher 

Millais,  John  Everett,  "  pre-Raphaelite  "  painter 

Miller,  Hugh,  geologist 

Miller,  James,  general  at  Chippewa,  <fec.,  ("Til  try,  sir")  . 
Miller,  Joseph,  comic  actor,  putative  parent  of  jests  . 
Miller,  Samuel,  Rev.,  historian  of  18th  century  . 

Miller,  Thos.,  author  of  Rural  Essays,  &c 

Miller,  Wm.,  founder  of  the  "  Millerites."  or  Second  Adventists 
Millman,  Henry  Hart,  Rev.,  poet  and  historian  .... 

Milne-Edwards,  Henri,  naturalist 

Milnes,  Richard  Monckton,  poet  and  statesman  . 
Milnor,  James,  D.D.,  episcopal  clergyman  . 

Micie,  Claude  E.,  inventor  of  the  Minie  rifle  bullet    . 
Minot,  Geo.  R.,  historian 
Minucius  Felix,  Marcus,  Christian  writer 
Miramon,  Miguel,  military  leader,  (about) 
Mirbel,  Chas.  F.  B.  de,  naturalist 
Mitchel,  Ormsby  M.,  astronomer         . 
Mitchell,  Donald  G.,  essayist 
Mitchell,  Maria,  astronomer  . 
Mitford,  Mary  Russel,  authoress  . 
Mittermaier,  Karl  J.  A.,  jurist  and  statesman    . 
Mohlcr,  Johann  Adam  R.,  catholic  theologian     . 
Moir,  David  Macbeth,  miscellaneous  writer 
Moleschott,  Jacob,  physiologist  and  naturalist    . 
Moleswortb,  Sir  Wm..  statesman  and  author 
Molina,  Luis,  Jesuit  theologian  and  author 
Monboddo,  lord,  judge  and  philologist 
Monod,  Frederick,  "reformed"  pastor 
Monod.  Adolphe,  "  reformed  pastor"  and  author 
Montagu,  Basil,  lawyer  and  author       .... 
Montagu,  Elizabeth,"  author  of  "  Dialogues,"  &c. 
Montague,  Chas.,  earl  of  Halifax,  statesman  and  poet 
Montalembert,  Chas.  F.,  count,  statesman,  and  author 
Montcalm,  Louis,  marquis  de.  general  in  Canada 
Montespan,  Franc.,  marquise  de,  mistress  Louis  XIV 
Montezuma  I.,  the  greatest  of  Mexican  sovereigns 
Montezuma  II..  the  last  Aztec  emperor 
Montfaucon,  Bern,  de,  archaeologist  and  author  . 


BORN. 


1>TED. 


14(i9 

1779 1848 

1666 1743 

1710 1799 

-1622 


IT'S 

179S 

1720 1777 


-1815 
1846 

-  69 
1S02 


1830 
1776 
1810 


1802 
3d  Cent. 

1854 


1S55 


1S51 


1741 


716 


THE    WORLD'S    PROGRESS. 


NATION. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

French. 

Scot. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Scut. 

Scot. 

Eng. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

French. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Eng. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Scot. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

French. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Swiss. 

Ger. 

Assyr. 

Assyr. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Span. 

Eng. 

Amer. 

Greek. 

Greek. 

Amer. 

Ger. 

Ger. -Am. 

Amer. 

Eng. 

Anier. 

Amer. 

Irish. 

Rom. 

Irish. 

Dan. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Amer. 

Irish. 

Span. 

Bar. 

Irish. 

French. 

Amer. 

Scot. 

•Egypt. 

Ger. 

Ger. 

Eng. 

Span. 

Welch. 

Amer. 

Eng. 

Amer. 

French. 


NAME   AND    PROFESSION. 

Monfort,  Simon  de,  earl  of  Leicester,  statesman 

Montgomery,  Robert,  poet    .  

Monttnorency.    Noble  family  of  France 

Montrose,  Jas.  Grahame,  marquis  of,  military  leader 

Moore,  Jacob  Bailey,  journalist  and  author          .... 

Moore,  Geo.  H.,  author 

Moore,  Frank,  author 

Moore,  John,  miscellaneous  author 

Moore,  Sir  John,  general  (son  of  preceding),  killed  at  Corunna  . 
More,  Henry,  mystical  divine  and  philosopher  .... 

Morfit,  Campbell,  chemist  and  author 

Morgan,  Daniel,  brig.  gen.  in  Revolutionary  "War 
Moray,  Chas.  A.,  count  de,  minister  of  Louis  Napoleon 
Morphy,  Paul  Charles,  famous  chess-player        .... 

Morris,  Lewis,  signer  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence  . 
Morrison,  Robert,  D.D.,  missionary  and  philologist   . 
Morse,  Samuel  F.  B.,  artist  and  inventor  of  telegraph 
Morse,  Sidney  E.,  journalist  and  geographer       .... 

Morton,  John,  signer  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence  (Penn.) 
Morton,  Jas.  Douglas,  earl  of,  regent    .        .  ... 

Morton,  Samuel  Geo.,  anatomist  and  ethnologist 

Morton,  Wm.  T.  G.,  dentist,  discoverer  of  the  use  of  ether  (?)  . 

Motley,  John  Lothrop,  historian  ....... 

Mott,  Lucretia,  minister  of  "  Friends,"  and  philanthropist 

Mott,  Valentine,  surgeon  and  author 

Motte  Cadillac,  Ant.  de  la,  founder  of  Detroit    .... 

Moultrie,  Wm.,  general  and  statesman 

Mowatt  (Ritchie),  Anna  Cora,  actress  and  authoress,  (about)    . 

Merle  cTAubigne,  J.  H.,  D.D..  historian 

Munchausen,  J.  C.  F.,  proverbial  for  "  Stories"  .... 

Nabonassar,  first  king  of  the  Chaldeans,  f. 

Nabopolassar,  king  of  Babylon,  f. 

Napier,  Chas.  Jas.,  general  in  India,  &c 

Napier,  Sir  Charles,  admiral 

Narvaez,  don  Ramon,  duke  of  Valencia,  statesman    . 

Nash,  Richard,  styled  "  Beau  Nash  ",..... 

Neal,  John,  novelist 

Nestorius,  patriarch  of  Constantinople  founder  of  Nestorians    . 

Nicephorus,  Greg.,  Byzantine  historian 

Noah,  Mordecai  M.,  journalist,  politician,  and  author 
Noehden,  G.  H.,  grammarian  and  miscellaneous  writer 

Nordheimer,  Hebrew  scholar  and  author 

Norton,  Andrews,  theological  (Unitarian)  author 

Norton,  Hon.  Mrs.,  poetess 

Nott,  Eliphalet,  D.D.,  president  of  Union  college,  and  author  . 
Nott,  Abner  Kingman,  remarkable  Baptist  preacher  . 

Nugent,  lord,  author  of  Life  of  Hampden,  &c 

Numa  Pompilius,  second  king  of  Rome,  f. 

O'Brien,  Wm.  Smith,  political  agitator 

Oersted,  Hans  Ch.,  discoverer  of  electro-magnetism  .        . 
Oglethorpe,  J.  E.,  general,  founder  of  Georgia     .... 

Oldcas-tle,  Sir  John,  lord  Cobham 

Olin,  Stephen,  D.D.,  Methodist  theologian  and  author 

O'Keefe,  John,  dramatist 

Olivan,  don  Aless.  de,  publicist 

Omar,  third  Caliph,  founder  of  the  Mosque 

O'Meara,  Barry,  surgeon  to  Napoleon,  and  author 
Orleans,  L.  J.  P.,  duke  of  ("  Egalit6  "),  guillotined      . 
Osgood,  Samuel,  D.D.,  Unitarian  divine  and  author    . 
Ossian,  Gaelic  bard,  supposed  to  have  lived  in  the  3d  century. 

Osymandias,  king  of  Egypt,  (about) 

Otho  I.,  king  of  Greece  (born  in  Bavaria) 

Overbeck,  Fred.,  founder  of  modern  "Religious  School  of  Art" 

Overbury,  Sir  Thos.,  poisoned  in  the  Tower 

Oviedo,  J.  G.,  bishop  of,  author  of  Voyages  in  West  Indies 

Owen,  Robert,  political  theorist 

Owen,  Kobert  Dale,  statesman  and  author  ..... 

Owen,  Richard,  surgeon  and  naturalist 

Paine,  John  Howard,  dramatist,  "  Home,  sweet  Home  "    . 
Paixhans,  general,  inventor  of  guns  bearing  his  name 


BOKN. 


DIED. 

1265 

.    1807 1865 

10th  to  19th  Cent. 

.     1612 1651 

-1853 


1797- 


1802 
1809 
16S7 

1802 


1790- 

1773 
1834 


14th  Cent. 
-1851 
-1826 

-1835 


B.  c.  150< 
1815 
1789 
1581 


1771- 


-1613 
-1540 

-1860 


ADDENDA. 


717 


NATION. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Ger. 

Eng. 

French. 

Irish. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Amer. 

Euss. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

French. 

Amer. 

Port. 

French. 

French, 

Ital. 

Ital. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Amer. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Amer. 

French. 

Ger. 

French. 

Eng. 

Jew. 

Ital. 

Swiss. 

Eng. 

Amer. 

Ital.      . 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Irish. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Ger. 

Eng. 

Pol. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Ger. 

Eng. 

French. 

Eng. 

French. 

Hung. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Eng. 
Eng. 


NAME    AND   PROFESSION. 

Palgrave,  Sir  Francis,  antiquarian  author 

Palmerston.  Henry  Temple,  viscount,  statesman       .... 

Panzer,  G.  "W.  F..  bibliographer 

Pardoe,  -Julia.  Miss,  novelist ... 

Paris,  count  of,  Louis  Ph.  Al ,  grandson  of  Louis  Philippe 

Parnell,  Thos..  poet  and  divine "   . 

Parr,  Thomas,  lived  152  years 

Parr,  Samuel,  learned  divine  and  philologist 

Parton,  Mrs  Sara,  li  Fanny  Fern,"  authoress 

Paskewitch,  Ivan,  prince  of  Warsaw,  general 

Putmore,  Coventry,  poet 

Paxton,  Sir  Joseph,  horticulturist  and  archive ?t 

Paul,  St.  Vincent  de,  Catholic  missionary 

Panlding,  James  Kirke,  novelist  and  essayist 

Pedro  V.,  king  of  Portugal  (son  of  Donna  Maria  II.)  .... 

Pellissier,  A.  J.  J.,  duke  of  Malakoff,  marshal 

Pelouze,  Theo.  Jules,  chemist 

Pepe,  Florestan,  general 

Pepoli,  Charles,  litterateur 

Penn,  Wm.,  admiral,  father  of  founder  of  Pennsylvania    ... 
Pepys,  Samuel,  secretary  to  Admiralty,  author  of  Diary    . 
Perceval,  Spencer,  prime  minister,  assassinated  ..... 
Percival,  James  Gates,  poet,  geologist,  and  critic        .... 
Perkins,  Thos.  H.,  eminent  merchant  and  philanthropist  . 
Perkins,  Hugh,  eccentric  preacher  and  roundhead  (executed)    . 
Perry,  Oliver  Hazard,  commodore  in  U.  S.  Navy        .        .        . 
Persigny,  Jean  G.  V.,  politician  and  diplomatise         .... 

Petermann,  Augs.  H.,  geographer 

Philidor,  Andrew,  writer  on  chess       ....... 

Phillips,  Ambrose,  poet  and  dramatist 

Philo-Judaeus,  learned  Jewish  writer  of  Alexandria,  f. 

Piazzi,  astronomer 

Pictet,  Benedict,  theological  and  historical  writer      .... 
Piozzi,  Hester  L.,  miscellaneous  writer,  friend' of 'Dr.  Johnson 

Pierce,  Franklin,  general,  14th  Pres.  of  the  U.  S 

Pius  IX.,  Pope,  Giov.  Mastai  Ferretti 

Planche,  James  E.,  dramatist  and  miscellaneous  writer    . 

Plnyfair,  Lvon,  chemist  (born  in  Bengal) 

Plunket,  W.  C.,  lord  chancellor  of  Ireland  ...... 

Pocock,  D.  E.,  learned  critic  and  commentator 

Pocock,  D.  R.,  learned  prelate  and  traveller 

Poe,  Edgar  A.,  poet  critic,  and  novelist 

Poinsett,  Joel  E.,  statesman,  diplomatist,  and  author 

Poggendorf,  John  Chris.,  physicist  and  chemist          .... 

Polvcarp,  Bishop  of  Smyrna,  Christian  martyr  and  author  . 

Poole,  John,  author  of  "Paul  Pry,"  &c 

Poniatowski,  Stanislaus  Aug.,  last  king  of  Poland      .... 

Porter,  David,  commodore  in  IT.  S.  Navy 

Potter,  Alonzo,  D.D.,  episc.  bishop  of  Penn.,  and  educational  author 
Potter,  Horatio.  D.D.,  episc.  bishop  of  New  York        . 

Pradt,  Abbe,  Dominique  de,  political  writer 

Preble,  Edward,  commodore  in  U.  S.  Navy         ..... 
Prentiss,  Sargeant  S.,  lawyer  and  politician,  famed  for  eloquence 

Prescott,  Wm.  Hickling,  historian 

Preston,  Wm.  C.,  U.  S.  senator  from  South  Carolina  ..... 

Price,  Dr.  E.,  writer  on  Civil  Liberty 

Pritchard,  J.  C.,  ethnologist, ''Natural  History  of  Man'1    . 

Priessnitz,  founder  of  Hydropathy 

Proctor,- Bryan  W.  (" Barry  Cornwall"),  poet  and  critic    . 

Proudhon,  Pierre  Jos.,  political  theorist 

Prynne,  learned  lawyer,  political  writer  and  antiquary 

Psalmanazar,  George,  literary  imposter 

Pulszky,  Francis,  politician  and  author 

Purchas.  Samuel,  divine,  editor  of  Voyages  and  Pilgrimages    . 
Pusey,  Edw.  Bour.,  D.D.,  theologian,  founder  of  "Puseyites" 
Puttenham,  G«o.,  poet  and  critic"(u  Art  of  Trnar.  Poesie")  . 

Pye,  Henry  James,  poet  laureate          . 

Pyrrhus,  king  of  Epirus,  a  famous  warrior 

Quarles,  Francis,  poet,  author  of  "  Emblems  " 

Quin,  James,  actor         .... 


DIED. 


1SC8- 


1746 


1759- 


1S10- 
1796- 
1794- 
1723- 


1799- 
1787- 
1809- 
1609- 
1679- 
1814- 
1577- 
1800- 


4812 


1669 
-1860 


1795 

1749 

A.  D.  40 
18-29 

1655 1724 

1789 1321 

1804 

1792 

1819 

1765 1854 

1604 1691 

1704 17G5 

1811 1856 

1778 1S51 

1796 

168 

1798 


-1S37 

-1S50 
-1859 

-1791 
-1849 
-1851 


-1669 
-1763 

-1628 


1600 
1^8 
B.  c.  272 

1592 1644 

1698 1766 


718 


THE  WORLD'S  PROGRESS. 


NATION. 

Amer. 
Amer. 
Span. 
French. 
A  us. 
Eng. 
Eng. 
Eng. 
Ger. 
Heb. 
French. 
Ger. 
Eng. 
Eng. 
Eng. 
Scot. 
Amer. 
French. 
Ger. 
Irish. 
Scot. 
Eng. 
Eng. 
Turk. 
Ens. 
Eng. 
Eng. 
Eng. 
Scot. 
Scot. 
Eng. 
Span. 
Ital. 
Eng. 
Eng. 
Scot. 
Amer. 
Scot. 
En- 
French. 
Eng. 
Arner. 
Eng. 
Eng. 
French. 
Eng. 
Ger. 
Span. 
Span. 
Ger. 
Ger. 
Ital. 
Eng. 
Eng. 
Ital. 
Ger. -Jew 


Ital. 

Ger. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Eng. 

Scot. 

Eng. 

Irish. 

Dutch. 

Eng. 

Eng. 


NAME  AND  PROFKSSION. 

Quincy,  Josiah,  ex-pres.  Harvard  Univ.  and  author    .... 
Quincy,  Josiah,  Jr.,  ex-mayor  of  Boston  and  financier 
Quintana,  Jose  Manuel  de,  poet  and  historian     . 

Rabelais,  Francis,  wit  and  satirist 

Radetzkv,  Joseph,  count,  commander  in  Italy    . 
Raffles,  Sir  Thomas  Stamford,  author  of  "  History  of  Java,"  &c. 
Raffles,  Rev.  Thos.,  independent  minister  and  collector     . 
Raikes,  Robt,  printer,  founder  (?)  of  Sunday  Schools 
Ranke,  Leopold,  historian     ...  ... 

Raphall,  Morris  J.,  learned  rabbi  and  preacher    . 
Rapin  de  Thoyras,  author  of  History  of  England 

Raumer,  Fred.  L.  G.  von,  historian 

Rawlinson,  Sir  Henry  C.,  geographer  and  orientalist 

Reade,  Charles,  novelist 

Redding,  Cyrus,  journalist  and  author 

Reach,  Angus  B.,  journalist  and  author        .... 

Redneld,  Wm.  C.,'meteorologist 

Regnault,  Henri  Viet.,  chemist 

Reichenbach,  Charles,  baron  de,  naturalist  . 

Reid,  Capt.  Mayne,  novelist 

Reid,  Col.  Sir  Wm.,  engineer  and  meteorologist . 
Rennel,  Major  J.,  geographer  and  traveller 
Repton,  Humphrey,  landscape  gardener 
Reschid,  Pasha,  statesman,  premier  of  Turkey    . 
Ricardo,  David,  writer  on  political  economy  and  finance    . 

Rich,  Obadiah,  bibliographer 

Richard  I. ,  Cffitir  de  Lion,  king  of  England 

Richard  III.,  king,  killed  at  Bosworth 

Richardson,  James,  traveller  in  Africa 

Richardson,  Sir  John,  naturalist  and  Arctic  explorer  . 

Ridley,  Nicholas,  bishop  and  protestant  martyr 

Rivas,  Angel  de  Saavedra,  duke  of,  soldier,  statesman,  poet,  &c. 

Ristori,  Adelaide,  actress 

Ritson,  Joseph,  lawyer,  antiquary,  and  critic 

Ritchie,  Leitch,  journalist  and  author 

Roberts,  David,  landscape  painter  and  author     .... 
Robinson,  Edward,  D.D.,  biblical  geographer  and  philologist    . 
Rob  Roy  (Robert  Macgregor),  highland  freebooter  (about) 
Roebuck,  John  Arthur,  statesman       .... 

Rochambeau,  J.  B.  D.,  count  de,  marshal 

Rogers,  Henry,  theologian  and  critic 

Rogers,  Henry  Darwin,  naturalist,  professor  in  Glasgow    , 

Rogers,  Samuel,  poet    ...  

Roget,  Peter  Mark,  physiologist  and  philologist 

Roland,  M.  J.  P.,  Madame,  martyr  of  the  revolution  .... 

Romilly.  Sir  Samuel,  jurist  and  statesman 

Ronge,  Johannes,  educational  and  religious  reformer 

Rosa,  Francisco  Martinez  de  la,  statesman,  poet,  historian,  &c. 

Rosas,  don  Juan  Manuel  de,  ruler  of  Buenos  Ayres    .... 

Rose,  Gustave,  chemist 

Rosenkranz,  Johann  K.  F.,  metaphysician,  professor  of  philosophy  . 

Rosetti,  Gabriele,  poet,  artist,  and  critic 

Ross,  Sir  James  Clark,  Arctic  explorer 

Rosse.  Wm.  Parsons,  earl  of,  astronomer 

Rossini,  Joachimo,  musical  composer 

.  Rothschild,  Meyer  Anselm,  founder  of  the  great  banking  house 
Rothschild,  Anselm,  at  Frankfort;  Nathan,  at  London  (d.   1886); 

and  Solomon,  sons  of  Meyer  Anselm  Rothschild 
Rothschild.  Lionel  Nathan,  baron  de,  M.  P.  (son  of  Nathan) 

Rubini,  tenor  vocalist 

Ruckert,  Frederick,  poet      ......... 

Ruschenbcrger,  W.  S.  W.,  author  of  voyages  and  scientific  works    . 
Rush,  Richard,  diplomatist  and  author        ...... 

Ruskin,  John,  writer  on  art          .        .  

Russell,  John  Scott,  engineer,  builder  of  "Great  Eastern" 

Russell,  Lord  John,  statesman  and  author 

Russell,  Win.  II.,  "Times  correspondent,"  and  author 

Ruyter,  M.  A.  de,  admiral 

Ryruer,  Thomas,  antiquarian,  "Federa" 

Sabine,  Maj.  gen.,  Edward,  physicist 


DIED. 


1787- 
1500- 
1791- 
1S21- 


1802- 
1725- 
1806- 

1760- 

1779- 

17£ 

1757- 

1818- 

1793- 
1795- 

1805- 

1788- 

1800- 

18(1 

1792- 


1823 
1850 
1199 
1485 
Ibol 

-1555 


-1803 


1793 

1818 


-1854 


-1821 


-1854 


-1679 


ADDENDA. 


719 


NATION. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

French. 

French. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Phoe. 

Mex. 

French. 

Eng. 

Ital. 

Dan. 

French. 

Ital. 

French. 

Ger. 

Ger. 

Ger. 

Ger. 

Ger. 

Amer. 
Ger, 

Amer. 

French. 

Amer. 

Ger. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Amer. 

Span. 

Amer. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Irish. 

Eng. 

Amer. 

Amer, 

Scot. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Scot. 

Greek. 

Span. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Ger. 

French. 

Amer. 

French. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Greek. 

Amer. 

Eng. 

Dutch. 

Ger. 

Eng. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Amer. 

Eng. 

Eng. 


-1814 


-1748 

-1493 
-1208 

-1609 
-1660 

-1829 

-1854 


-1586 
-1701 
-1654 
-1852 
-1553 


NAME   AND    PROFESSION.  BORN.  DIED. 

Sacheverell.  Henry,  divine,  impeached  for  sedition    ....     1672 1724 

Sadler,  Sir  Ealph.  diplomatist  and  historian 1567 1587 

Saintine,  Xavier  Bon.,  writer  of  tales  .        .  ....     1790- 

Saint-Pierre,  Bernardin  de.  author  of  Paul  and  Virginia,  &c.     .        .    1736- 

Sala,  Geo.  Augustus,  journalist  and  author 1827- 

Sale,  George,  historian,  and  translator  of  the  Koran  ....    1736 

Sanconiatho,  philosopher  and  historian,  flourished      ....  B.  c.  760 

Santa  Anna,  Antonio  Lopez  de,  general  and  ex-president .        .        .     1793 — 

Saulcy,  Louis  F.  J.,  count  de,  antiquarian 1807- 

Savage,  Richard,  poet  ...  .  1697- 

Savonarola,  Jerome,  a  monk  famed  for  zeal  and  eloquence         .        .    1452- 

Saxo-Grammaticus,  historian 

Say,  Horace  Emilie,  political  economist  (son  of  J.  B.  Say)        .        .     1794- 

Scaliger,  Joseph  Justus,  critic  and  historian 1540- 

Scarron,  P.,  comic  poet  and  satirist  1610- 

Schadow,  Julien  Gottfried,  sculptor  17( 

Schlegel,  Fred.,  critic  and  historian  1772- 

Schelling,  Fred.  W.  J.,  philosopher  1775- 

Schlos3cr,  Fried.  Christ.,  historian  1776 

Schomburgk,  Sir  Bobt.  H.,  naturalist  and  traveller    ....    1804 

Schoolcraft,  Henry  B.,  traveller  and  historian  of  the  Indians    .        .     1793 

Schwartzenberg,  prince  F.,  premier  of  Austria 1779 1851 

Scott,  Winfield,  lieut.  gen.,  commander-in-chief  TJ.  8.  Army    .        .    1786 

Scribe,  Eugene,  dramatist 

Sedgwick,  Catherine  M.,  Miss,  novelist  and  philanthropist  .     1790- 

Secundus,  John,  Latin  poet 1511- 

Sedley,  Sir  Charles,  poet       ....  ....     1639- 

Selden,  John,  antiquary  and  historian 1584- 

Sergeant,  John,  jurist  and  statesman 1779- 

Servetus,  Michael,  polemical  writer  against  Calvin    ....     1509- 
Seward.  Wm.  H.,  statesman,  TJ.  S.  senator  from  N.  T.  .        .     1801- 

Shadwell,  T.,  poet  laureate 1640- 

Shelley,  Mary  W.  (widow  of  P.  B.,  the  poet)  novelist       .        .        .     1798- 

Sherwood,  Mrs.,  novelist 1775- 

Shiel,  Eichard  Lalor,  statesman  and  dramatist 1792- 

Shirley,  James,  dramatist 1594- 

Silliman,  Benj.,  chemist  and  geologist         .  ....     1779- 

Simms,  Wm.  Gilmore,  novelist  and  poet 1806- 

Sinclair,  Catherine,  authoress 1800- 

Skelton,  John,  poet  laureate  to  Henry  VIII 

Smith,  John  Pye,  theological  writer 

Smith,  T.  Southworth,  writer  on  Sanitary  Eefonn 

Smith,  Wm.,  classical  scholar  and  author 

Smith,  Alex.,  poet 

Socrates,  an  ecclesiastical  historian 

Soils,  Antonio  de,  historian  of  Mexico  .... 

Somers,  Lord  John,  chancellor  and  political  writer    . 
Somerville,  Wm.,  poet,  "The  Chase,"         .... 

Somerville,  Mrs.  Mary,  astronomer 

Sontag,  Henrietta,  vocalist 

Sorbonne,  E.  de,  theologian,  founder  of  the  S.  college  at  Paris  . 

Soule,  Pierre,  U.  S.  senator  from  Louisiana,  and  diplomatist    .        .  

Soult,  marshal,  duke  of  Dalmatia,  soldier,  and  statesman  .        .        .     1769 1851 

Soulouque,  Faustin,  ex-emperor  of  Hayti    ......    1789 

Southerne.  J.,  dramatic  writer  and  poet       .  .  .    1662- 

Southey,  Mrs.  Bobt.  (Caroline  Bowles),  poet 

Sozomen,  ecclesiastical  historian  . 

Sparks,  Jared,  historian  and  biographer  (about)  .        .  .  1794- 

Spelman,  Sir  Henry,  historian  and  antiquary 1561 1648 

Spinoza,  Bened.,  metaphysician  (atheist  ?).        ......     1633 1677 

Spohr,  Louis,  musical  composer '.        .    1783 

Spurgeon,  Eev.  Charles,  popular  Baptist  clergyman  ....     1834 

Sprague,  Charles,  poet  . 1791 

Sprague,  Wm.  B.,  D.D.,  Presbyterian  clergyman  and  historian         .     1795 

Squier,  E.  Geo.,  traveller  and  antiquarian  ."....-.     1820 

Stanfield,  Clarkson,  marine  painter      .  1798 

Stanhope,  Ph.  Hen.,  ea"rl  of,  known  as  Lord  Mahon,  historian  .        .    1805 

Stewart,  Charles  S.,  Eev..  chaplain  in  U.  S.  Navy,  and  author  .        .     1798 

St.  Leonards  (E.  B.  Sudgen),  lord  chancellor 

Stillingtieet,  Dr.  E..  bishop  of  Worcester  and  author  .  .        .     1633 1699 


-1692 
-1851 
-1852 
-1351 
-1666 


-1529 

-1851 


1774- 

1790 

1814 

1S30 

5th  Cent.  A.D. 

1610 1686 

1650 1716 

1692 1743 

1790 

1804—  —1854 
1201 1274 


-1746 

-1854 
-  450 


720 


THE  WORLD'S  PROGRESS. 


NATION.                                                 NAME   AND   PROFESSION.  BORN. 

Eng.  Stephenson,  George,  engineer       ....                ...  1803— 

Eng.  Stephenson,  Robert,  engineer        ....  ... 

Scot.  Sterling,  Wm.,  M.  P.,  biographer  and  critic        .                 ...  1818- 

Ger.  Sternberg,  Alex.,  baron  von,  miscellaneous  author              .        .        .  1806— 

Eng.  Stow,  John,  antiquary  and  historian    ...                ...  1525— 

Amer.  Stowe,  Calvin  E..  biblical  critic    ....  ... 

Amer.  Stowe,  Harriet  Beecher,  Mrs.,  novelist        .        .                 ...  1814— 

Ger.  Strauss,  Ger.  Fried.  Alb.,  professor  of  theology,  and  author      .        .  1786— 

Ger.  Strauss,  Dav.  Fried.,  author  of  skeptical  Life  of  Jesus       .        .        .  1808— 

Eng.  Stratford  de  Eedcliffe,  viscount,  diplomatist 1738— 

Eng.  Strickland,  Agnes,  historian  of  "  Queens  of  England"        .        .        .  1806— 

Eng.  Strype,  John,  theologian,  biographer,  and  historian    ....  1787— 

Euss.  Struve,  Fred.  Geo.  Wm.,  astronomer 

Amer.  Stuart,  Moses,  theologian  and  philologist 17SO— 

Eng.  Suckling,  Sir  John,  poet  and  dramatist 1613- 

French.  Sue,  Eugene,  novelist 1808— 

Amer.  Sully,  Thomas,  portrait  painter 1783— 

Amer.  Sumner,  Charles,  U.  S.  senator  from    Massachusetts,  orator  and 

philanthropist             1811— 

Eng.  Sumner,  John  Bird,  archbishop  of  Canterbury  and  author 

Eng.  Swain,  Charles,  poet 1803— 

Swe.  Taglioni,  Maria,  danszuse 1804— 

Eng.  Talfourd,  Thomas  Noon,  jurist,  dramatist,  and  essayist     .        .        .  1795— 

Amer.  Taney,  Roger  B.,  chief  justice  of  the  United  States  ....  1777— 

Span.  Tapia,  Eugenio,  miscellaneous  writer 

Eng.  Taylor,  John,  "the  Water  Poet" 15SO- 

Amer.  Taylor,  Zachary,  general,  victor  of  Buena  Vista,  and  Pres.  of  U.  S.  .  1784— 

Amer.  Taylor,  Bayard,  traveller,  poet,  and  lecturer        .  1825— 

Eng.  Taylor,  Tom,  dramatist 1817— 

Eng.  Tennyson,  Alfred  B.,  poet  laureate 1810— 

Eng.  Tennent,  Sir  James  Emerson,  statesman  and  writer  ....  1804— 

Eng.  Thackeray,  Wm.  Makepeace,  novelist  and  essayist    .        .        .        .1811— 

Ger.  Thalberg,  Sigismnnd,  pianist 1S12— 

Greek.  Theodoret,  ecclesiastical  historian 386— 

Eng.  Thesiger,  Sir  Frederick,  attorney  general  of  England         .        .        .  1794— 

French.  Thierry,  Jac.  Nic.  Augustus,  historian 1795— 

French.  Thierry,  Amedee  S.  D..  historian 1797— 

French.  Thiers,  Adolphe,  politician  and  historian 1793- 

Ger.  Thirlwall,  Dr.  Conop,  bishop  of  St.  Davids,  historian         .        .        .  1797— 

Ger.  Tholuck,  Fred.  Augus.,  theologian 1799— 

Eng.  Thompson,  Col.  Thos.  Peyronnet,  political  reformer  and  author       .  17S3— 

Eng.  Tickell,  Thomas,  poet  and  essayist  (in  Spectator)       ....  1686— 

Ger.  Tieck,  Ludwig,  poet  and  novelist 

Amer.  Ticknor,  George,  historian  of  Spanish  literature 

Russ.  Todleben,  Fr.  Edw.,  general  of  engineers    .... 

Irish.  Tone,  Theobald  Wolfe,  general  in  the  Irish  rebellion 

Amer.  Torrey,  John,  botanist  and  chemist 

Amer.  Totten,  Joseph  G.,  military  engineer 1788- 

Eng.  Trench,  Rev.  Rich.  Trevenix,  poet,  philologist,  and  theologian          .  1807- 

Eng.  Trollope,  Mrs.  Frances,  novelist  and  traveller 1791- 

Eng.  Truro,  Thos.,  baron  (Sir  T.  Wilde),  ex-lord  chancellor       .        .        .  1782- 

Jew-Am.  Truro,  Judah,  wealthy  philanthropist .                1776- 

Jew.  Tudela,  Benj.  de.  rabbi,  traveller,  flourished       .... 

Eng.  Tupper,  Martin  Farquhar,  poet  and  essayist        .....  1810- 

Amer.  Turner,  Wm.  W.,  printer  and  philologist 1810- 

Eng.  Tusser,  Thos.,  author  of  "500  points  of  good  husbandry  "          .        .  1500- 

Amer.  Tyler,  John,  ex-president  of  the  United  States 1790- 

Eng.  Tyndale,  Wm.,  reformer  and  first  translator  of  the  Bible  into  English  1500- 

Amer.  Tyng,  Stephen  H.,  D.D.,  episcopal  divine  and  author        .        .        .  1SOO- 

Scot.  Tytler,  Patrick  Fraser,  historian 1790- 

Ger.  Uhland,  Ludwig,  poet 1787- 

Amer.  Van  Buren,  Martin,  ex-president  of  the  United  States        .        .        .  1782- 

Eng.  Vandenhoff,  John,  actor 1790- 

Amer.  Vanderlyn,  John,  historical  painter 1776- 

Swiss.  Vattel,  F.  de,  jurist,  author  of  Law  of  Nations 1714- 

Eng.  Vaughan,  Rev.  Robt.,  D.D.,  "dissenting"  divine  and  historian 

Span.  Vega,  Lopez  de,  dramatic  poet 1562- 

French.  Velpeau,  Alfred  A.  L.  M.,  eminent  surgeon         ...                 .  1795- 

Ital.  Verdi,  Giuseppe,  musical  composer 1814- 

French.  VTernet,  Horm-f,  historical  painter                                   .                 .         .  1789- 


DIKD. 


-1606 


-1851 
-1641 


-1S5 


-1654 
-1S50 


45T 


-1740 


1773 

1791 

1818 

1763 1798 


-1S54 
12th  Cent. 


-1859 
-1586 

-1536 


-1849 


-176T 
-1635 


ADDENDA. 


721 


NATION.  NAME  AND   PROFESSION.  BORN. 

French.  Veron,  Louis  Desire,  author  and  journalist 1798— 

Amer.  Yerplanck,  Gulian  C.,  scholar  and  critic 

Ital.  Victor  Emanuel  II.,  king  of  Italy 1820- 

Eng.  Victoria,  queen  of  Great  Britain 1819— 

French.  Vieuxtemps,  Henri,  violinist  1820— 

French.  Vigny,  count,  Alfred,  poet  and  critic 1799- 

French.  Villemain,  Abel  Fr.,  politician  and  author 1791— 

Ger.  Voss,  J.  G.,  historical  writer 1577— 

Ger.  Waagen,  Gustave  Fried.,  art  critic 

Ger.  Wagner,  Rudolph,  physiologist 

Pol.-Fr.  Walewski,  Florian,  count,  statesman 

Amer.  Walker,  Eobert  J.,  politician,  ex-secretary  of  Treasury 

Irish.  Wallace,  Wm.  Vincent,  musical  composer  .... 

Amer.  Walworth,  Eeuben  H.,  jurist,  ex-chancellor  of  New  York 

Eng.  Warburton,  Eliot,  traveller  and  historian    .... 

Scot.  Wardlaw,  Eev.  Ealph,  theologian 

Amer.  Ware,  Wm.,  novelist,  "Zenobia,"  &c. 1797- 

Eng.  Warren,  Samuel,  jurist  and  novelist,  "10,000  a  Year"        .        .        .    1807- 

Eng.  Warwick,  E.  Neville,  earl  of,  general  and  statesman,  "  king-maker" 

Eng.  Waterland,  Eev.  Dr.,  theological  and  polemical  writer      .        .        .    1683- 

Eng.  Watts,  Alaric  Alex.,  poet  and  journalist 1799- 

Amer.  Wayland,  Francis,  D.D.,  metaphysician,  theol.  and  polit.  econ.         .    1796- 

Amer.  Webster,  Daniel,  statesman 1782- 

Eng.  Wedgewood,  J.,  scientific  manufacturer  of  porcelain  .        .        .        .    1731- 

Eng.  Wellington,  Arthur  Wellesley,  duke  of,  mil.  com.,  and  statesman    .    1769- 

Eng.  Whateley,  Eich.,  archbishop  of  Dublin,  theological  and  educational 

writer 1787- 

Eng.  Wheatstone,  Charles,  electrician 1S02- 

Eng.  Whewell,  Eev.  Wm.,  theological,  scientific,  and  educational  writer  .    1795- 

Amer.  Whipple,  Edwin  P.,  critic  and  essayist 1819- 

Amer.  Whittier,  Jno.  Greenleaf,  poet  and  essayist         .  .  1808- 

Amer.  Whittingham,  Wm.  E.,  epis.  bishop  of  Maryland,  and  author   .        .    1805- 

Eng.  Wilberforce,  Samuel,  bishop  of  Oxford,  and  author    ....    1805- 

Eng.  Wilkinson,  Sir  Jno.  Gardner,  Egyptologist  ....    1797- 

Eng.  Williams,  maj.  gen.,  Sir  Fenwick,  defender  of  Kara  ....    1800- 

Amer.  Willis,  Nath.  Parker,  poet,  novelist,  essayist,  critic,  and  journalist   .    1807- 

Eng.  Wilson,  Horace  H.,  orientalist,  professor  of  Sanscrit  .        .        .        .    1808- 

Scot.  Wilson,  John  (Christopher  North),  poet,  critic,  and  essayist 

Aust.  Windischgratz,  Alfred,  prince  de,  generalissimo 

Eng.  Winslow,  Forbes,  physician  and  writer  on  insanity    .... 

Eng.  Winterhalter,  Franz  Xavier,  "  court  painter  " 

Eng.  Wiseman,  Nicholas,  cardinal,  Eoman  Catholic  theologian  and  author 

Eng.  Wither,  George,  poet 

Eng.  Wood,  Antony,  antiquary  and  biographer  . 

Amer.  Woodbury,  Levi,  statesman  and  jurist 

Amer.  Woods,  Leonard,  theologian  . 

Amer.  Wool,  John  E.,  major  general  U.  S.  Army  . 

Eng.  Wotton,  Sir  Henry,  statesman  and  poet 

Eng.  Wright,  Thos.,  antiquarian  author 

Eng.  Wyatt,  Matthew  Digby,  architect  and  author 

Amer.  Young,  Brigham,  leader  of  the  Mormons    . 

Ger.  Zumpt,  Karl  G.,  author  of  Latin  Grammar  ....    1792 


BIZD. 


-1649 


-1851 
-1858 
-1852 


-1852 
-1795 
-1S52 


-1854 


-1667 
-1695 
-1851 
-1851 


-1689 


THE    WORLD'S   PBOGBESS, 


1850-  -1861. 


ADDENDA 


THE  WORLD'S   PROGRESS, 


1850-61. 


(INCLUDING  FACTS  OMITTED  IN  FOEMEE  YEAES.) 


ABATTOIRS,  or  large  public  slaughter-houses  in  Paris,  were  built  in  1812.  The 
charge  for  the  slaughter  of  an  ox  is  $1.20;  and  150,000  are  killed  annually. 

ABB  A.SIDES.  A  Mohammedan  dynasty,  held  the  power  of  the  Caliphs  for  400 
years  until  1258.  The  Caliph  Haroun  al  Rashid  was  of  this  line. 

ABECEDARIANS.  A  sect  appearing  in  the  16th  century,  held  that  it  was 
better  not  to  know  how  to  read,  as  the  Holy  Spirit  would  convey  a  direct 
understanding  of  the  Scriptures. 

ABSTINENCE,  TOTAL,  from  stimulating  beverages :  First  temperance  organiza- 
tion in  the  United  States  is  said  to  have  been  effected  by  Dr.  B.  J.  Clark, 
of  Moreau,  N.  Y.,  1808  ;  "members  fined  50  cents  for  intoxication." 

American  Temperance  Union  formed  in  Boston  in  1826.  Total  abstinence 
from  distilled  spirits  except  when  prescribed  as  medicine,  proposed  at  a  meeting 
in  Philadelphia  in  1833,  but  voted  down.  See  Temperance.  Tetotalkrs  in 
England  organized  in  Lancashire,  1834. 

ABYSSINIA.  A  large  country  in  north-east  Africa.  Its  ancient  history  is  very 
uncertain.  The  kingdom  of  Auxumitae  (from  its  chief  town  Auxume) 
flourished  in  the  1st  and  2d  centuries  after  Christ.  About  960,  Judith,  a 
Jewish  princess,  murdered  a  great  part  of  the  royal  family,  and  reigned  forty 
years.  The  young  king  escaped ;  and  the  royal  house  was  restored  in  1268 
in  the  presence  of  his  descendant.  Icon  Amlae.  In  the  middle  ages  it  was 
said  to  be  ruled  by  Prester  John,  or  Prete  Janni.  The  Portuguese  missions 
commenced  in  the  15th  century,  but  they  were  expelled  about  1632  in  con- 
sequence of  the  tyranny  of  Mendez  and  the  Jesuits.  The  encroachments  of 
Gallas  and  intestine  disorders  soon  after  broke  up  the  empire  into  petty 
governments.  The  religion  of  Abyssinia  is  a  corrupt  form  of  Christianity 
introduced  in  the  4th  century  by  Trumentius.  Missions  were  sent  from 
England  in  1829  and  1841.  Much  information  respecting  Abyssinia  has 
been  given  by  Bruce,  (1790,)  Salt,  (1805-9,)  Ruppell,  (1838,)  and  Parkyns, 
(1853). 

AC  ADI  A.  Now  called  Nova  Scotia,  settled  by  the  French  in  1604.  and  finally 
ceded  to  the  English  in  1713.  It  was  three  times  conquered  by  the  English 
and  as  often  restored  by  treaty.  Expulsion  of  French  settlers  (see  Long- 
fellow's  Evangeline)  1755. 

ACTS  OF  THE  APOSTLES  were  probably  written  by  Luke,  A.  D.  62  to  68. 


726 


THE  WORLD'S  PROGRESS. 


ADMINISTRATIONS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.- 
sident  Taylor,  July  9,  1850—* 


-(p.  152.)    On  the  death  of  Pre- 


MILLAKD  FILLMOKE,  of  New  York  (Vice-Pyesident)  became  President.    He  appointed, 

soon  after,  the  following  Cabinet,  viz. : 
Massachusetts,  Secretary  of  State 

Ohio,  Secretary  of  Treas'y. 

Louisiana,  -Secretary  of  War. 

North  Carolina,  Sec'ry  of  the  Navy. 

Virginia,  Sec'ry  of  Interior. 

New  York,  Post  Master  General. 

Kentucky,  Attorney  General. 

Alabama,"  was  elected  Pres't  of  the  Senate, 

and  became  Acting  Vice-Pres't  of  U.  S. 


Daniel  Webster, 
Thomas  Corwin, 
Charles  M.  Conrad, 
William  A.  Graham, 
A.  H.  H.  Stewart, 
Nathan  K.  Hall, 
John  J  Crittenden. 
William  K.  King, 


Howell  Cobb, 
Linn  Boyd, 


Georgia  (continued  in  office),  \ 
Kentucky,      December,  1851.  ) 


Speakers  of  H.  Reps. 


FRANKLIN  PIERCE,  of  New  Hampshire,  inaugurated  March  4, 18?3,  President. 
Vice-President — vacant,  by  death  of  Hon.  Wm.  E.  King,  April  18,  1853 — 


William  L.  Marcy, 
James  Guthrie, 
Robert  M'Clelland, 
James  C.  Dobbin, 
Jefferson  Davis, 
James  Campbell, 
Caleb  Gushing, 
James  L.  Orr, 


TUB    CABINET 

New  York, 
Kentucky, 
Michigan, 
North  Carolina, 
Mississippi, 
Pennsylvania, 
Massachusetts, 
South  Carolina, 


Secretary  of  State. 
Secretary  of  Treasury. 
Secretary  of  Interior. 
Secretary  of  Navy. 
Secretary  of  War. 
Post  Master  General. 
Attorney  General. 
Speaker  of  H.  Keps. 


JAMES  BUCHANAN,  of  Pennsylvania,  inaugurated  March  4, 1857,  President. 
JOHN  C.  BRECKENRIDGE,  of  Kentucky,  Yice-President. 


Lewis  Cass, 
John  Black, 
Isaac  Toucey, 
Jas.  B.  Floyd, 
Joseph  Holt, 

Howell  Cobb, 
Philip  Thomas, 
John  A.  Dix, 

Jacob  Thompson, 

Joseph  Holt, 
Horatio  King, 

John  Black, 
E.  M.  Stanton, 

Nathl.  P.  Banks, 
Wm.  Pennington, 


Michigan, 

Pennsylvania, 

Connecticut, 

Virginia, 

Kentucky, 

Georgia, 
Maryland, 
New  York, 

Mississippi, 

Kentucky, 
Maine, 

Pennsylvania, 
Pennsylvania, 

Massachusetts, 
New  Jersey, 


Appointed  Dec.  1860, 


Appointed  Jan.  1861, 

Appointed  Dec.  1860, 
Appointed  Jan.  1861, 


>  Secretary  of  State. 
Secretary  of  Navy. 

>  Secretary  of  War. 

[•Secretary  of  Treasury. 

Secretary  of  Interior. 
Post  Master  General. 


Jan.  1861, 
Dec.  I860,      Attorney  General. 
}•  Speaker  of  H.  Reps. 


ABRAHAM  LINCOLN,  of  Illinois,  inaugurated  March  4, 1861,  President. 
HANNIBAL  HAMLIN,  of  Maine,  Vice-F'resident 


Wm.  H.  Seward, 
Salmon  P.  Chase, 
Simon  Cameron, 
Gideon  Welles, 
Caleb  B.  Smith, 
Montgomery  Blair, 
Edward  Bates, 


New  York, 

Ohio, 

Pennsylvania, 

Connecticut, 

Indiana, 

Maryland, 

Missouri, 


Secretary  of  State. 
Secretary  of  Treasury. 
Secretary  of  War. 
Secretary  of  Navy. 
Secretary  of  Interior. 
Post  Master  General. 
Attorney  General 


The  salary  of  each  member  of  the  Cabinet  was  raised  in  185S,  from  $6,000  to  $8,000. 


*  OMISSIONS  on  page  152  "  World's  Progress" 


Hugh  S.  Legare, 
John  C.  Calhoun, 
Geo.  M.  Bibb, 
William  Wilkins, 
Thomas  W.  Gilmer, 
John  Y.  Mason, 


S.  Carolina, 
S.  Carolina, 
Kentucky, 
Pennsylvania, 

Virginia, 


May  9,  died  June  20,  1843, 

March  6,  1841,  to  Mar.  1,  1845, 

June  15,  1844,  to  Maroh  3,  1  845,    Se«.  of  Treas. 

Feb.  15,  1844,  to  March  3,  1845,     Sec.  of  War. 


j-Secs.ofStatei 


Feb.  15, 1 844,  died  Feb.  28, 1844, 1  a 
March  14, 1844,  to  Mar.  8,  1845.  I 


of  N>. 


ADDENDA.  727 

ADULTERY  IN  ENGLAND,  (p.  155.)  By  20  Victoria,  c.  85,  (1857,)  the  "action  for 
criminal  conversation  "  was  abolished,  and  the  "  Court  for  Divorce  and  Matri- 
monial Causes"  was  established,  which  has  power  to  grant  divorces  for 
adultery  and  ill  usage.  See  Divorce. 

ADVERTISEMENTS  IN  NEWSPAPERS.  ENG.  (p.  145.)  The  duty  on  them  was 
altogether  abolished  in  the  United  Kingdom,  August  4,  1853.  For  a  copious 
article  on  this  subject  see  Appletorts  Cyclopcedia. 

ADVERTISING  VANS,  in  1853  a  great  nuisance,  were  prohibited  in  England. 
They  have  recently  appeared  in  New  York  and  other  places  in  the  United 

States. 

AFRICA,  (p.  15.)  Richardson  explored  the  great  Sahara  in  1845-'6,  and  in  1 849, 
(by  direction  of  the  government,)  he  left  England  to  explore  Central  Africa, 
accompanied  by  Drs.  Barth  and  Overweg.  Richardson  died  March  4,  1851, 
and  Overweg  September  27,  1852.  Dr.  Vogel  was  sent  out  with  reinforce- 
ments to  Dr.  Barth  Feb.  20,  1853.  Dr.  Barth  returned  to  England,  and 
received  the  Royal  Geographical  Society's  medal  May  16,  1856.  His  travels 
were  published  in  five  volumes  in  1858.  Dr.  David  Livingstone,  a  mission- 
ary traveller,  returned  to  England  in  December,  1856,  after  an  absence  of 
sixteen  years,  during  which  he  traversed  a  large  part  of  the  heart  of  South 
Africa,  and  walked  about  11,000  miles,  principally  of  country  hitherto  unex- 
plored. His  book  was  published  in  November,  1857.  In  February,  1858, 
he  was  appointed  British  consul  for  the  Portuguese  possessions  in  Africa,  and 
left  shortly  after.  He  has  been  recently  heard  from,  (1859.)  Accounts  of  the 
assassination  of  Dr.  Vogel  were  received  in  1857.  Lieutenant  Burton's 
Explorations  of  the  Eastern  Coast,  185- ;  his  journey  from  Zanzibar  to  the 
interior,  1858 ;  and  his  account  of  it  published  in  London  and  New  York, 
1860. 

AFRICAN  INSTITUTION.  Founded  in  London,  in  1807,  for  the  abolition  of 
the  slave  trade,  and  the  civilization  of  Africa.  Many  schools  have  been 
established  with  success,  particularly  at  Sierra  Leone,  where  the  number  of 
schools,  male  and  female,  is  said  to  approach  2,000. — Leigh, 

AGRICULTURAL  CHEMISTRY.     In  England,  Sir  Humphry  Davy  delivered 
lectures  on  this  subject  (afterwards  published)  at  the  instance  of  the  Board  of 
Agriculture,  in  1812  ;  but  it  excited  little  attention  till  the  publication  of 
Liebig's  work  in  1840,  which  made  a  powerful  impression.     Boussingault's 
"  Economie  Rurale,"  an  equally  important  work,  appeared  in  1844.      The 
immoderate  expectations  from  this  study  having  been  somewhat  disappointed, 
a  partial  reaction  has  taken  place,  and  much  controversy  ensued.     Liebig's 
"  Letters  on  Agriculture  "  appeared  in  1859. 

AGRICULTURAL  SCHOOLS.  The  earliest  attempt  at  one  was  the  Abbe 
Rosier  at  Chambord,  France,  1775.  In  1844  Mr.  Colman  found  but  nine 
agricultural  schools  in  existence  "  worth  notice."  Seven  years  after,  (1851,) 
Professor  Hitchcock  enumerated  no  less  than  352  in  Europe,  of  which  five 
were  in  England,  sixty-three  in  Ireland,  and  seventy-five  in  France.  Among 
the  first  in  the  United  States  is  that  at  Ovid,  Seneca  county,  New  York, 
founded  in  1856.  The  Westchester  N.  Y.  Farm  School,  founded  1856, 
was  the  first  private  institution  exclusively  agricultural.  There  are  now 
(1860)  agricultural  professorships  in  Virginia,  Georgia,  &c.,  as  well  as  in 
Yale  College.  An  annual  course  of  thirty  lectures  on  agriculture  established 
in  1850,  at  New  Haven  by  Professor  Norton.  Michigan  Agricultural  College, 
established  by  the  legislature  in  1850. 

AGRICULTURE.     Statistics  of  1851 : 


728 


THE  WORLD'S  PROGRESS. 


FRANCE. 

UNITED  STATES.     RUSSIA. 

72,000,000 

118,000,000 

243,000,000 

576,000.000 

100,000,000 

1,400.000,000 

9,000.000 

*1  9,800,000 

25,000,000 

2,818.000 

5,000.000 

18.000,000 

82,000.000 

22.000,000 

50.000.000 

5,000.000 

30,000,000 

12,000.000 

86,000,000 

23,000,000 

68,000,000 

GREAT  BRITAIN. 

Acres  of  Land  in  Cultivation,  22,000,000 

Bushels  of  Wheat,  av.  per  annum,  836,000,000 
Number  of  Horned  Cattle,  18,000.000 

Number  of  Horses,  1,600,000 

Number  of  Sheep  and  Goats,  50,000.000 

Number  of  Swine,  19,000,000 

Population  of  each  country,  27,000,000 

AIR  OR  ATMOSPHERE.  In  1858,  Dr.  R.  Angus  Smith  made  known  a  chemical 
method  of  ascertaining  the  amount  of  organic  matter  in  the  air.  The  re- 
searches of  Dr.  Schonbein,  a  German  chemist  of  Basel,  led  to  the  discovery 
of  two  states  of  the  oxygen  in  the  air,  which  he  calls  zone  and  antozone. — 
See  Ozone. 

ALABAMA.  (P.  158.)  The  governor  in  his  message,  November  1851,  recom- 
mends a  discriminating  tax  on  all  articles  from  those  states  that  continue 
slave  agitation.  Population  in  1850:  white,  426,515;  free  colored,  2,250. 
Total  free,  428,765;  slaves,  342,894.  In  1855:  white,  464,456;  free 
colored,  2,466;  slaves,  374,784.  Population,  1860;  white,  520,444;  slaves, 
435,473.  The  slaves  have  increased  more  rapidly  than  the  whites.  Ordi- 
nance passed  "seceding"  from  the  United  States  January  7,  1861. 

ALDINE  PRESS.  That  of  Aldus  Manutius  of  Venice,  at  which  were  printed 
many  of  the  first  editions  of  the  Classics,  etc.,  commencing  in  1494  with 
Musseus. 

ALEPPO.  A  large  city  of  Syria,  called  by  the  natives  Haleb,  and  anciently 
Beroea.  The  pachalic  of  Aleppo  is  one  of  the  five  governments  into  which 
Syria  is  divided.  It  was  taken  by  the  Turks,  A.D.  638;  by  Saladin,  1193; 
and  sacked  by  Timour,  1400.  The  depopulation  occasioned  by  the  plague 
has  frequently  been  dreadful;  60,000  persons  were  computed  to  have  perished 
by  it  in  1797.  Aleppo  suffered  severely  from  the  terrible  earthquakes  in 
1822  and  1830.  It  has  often  been  the  scene  of  fanatical  massacres.  One 
was  caused  by  an  attack  of  the  Mahometans  upon  the  Christian  inhabitants — 
numbers  falling  victims  to  their  merciless  assailants,  who  burnt  everything  in 
their  way ;  three  churches  were  destroyed,  five  others  were  plundered,  and 
the  total  loss  of  property  amounted  to  about  a  million  sterling;  no  inter- 
ference was  attempted  by  the  pacha  or  the  Turkish  soldiers,  Oct.  16,  1850. 

ALIWAL,  BATTLE  OF,  India,  between  the  Sikh  army  (24,000)  and  the  British 
under  Sir  H.  Smith  (12,000).  Sikhs  defeated  with  loss  of  6,000,  Jan.  28,  1846. 

ALGIERS.  (P.  162.)  An  insurrection  of  the  Kabyles  was  subdued  by  tho 
French  in  Oct.  1857.  In  1858  the  government  was  entrusted  (for  a  short 
time)  to  Prince  Napoleon. 

ALHAMBRA.  A  Moorish  palace  and  fortress  near  Granada  in  Spain,  founded  by 
Mohammed  I.  of  Granada  about  1253.  It  surrendered  to  the  Christians, 
Jan.  6,  1496.  The  remains  have  been  described  in  a  magnificent  work  by 
Owen  Jones  and  Jules  Gowry,  published  1 842-5.  There  is  a  fac-simile  in  a 
court  of  this  name  in  the  Crystal  Palace  at  Sydenham,  near  London. 

ALIENS.  (P.  162.)  The  rigour  of  the  Alien  laws  in  England  was  much  mitigated 
by  7  &  8  Viet.  c.  66,  1844. 

ALLIANCE,  TREATIES  OF,  (p.  162)  between  the  high  European  powers: 


Alliance  of  England,  France,    and 
Turkey  (signed  at  Constantinople) 

March  12, 1854 

Alliance    of    England    and    France, 
ratified April  8, 1854 


Alliance  of  Sardinia  with  the  western 
powers  (signed  at  Turin'). .  Jan.  26,  1855 

Alliance  of  Sweden  with  the  western 
powers, Dec.  19,  1855 


ADDENDA. 


729 


ALMA,  BATTLE  OF,  in  the  Crimean  war,  between  the  allied  British  and  French 
armies  (48,000)  and  the  Russians  under  Menschikoff  (46,000).  Latter  defeated 
with  loss  of  5,000.  Allied  loss  about  3,000,  killed,  wounded,  and  missing. 

ALPACA.  A  species  of  the  S.  America  quadruped  the  Llama,  the  soft  hairy 
wool  of  which  is  now  largely  employed  in  the  fabrication  of  clothes.  It  was 
introduced  into  England,  about  1836,  by  the  Earl  of  Derby.  A  gigantic 
factory,  etc.  (covering  11  acres)  for  this  manufacture  was  erected  at  Saltaire, 
near  Shipley  in  Yorkshire,  by  Mr.  Titus  Salt,  in  1852. 

ALPS.  Roads  over  Mount  Cenis  and  the  Simplon  were  constructed  by  order  of 
Napoleon  between  1801-6,  connecting  France  and  Italy.  See  Simplon.  A 
sub-alpine  tunnel  between  France  and  Piedmont  was  in  progress  in  1858. 
In  1859  the  "Alpine  Club,"  which  consists  of  eminent  British  travellers  in 
the  Alps,  published  their  first  work,  "Peaks,  Passes,  and  Glaciers." 

AMBER.  It  is  considered  by  Berzelius  to  have  a  resin  dissolved  in  volatile  oil. 
It  often  contains  delicately  formed  insects.  Sir  D.  Brewster  concludes  it  to 
be  indurated  vegetable  juice.  When  rubbed  it  becomes  electrical,  and  from 
its  Greek  name  electron  the  name  Electricity  is  derived. 

AMERICA,  CENTRAL,  including  the  states  of  Guatemala,  Honduras,  Nicaragua, 
Salvador,  and  Costa  Rica  (formerly  the  Spanish  viceroyalty  of  Guatemala) 
which  declared  their  independence  Sept.  21,  1821,  and  separated  from  the 
Mexican  confederation.  Ju*ly  21,  1823.  The  states  made  a  treaty  of  union 
between  themselves,  March  21,  1847.  There  has  been  among  them  since 
much  anarchy  and  bloodshed,  aggravated  greatly  by  the  irruption  of  Ameri- 
can filibusters  under  Kenney  and  Walker,  1854-5.  See  Nicaragua,  Darien, 
and  Panama. 

AMERICAN  FLAG.  Previous  to  1776,  the  colors  used  by  the  American  army, 
exhibited  a  snake  with  thirteen  rattles,  in  a  crimson  ground  interlaced  with 
white.  On  the  14th  June,  1777,  Congress  resolved,  "that  the  flag  of  the 
thirteen  United  States  be  thirteen  stripes,  alternately  red  and  white ;  that  the 
union  be  thirteen  stars,  white,  on  a  blue  field — representing  '  a  new  con- 
stellation.' " 

ANNUAL  REGISTER,  a  summary  of  the  history  of  each  year  (beginning  with 
1758,  and  continued  to  the  present  time)  was  commenced  in  London  by  R. 
and  J.  Doclsley.  The  somewhat  similar  but  more  elaborate  work,  the 
Annuaire  de  Deux  Mondes,  first  appeared  in  Paris,  in  1850. 

ANAESTHETICS.     Substances  to  alleviate  pain:  — 


Carbonic  acid  gas,  recommended  by 
Dr.  Hickman 1828 

Chloroform  or  its  use  discovered 
nearly  at  the  same  time  by  Dr.  G. 
Guthrie,  Sackets  Harbor,  N  Y., 
M.  Soubeiran  in  France,  and  Prof. 
Liebig  in  Germany  1831 

Use  of  ether  to  relieve  pain,  first 
effected  at  the  instance  of  Dr.  W. 
T.  G.  Morton  at  the  Mass.  Hos- 
pital   Oct.  16,  1846 

Patent  for  it  secured  by  Dr.  Mor- 
ton   "...  Nov.  12,  1846 

Dr.    Chs.  T.   Jackson    appeared    as 
claimant  of  the  discovery,  Jan.  2,  1847 
and  a  controversy  on  the  respec- 


tive claims  was  continued  for 
several  years. 

Bill  introduced  in  U.  S.  Senate  to 
purchase  Dr.  Morton's  patent  for 
$100,000 Aug.  28,  1852 

Claim  of  the  widow  of  Dr.  Horace 
Wells,  of  Hartford,  Conn  ,  that  he 
originated  the  use  of  ether  previ- 
ous to  Morton.  (These  various 
claims  fully  discussed  in  Morton's 
Statements  of  Evidence.  ISoS,  and 
LittelFs  Living  Age,  vols.  16  &  17.) 

Use  of  chloroform  first  proposed  for 
same  purpose  as  sulphuric  ether, 
by  Dr.  Simpson  of  Edinburgh 1847 


ANNUALS,  the  name  given  to  richly  bound  volumes,  published  annually,  contain- 
ing poetry,  tales,  and  essays,  by  eminent  authors,  and  illustrated  by  engrav- 
ings. They  first  appeared  in  London  in  1823.  They  were  imitations  of 


730 


THE  WORLD'S  PROGRESS. 


similar  books  in  Germany.     The  duration  of  the  chief  of  these  publications  is 
here  given — 


Forget-me-not  (Ackerman's) 1823-48 

Friendship's  Offering  1824-44 

Literary    Souvonir   (first  as   The 

Graces) 1824-34 


Amulet 1827-34 

Keepsake 1826-66 

Hood's  Comic  Annual 183l'-36 


ANONYMOUS  LETTERS.  In  England,  the  sending  of  threatening  or  libellous 
anonymous  letters  was  made  felony  by  several  acts,  1722,  1827,  1847. 
Punishment — transportation,  imprisonment,  and  whipping. 

ANTIGUA.  A  West  India  island,  discovered  by  Columbus  in  1493 ;  settled  by 
the  English  in  1632. 

AQUARIUM,  or  AQUAVIVARIUJL  A  vessel  containing  water  (marine  or  fresh) 
in  which  animals  and  plants  may  co-exist,  mutually  supporting  each  other; 
snails  being  introduced  as  scavengers.  In  1849,  Mr.  N.  B.  Ward  succeeded 
in  growing  sea- weeds  in  artificial  sea-water.  In  1850,  Mr.  R  Warington 
demonstrated  the  conditions  necessary  for  the  growth  of  animals  and  plants 
in  jars  of  water;  and  in  1853  the  glass  tanks  in  the  zoological  gardens, 
Kegerit's  Park,  were  set  up  under  the  direction  of  Mr.  D.  Mitchell.  In  1850 
Mr.  Gosse  published,  "The  Aquarium."  Mr.  W.  A 1  ford  Lloyd,  of  Portland 
Road,  London,  by  his  enterprise  in  collecting  specimens,  has  done  much  to 
increase  the  value  and  interest  of  aquaria.  Mr  C.  E.  Hammett,  Jr.,  of  New- 
port, R.  L,  published  1859  his  observations  and  experiments  with  Aquaria, 
which  were  very  remarkable.  Aquaria  have  been  introduced  into  several 
public  museums  in  the  U.  S.,  and  they  are  also  largely  cultivated  in  private 
houses. 

AQUEDUCT.  (P.  171.)  The  greatest  of  modern  or  perhaps  of  any  time  is  the 
Croton  aqueduct,  which  supplies  the  City  of  New  York  with  water  from 
Croton  lake,  40  miles  distant.  It  was  commenced  1837  ;  its  completion  was 
publicly  celebrated  in  1842;  its  cost  was  $10,375,000.  It  is  carried  across 
the  Harlem  river  on  a  bridge  100  feet  high.  Chief  engineer  John  B.  Jervis; 
contractor  for  the  bridge,  Geo.  Law. 

The  aqueduct  which  supplies  Boston  from  lake  Cochituate,  23  J  miles,  was 
commenced  in  1846;  its  completion  celebrated  Oct.  25,  1848;  cost  $5,370,818. 
That  which  supplies  the  city  of  Brooklyn,  L.  L,  was  finished  1858 ;  engineer 
J.  P.  Kirkwood;  cost  $640,828. 

ARCHITECTURE.     (P.  173.)     Dates  of  notable  buildings : 


Egyptian  Pyramids, B.  c.  1500 

Solomon's  Temple  begun B.  c.  1000 

Temple  of  Jupiter,  Rome, B.  o.    616 

Babylon  built B.  c.    600 

Parthenon  finished B.  c.    438 

Pantheon  at  Rome..  .  A.  D.      13 


Coliseum  A.  D.  70 

Basilicas  at  Rome A.  D.  830-9;  H) 

StSophia's,  Constantinople.begun  A.D.  582 

Canterbury  Cathedral A.  ».  61  2 

Mosque  of  Omar A.  n.  637 

York  Minster  begun A.  D.  741 


ARCTIC  EXPEDITIONS.     See  North-  West  Passage,  and  franklin's  Expedition. 


Lt.  Hartstene  with  the  Arctic  and 
release  leaves  Brooklyn,  May  31, 
1855.  and  finds  Dr.  Kane  at  Lieve- 
ley,  Greenland.  Sept.  18,  1S55;  and 
returns  to  N.York  with  him  Oct.ll.  1855 

Steamer  Fox,  Capt.  McCliniock,  sails 
from  Aberdeen  (sent  by  Lady 


Franklin)  in  search  of  remains  of 

Franklin's  expedition July  10,  1857 

Capt  McClintock  returns,  bringing 
relies  and  remains  of  Franklin's 
Expedition,  and  ascertaining  his 
fate  .  .1859 


ARIZONA,  known  as  the  Gadsden  purchase,  a  territory  of  30,000  square  miles 
purchased  from  Mexico  by  the  U.S.  for  $10,000,000,  in  1855.  It  had  in 
1856  about  5,000  inhabitants,  chietly  Mexicans. 


ADDENDA.  731 

ARGENTINE  (or  La  Plata)  CONFEDERATION.  Originally  fourteen,  now  thir- 
teen, provinces, — Buenos  Ayres  having  seceded  in  1853.  This  country  was 
discovered  by  the  Spaniards  in  1517;  settled  by  them  in  1553,  and  formed 
part  of  the  great  vice-royalty  of  Peru  till  1778,  when  it  became  that  of  Rio 
de  la  Plata.  It  joined  the  insurrection  in  1811,  and  became  independent  in 
1816.  It  was  at  war  with  Brazil  from  1826  to  1828,  for  the  possession  of 
Uruguay,  which  became  independent  as  Monte-Video.  It  was  at  war  with 
Prance  from  1838— ±0.  Urquiza  was  chosen  President  for  six  years  in  1854. 
See  Buenos  Ayres. 

ARTESIAN  WELLS  (from  Artesia,  now  Artois,  in  France,  where  they  frequently 
occur)  are  formed  by  boring  through  the  upper  soil  to  strata  containing  water, 
which  has  percolated  from  a  higher  level,  and  which  rises  through  the  boring 
tube  to  that  level.  The  fountains  in  Tralalgar  Square  in  London  are  supplied 
by  two  of  these  wells.  The  great  well  at  Paris  was  completed  in  184] ,  after 
eight  years  of  exertion,  by  M.  Mulot,  at  an  expense  of  about  12,000£.  It 
yielded  880,000  gallons  of  water,  at  the  temperature  of  81°  Fahr.,  in  twenty- 
four  hours.  The  well  at  Kissingen  was  completed  in  1850.  These  wells  are 
now  becoming  common  in  various  parts  of  the  world.  Tens  of  thousands  of 
them  are  said  to  have  existed  in  China  from  an  early  age.  The  U.  S.  govern- 
ment have  contemplated  making  them  in  the  vast  western  plains  on  the  over- 
land route  to  California. 

ASCENSION  DAY.  This  day,  also  called  Holy  Thursday,  is  that  on  which  the 
Church  celebrates  the  ascension  of  our  Saviour,  the  fortieth  day  after  his  resur- 
rection from  the  dead,  May  14,  A.  D.  33 ;  first  commemorated,  A.  D.  68.  Some 
Christian  writers  affirm  that  Christ  left  the  print  of  his  feet  on  that  part  of 
Mount  Olivet  where  he  last  stood ;  and  St.  Jerome  says  that  it  was  visible  in 
his  time. 

ASHANTEES.  A  warlike  tribe  of  negroes  of  West  Africa.  In  1807  they  con- 
quered Fantee,  in  which  the  British  settlement  Cape  Coast  Castle  is  situated. 
On  the  death  of  the  king  who  had  been  friendly  to  the  English,  hostilities 
began,  and  on  Jan.  21,  1824,  the  Ashantees  defeated  about  1000  British  under 
Sir  Charles  M'Carthy  at  Accra,  and  brought  away  his  skull  with  others  as 
trophies.  They  were  subdued  in  1826  by  Col.  Pardon. 

ASSEMBLY  OF  DIYIXE3,  held  at  Westminster,  London,  July  1,  1643,  con- 
voked by  order  of  Parliament  to  consider  the  liturgy,  government,  and  doc- 
trines of  the  church.  Two  were  elected  f<3r  each  county.  They  adopted  the 
Scottish  Covenant,  and  drew  up  catechisms  now  authorized  by  the  Church  of 
Scotland. 

ART-UNION.  For  distributing  works  of  art  by  lot.  The  first  was  in  Germany 
founded  at  Munich  in  1823;  followed  by  those  of  Berlin  (1828),  Dresden, 
Leipzic,  Bremen,  Dusseldorf,  Frankfort,  Yienna,  etc.  "  Roman  Catholic  Art- 
Unions"  were  started  in  1851.  London  Art-Union  founded  1837  ;  its  receipts 
increased  in  nineteen  years  from  $500,  to  $90,000  per  ann.  The  first  in  the 
U.  S.,  the  American  Art-Union  (originally  the  Apollo  Association)  was 
founded  at  N.  Y.,  1839.  It  continued  thirteen  years,  purchasing  and  distri- 
buting works  to  the  amount  of  $453.853.  It  was  closed  in  1851  as  being 
forbidden  by  the  state  laws  against  lotteries. 

ASTRONOMY.  For  the  planets  recently  discovered,  see  Planets.  The  Dudley 
Observatory  at  Albany,  chiefly  the  gift  of  Mrs.  B.  Dudley,  inaugurated  Aug. 
28,  1856.  The  progress  of  this  science  in  the  U.  S.  has  been  much  accele- 
rated by  the  labors  of  W.  C.  Bond  at  Cambridge,  0.  M.  Mitchell  at  Cincinnati, 
and  Miss  Mitchell  at  Nantucket. 


732 


THE  WORLD'S  PROGRESS. 


ATLANTIC  TELEGRAPH.     See  Submarine  Telegraph. 

ATMOSPHERIC  RAILWAY.  The  first  experiments  in  England  at  Wormwood 
Scrubs,  1840.  First  in  Ireland  near  Dublin,  1843,  given  up  1855. 

AUGUSTINS,  a  religious  mendicant  order,  which  ascribes  its  origin  to  St.  Augus- 
tine, who  died  A.  D.  430.  These  monks  really  first  appeared  in  the  12th  Cen- 
tury, and  the  order  was  constituted  by  Pope  Alexander  IV.,  in  1256.  Its 
rule  requires  strict  poverty,  humility,  and  chastity.  Martin  Luther  was  an 
Augustin  monk.  The  Augustins  held  the  doctrine  of  free  grace,  and  were 
the  rivals  of  the  Dominicans. 

AURICULAR  CONFESSION.  The  confession  of  sin  at  the  ear  (Latin  auris)  of 
the  priest  must  have  been  an  early  practice,  since  it  is  said  to  have  been 
forbidden  in  the  fourth  century  by  Nectarius,  archbishop  of  Constantinople. 
It  was  first  enjoined  by  the  Council  of  Lateran  in  1215.  It  was  one  of  Six 
Articles  of  Faith  enacted  by  Henry  VIII.  in  1539,  and  by  the  Council  of 
Trent;  but  was  abolished  in  England  at  the  Reformation.  Its  revival  in 
England  was  attempted  by  the  Church  party  called  Puseyites  or  Tractarians, 
but  without  success. 

AURORA  BOREALIS,  or  NORTHERN  LIGHTS.  The  most  remarkable  exhibitions 
of  this  phenomenon  on  record  are  those  of  1560  in  London,  in  the  form  of  burn- 
ing spears;  1574  (described  by  Stow),  and  the  close  of  the  18th  century; 
again  in  1835,  1886,  and  1837.  In  Northern  Europe,  this  phenomenon  now 
very  common,  was  very  rare  previous  to  the  18th  century.  In  1859-60,  the 
Aurora  was  very  brilliant  at  several  times,  in  different  parts  of  the  United 
States,  and  the  telegraph  wires  were  sensibly  affected  by  the  electricity. 

AUSTRALIA,  the  smallest  continent  or  largest  island  in  the  world,  about  one- 
sixth  the  size  of  North  and  South  America,  and  ten  times  larger  than  Borneo, 
its  area  being  about  3,000,000  square  miles.  Its  colonization  by  convicts 
Avas  first  proposed  at  the  close  of  the  American  war  of  Independence.  It  is 
now  divided  into  four  provinces:  New  South  Wales,  South  Australia,  Victoria 
(or  Port  Philip),  and  Western  Australia  (or  Swan  River). 


Capt.  Cook  landed  at  Botany  Bay  ..  1770 

Sydney  founded 1788 

Gov.  Bligh  for  his  tyranny  deposed 
by  an  insurrection 1803 

AUSTRIA.     See  p.  184. 

Trial  by  jury  abolished 1852 

Marriage  of  the  emperor  to  Eliza- 
beth, daughter  of  Maximilian, 
duke  in  Bavaria A pr.  24,  1854 

Alliance  with  England  and  France 
on  the  Eastern  Question. .  .Dec.  2,  1S54 

Degrading    Concordat    with    Koine 

Aug.  18,  1855 

Diplomatic  relations  wi'h  Sardinia 
broken  off  on  ace.  of  attacks  of 
Sardinian  Press March,  1857 

Excitement  on  the  Address  of  Napo- 
leon III.  to  Austrian,  minister. 
Hubner Jan.  1,  1859 

Preparations  for  war  Banks  of  the 
Ticino  fortified... Feb.  and  March,  1859 

Anotrin  demands  that  Sardinia  dis- 
arm. Refused  Apr.  26.  1859 

Austrians  crtm  the  Ticino.. Apr.  26,  1859 


First  Ch.  of  Eng.  Bishop  (Brough ton)  1886 

Melbourne  founded Nov.  1857 

Transportation  suspended 1839 

Transportation  ceased 1853 


French  troops  reach  Genoa..Apr.  27,  1859 
French  emperor  declares  war.. May  3,  1S59 
Austrians  defeated  at  Montebello, 

May  20,  1859 

do  do    Palestro,  May  30-1, 1859 

do  do    Magenta,    June  4,  1859 

do  do    Marignano,June8,  1859 

Death  of  Prince  Metternicb.  set.  86, 

June  11,  1859 
Austrians  def.  at  Solferino,  June  24,  1859 

Armistice  Agreed  upon July  6,  1859 

Emperors   of    France    and    Austria 

meet July  II,  1859 

Preliminaries    of     peace    at    Villa 
Franca,   Lombardy   to   belong   to 

Sardinia  July  12,  1859 

Fruitless    conference   of  envoys  at 
Zurich Aug.  8,  to 'Sept.  1859 


ADDENDA.  733 


B. 

BAALBEC,  OR  HELTOPOLIS,  both  of  which  mean  "  City  of  the  Sun."  An 
ancient  city  of  Syria,  of  which  magnificent  ruins  remain,  described  by  Wood 
(in  1757)  and  others.  Its  origin  (referred  to  Solomon)  is  lost  in  antiquity. 
Antoninus  Pius  is  stated  to  have  built  a  magnificent  Temple  of  Jupiter  here. 
The  city  was  sacked  by  the  Moslems,  A.  D.  748,  and  by  Timour  Bey,  1400. 

BADEN.  (P.  186.)  1852.  Frederic  (born  September  9,  1826),  regent  to  Sept.  5, 
1856,  when  he  was  declared  grand  duke,  and  still  remains  so  (1861).  Heir, 
his  son,  Frederic  William,  born  July  9,  1857. 

BALAKLAVA  (small  sea-port  in  the  Crimea),  Battle  of.  Russians  about  12,000, 
commanded  by  Gen.  Liprandi,  British  by  Lord  Raglan.  In  this  battle  Lord 
Cardigan's  cavalry  made  the  famous  "charge  of  the  light  brigade;"  only 
198  out  of  607  returning  from  the  charge,  Oct.  25,  1854.  Another  engage- 
ment here,  Russians  defeated,  losing  2000,  Allies  losing  600,  March  22,  1855. 
Electric  telegraph  between  this  place  and  London  completed  April,  1855. 

BALLOON.  (P.  187.)  An  Italian  aeronaut  ascended  from  Copenhagen,  in  Den- 
mark, Sept.  14,  1851 ;  his  corpse  was  subsequently  found  on  the  sea-shore  in 
a  contiguous  island,  dashed  to  pieces.  On  June  23,  1859,  Mr.  Wise  and  three 
others  ascended  from  St.  Louis  in  a  balloon.  After  travelling  1150  miles 
they  descended  in  Jeft'erson  county,  New  York,  very  narrowly  escaping  with 
their  lives.  A  monster  balloon,  constructed  by  Mr.  Lowe  lor  the  professed 
intention  of  an  air- voyage  to  Europe,  was  inflated  and  exhibited  at  New  York, 
May  1860,  and  again  in  Pennsylvania,  but  the  weather  or  accident  defeated 
the  project. 

BALLOONS.  EQUESTRIAN  ASCENTS  were  made  by  Green  in  London  in  1850, 
and  stopped  by  law,  1852.  In  France  ascents  on  horses  in  balloons  have 
been  frequently  made  since  1850. 

BALLOT.  Secret  voting  was  practised  by  the  ancient  Greeks.  A  tract  entitled 
"  The* Benefit  of  the  Ballot,"  said  to  have  written  by  Andrew  Marvell,  was 
published  in  England  in  the  "  State  Tracts,"  1693  The  ballot-box  was  used 
in  a  political  club  which  met  in  1659  at  Mile's  coflee-house.  Westminster.  It 
was  proposed  to  be  used  in  the  election  of  members  of  Parliament  in  a  pam- 
phlet published  in  1705.  The  ballot  has  been  an  open  question  in  British 
Whig  governments  since  1835.  On  June  30,  1857,  the  House  of  Commons 
rejected  the  ballot,  257  being  against,  and  189  for  it.  It  became  part  of  the 
electoral  law  of  Victoria,  Australia,  in  1856.  Secret  voting  existed  in  the 
chamber  of  deputies  in  France  from  1840  to  1845,  and  was  employed  also 
after  the  coup  d'etat  in  1851.  In  the  U.  States  the  ballot  is  used  in  all  public 
elections. 

BALTIC  EXPEDITION,  against  Russia,  from  England,  under  Sir  Charles  Napier, 
consisting  of  a  large  fleet,  sailed  March,  1854.  Captured  Bomarsund,  Aug.  16. 
Second  expedition,85  ships,  under  Admiral  Dundas,  with  16  French  ships,  under 
Pernaud,  sailed  April  4,  1855  ;  returned  in  August,  without  important  results. 

BALTIMORE.  (P.  187.)     Population  in  1860,  214,037,  including  2,213  slaves. 

BANKRUPTS  in  ENGLAND.  (P.  189.)     The  number  in  1850  was  1298;  in  1857 

it  was  1488;  in  1858  there  were  1346.    In  Scotland,  there  were  453  in  1857. 

In  Ireland,  73. 
BANKRUPTCY  in  the  U.  S.      A  general  bankrupt  law  was  passed  by  Congress, 

April  4.  1800,  and  repealed  1803.     Another  was  passed  Aug.  19,  1841,  and 

repealed  1843.     See  Commercial  Failures. 


734 


THE  WORLD'S  PKOGIJESS. 


BANKRUPTCY  LAWS  (p.  189)  in  England.  A  Court  of  Bankruptcy  was  first  esta- 
blished 1831.  An  important  act  relating  to  the  subject  was  passed  1849, 
amended  1854,  and  further  discussed  for  amendment  1859. 

BAPTISTS,  U.  S.  A.  (P.  190.)  In  1858  they  had  12,000  churches  with  1,500,000 
members.  In  1762,  they  had  56  churches  only;  1792,  1000;  1812,  2432; 
1832,  5322;  1852,  9500. 

BATTLES.  (P.  192.) 

In  the  British  and  French  (allies)  war  with  Russia: 


Silistria June  13-15,  1854 

Alina Sept  20,  1854 

BalakliiVii Oct.  25,  L-54 

Inkerman Nov.  5,  1854 

Eupatoria  (Turks  and  K.).  .Feb.  17,  1S55 


Sebastopol March  22-4,  1855 

Tchernaya Aug.  16,  1855 

Ma  akott'  taken  by  the  French,  Sept.8,  1855 
Ingour  (Kuss.  and  Turks).. .  Nov.  6,  1855 
Baidar  (Kuss.  and  French). .  .Dec.  8,  1855 


In  British  war  against  mutineers  in  India : 


Cawnpore,    victory    of 


Conflicts    before    Delhi,   May  30  to 

July  23,  1S57 

Havelock's  victories  before   Cawn- 
pore, &c July  12  to  Aug.  16,  1857 

Assault  and  capture  of  Delhi.  Sep- 
tember 16-20,  1857 

Allied  (French  and  Sardinian*}  against  Austrians  in  Italy  : 

Austrians  cross  the  Ticino,  April  27,  1859 

Montebello  (Allies  vict.) May  20,  1S59 

Palestro  do          ....  May  30,  1859 

See  Sardinia,  Naples,  &c. 


Campbell, 
Dec  6,  1857 

Lucknow  taken March  14-19,  1858 

Gwalior  (Rose  victorious). .  June  17,  1858 
Begum  of  Oude  defeated Feb.  10,  1S59 


Magenta   (Allies  vict.)  June  4,  1859 

Malignant)  do          June  8,  Is59 

Solfel-ino  do          June  24,  1859 


Naval  conflict  in  China : 

Mouth  of  the  Peiho June  25, 1859  |  French  and  English  attack  on  Pekin,  1860 

BEDOUINS.  Wandering  tribes  of  Arabs,  living  on  the  plunder  of  travellers,  &c. 
They  profess  a  form  of  Mahommedanism,  and  are  governed  by  sheikhs.  They 
are  said  to  be  descendants  of  Ishmael,  and  appear  to  fulfil  the  prophecy 
respecting  him,  B.  c.  1911,  Gen.  xvi.  12.  They  are  the  scourge  of  Arabia 
and  Egypt. 

BENEVOLENCE  OF  BRITISH  CHRISTIANS.  During  1859  there  were 'contributed 
to  about  thirty  of  the  principal  religious  societies  of  Great  Britain  $1,262,435, 
an  average  of  $82,000  a  week,  over  $11, 000  a  daj-,  and  nearly  $500  an  hour. 
And  yet  this  is  but  a  portion  of  the  amount  given  in  that  country  for  evan- 
gelical and  benevolent  purposes.  The  income  of  the  British  and  Foreign 
Bible  Society  was  $774,530;  of  the  Wesleyan  Missionary  Society,  $645,380; 
of  the  Church  Missionary  Society,  $610,440;  of  the  Religious  Tract  Society, 
$489,490;  of  the  London  Missionary  Society,  $366,440. 

BENEVOLENT  SOCIETIES.  (P.  199.)  The  receipts  of  some  of  the  principal 
benevolent  societies  of  New  York,  for  the  year  ending  April  30,  were : 


1856 

1857 

1858 

1859 

I860 

Amer.  Tract  Society  

$848  049 

'      Bible                  

393,163 

441.805 

890,759 

415,011 

429  799 

'      B.  C.  For.  Miss  

307318 

888,932 

3:34  000 

850815 

435  956 

1      Home  Missionary  Soc    •  •  •  • 

19354* 

178,060 

175  970 

1SS  139 

185216 

1      Sunday  School  Union  

(sales') 

202,426 

234,436 

k      and  For.  Christ.  Union  

'      Bapt.  Home  Missions  Society. 
'      Seaman's  Friend  Society  

'      Soc.  for  Melior.  cond.  of  Jews. 
New  York  St«te  Colonization  Society 
"          Children's  Aid  Society  .... 

10,524 

12,148 

15,662 

17,399 

12,685 

ADDENDA.  735 

BIBLE  SOCIETIES.  The  first  that  ever  existed  was  established  by  some  Roman 
Catholic  prelates,  in  France,  in  1774.  Chambers' 's  Ed.  CL  The  British  aud 
Foreign  Bible  Society  distributed,  during  the  forty-live  years  ending  Jan.  1, 
1851,  more  than  twenty-three  millions  of  copies,  in  one  hundred  and  forty  dif- 
ferent languages. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY,  THE  SCIENCE  OF  BOOKS.  The  following  works  on  this  subject 
are  highly  esteemed :  Peignot,  Manuel,  1823 ;  Home,  Introduction  to  the 
Study  of  Bibliography,  1814;  SCRIPTURAL.  Orme,  Bibliotheca  Biblica,  1824; 
Darling,  Cyclopaedia  Bibliographica,  1854-8;  CLASSICAL,  the  works  of  Fabri- 
cius,  Clarke,  and  Dibdin;  ENGLISH,  Watts'  Bibliotheca  Britannica,  1824; 
Lowndes,  Manual,  1834  (new  edition  by  Bohn,  1857-61);  FRENCH,  Querard, 
1828  et  seq.  As  a  general  work  of  reference,  Brunet's  Manuel  du  Libraire, 
1842,  is  exceedingly  valuable.  The  most  important  work  on  English  and 
American  bibliography  is  Allibone's  Dictionary  of  Authors,  2  vols.  R.  8vo. 
1859-61. 

BILL  OF  EXCEPTIONS.  In  England,  the  right  of  tendering  to  a  judge  upon  a  trial 
between  parties  a  bill  of  exceptions  to  his  charge,  his  definition  of  the  law,  or 
to  remedy  other  errors  of  the  court,  was  provided  by  the  second  statute  of 
"Westminster,  13  Edw.  I.  1284.  Such  bills  are  tendered  to  this  day,  and  the 
practice  is  recognised  in  American  courts  of  law. 

BIRDS.  Divided  by  Linnseus  into  six  orders  (1735) ;  by  Blumenbach  into  eight 
1805);  and  by  Cuvier  into  six  (1817).  The  most  remarkable  works  ever 
published  on  Birds  are  those  by  our  American  Audubon,  and  those  by  John 
Gould  in  England ;  the  latter  will  consist  of  31  folio  volumes  of  colored  plates, 
&c.  Each  set,  bound,  will  cost  about  £500.  Audubon's  great  work  on  Birds 
of  America  was  engraved  and  published  by  him  in  Edinburgh,  in  four  huge 
folios,  about  1835  ;  the  subscription  price  was  $800.  It  was  reproduced  in 
7  smaller  vols.  in  1840,  and  in  the  original  form  in  1859-60  at  New  York. 

BLOW-PIPE.  The  origin  of  this  indispensable  chemical  apparatus  is  unknown. 
It  was  employed  in  mineralogy,  by  Andrew  von  Swab,  a  Swede,  about  1733, 
and  improved  by  Wollaston  and  others.  In  1802,  Prof.  Robert  Hare,  of 
Philadelphia,  increased  the  action  of  the  blow-pipe  by  the  application  of 
oxygen  and  hydrogen.  By  the  agency  of  Newman's  improved  pipes,  in  1816, 
Dr.  E.  D.  Clarke  fused  the  earths,  alkalies,  metals,  &c.  The  best  work  on 
the  blow-pipe  is  by  Plattner  and  Muspratt,  1854. 

BOLIVIA,  a  republic  in  South  America,  formerly  of  Peru,  was  declared  indepen- 
dent, Aug.  6,  and  took  the  name  of  Bolivia,  in  honor  of  General  Bolivar, 
Aug.  11,  1825.  The  insurrection  of  the  ill-used  Indians,  under  Tupac  Amaru 
Andres,  took  place  in  1780-2.  Slavery  was  abolished  in  1836.  General 
Sucre  governed  ably  from  1826-8;  Santa  Cruz  ruled  from  1828  to  1834; 
after  which  many  disorders  occurred.  In  1S53  free  trade  was  proclaimed. 
General  Cordova  president,  1855-7,  was  succeeded  by  Jose  Maria  Lenares. 
Population  in  1855,  2,326,126. 

BOLOGNA.  (P.  208.)  During  the  Italian  war  of  1859,  the  Romagna  threw  off 
the  temporal  sovereignty  of  the  Pope,  and  voted  for  annexation  to  Sardinia. 
On  Oct.  2,  the  provisional  government  at  Bologna  decreed  that  all  public 
acts  should  be  headed  "  under  the  reign  of  Victor  Emmanuel." 

BOOK-TRADE,  UNITED  STATES.  (P.  211.)  The  number  of  new  books  recorded 
as  published  during  one  year  ending  June  30,  1851,  was  1261.  No  accurate 
statistics  have  been  compiled  in  recent  years.  In  1855  the  number  of  new 
works  and  new  editions  recorded  as  then  first  published  in  the  U.  S.  was  about 
2400.  There  are  in  the  U.  S.  (1860)  about  3,000  booksellers  and  400  publishers. 


736  THE  WORLD'S  PROGRESS. 

BOOK-TRADE  of  GREAT  BRITAIN.  (P.  210.)  Number  of  new  publications  in 
1850,  4400.  In  1859  there  were  5507  different  works  entered  for  copyright, 
and  4066  volumes  and  pieces  of  music.  This  is  an  increase  of  700  per  cent, 
on  the  returns  of  1828:  about  400  per  cent,  on  those  of  1836,  and  about  50 
per  cent,  on  those  of  1854. 

BOOK-TRADE,  FRANCE.  (P.  210.)  The  value  of  books  imported  in  1855,  was 
1,829,470  francs.  Value  of  exports,  12,344,855  francs:  increase  of  exports 
since  1851,  30  per  cent. 

BORNEO,  an  island  of  the  Indian  Ocean,  the  largest  in  the  world  except  Austra- 
lia, was  discovered  by  the  Portuguese  in  1526.  The  Dutch  traded  here  in 
1604,  established  factories  in  1776,  and  still  remain  on  the  island.  The  Bri- 
tish chastised  Bornean  pirates  in  1813,  and  again  1843,  and  in  1846  they 
took  possession  of  a  part  of  the  island.  Sir  James  Brooke  being  appointed 
"Rajah  of  Sarawak,"  an  English  bishop  for  the  island  consecrated  at  Cal- 
cutta, Oct.  18,  1855.  Insurrection  of  Chinese  in  Sarawak,  Feb.  18,  1857; 
subdued  by  Brooke,  and  2000  insurgents  killed.  British  government  urged 
to  purchase  Sarawak,  Nov.  1858,  but  declined. 

BOSTON,  U.  S.  A.  (P.  212.)  The  population  in  1850  was  136,881;  in  1855, 
160,508;  in  1860,  177,902.  Free  Public  Library,  a  noble  institution,  first 
opened  1858. 

BOUNDARY  QUESTIONS  between  the  U.  S.  and  England.  The  "  North-East 
Boundary"  between  Maine  and  the  British  possessions,  adjusted  by  the 
Webster- Ashburton  Treaty  at  Washington,  1842.  The  Oregon  Boundary, 
adjusted  by  treaty  at  London,  June  18,  1856. 

BRAZIL.  (P.  216.) 


First  Steam-Ship  line  to  Europe 1850 

Slave  trade  suppressed 1852 


Railways  commenced 1852 

Eio  Janeiro  lighted  with  gas 1854 


BRIBERY  at  Elections  in  England.  (P.  217.)  Borough  of  St.  Albans  disfranchised 
for  bribery,  1852.  Elections  at  Derby  and  other  places  declared  void  by 
bribery  in  1853,  and  at  other  places  1857-9. 

BRIDGEWATER  TREATISES.  The  Rev.  Francis,  Earl  of  Bridgewater,  died 
in  April,  1829,  leaving,  by  will,  £8000  to  be  given  to  eight  persons,  appointed 
by  the  President  of  the  Royal  Society,  who  should  write  each  an  essay  on  the 
power,  wisdom,  and  goodness  of  God  as  manifested  in  the  Creation.  The 
essays  (by  Sir  Charles  Bell,  Drs.  T.  Chalmers,  John  Kidd,  William  Buckland, 
William  Prout,  J.  M.  Roget,  and  the  Revs.  William  Whewell  and  William 
Kitty)  were  published  in  1834-37. 

BRITISH  ASSOCIATION  for  the  ADVANCEMENT  OF  SCIENCE.  It  holds  annual 
meetings,  the  first  of  whiclr  was  held  at  York  in  1831.  One  of  its  main 
objects  is  to  promote  the  intercourse  of  those  who  cultivate  science.  A 
volume  containing  reports  of  the  proceedings  is  published  annually. 

BRITISH  COLUMBIA.  In  June,  1858,  news  came  to  California  that  in  April 
gold  had  been  found  in  abundance  on  the  mainland  of  North  America,  a  little 
to  the  north  and  east  of  Vancouver's  Island.  A  great  influx  of  gold-diggers 
(in  a  few  weeks  above  50,000)  from  all  parts  was  the  consequence.  Mr.  Doug- 
las, Governor  of  Vancouver's  Island,  evinced  much  ability  in  prest-rvin.u; 
order.  The  territory  was  made  a  British  province  with  the  above  title,  and 
placed  under  Mr.  Douglas.  The  colony  was  nominated,  :n»d  the  government 
settled,  Aug.  1858.  For  a  dispute  in  July,  1859,  see  United  Slate?.  (Tables.) 

BRITISH  MUSEUM.  (P.  220.)  In  1846  the  Right  Hon.  Thos.  Grenville 
bequeathed  to  the  Museum  his  library,  consisting  of  20,240  vols.  The 


ADDENDA.  737 

Assyrian  sculptures  and  other  treasures  were  collected  by  Mr.  Layard 
between  1847-50.  In  Nov.  1858  a  large  number  of  antiquities  from  Hali- 
carnassus  were  added,  which  had  been  obtained  by  Mr.  C.  Newton.  See 
Nineveh.  Great  additions  to,  and  improvements  in,  the  buildings  have  lately 
been  made  by  the  munificence  of  Parliament,  independently  of  a  large  annual 
grant  for  scientific  purposes.  A  gigantic  iron  railing,  inclosing  the  frontage, 
was  completed  in  1852.  The  present  magnificent  reading-room  was  opened 
to  the  public.  May  11,  1857.  It  was  erected  by  Sidney  Smirke,  according  to 
a  plan  by  Antonio  Panizzi,  the  present  librarian  (1859),  at  a  cost  of  about 
£150,000.  The  height  of  the  dome  is  106  feet,  and  the  diameter  140  feet. 
The  room  contains  about  80,000  vols.,  and  will  accommodate  300  readers. 
The  library  contains  above  562,000  vols.  exclusive  of  tracts,  MSS.,  &c.  The 
alphabetical  catalogue  was  completed  from  A  to  H  in  May,  1858  in  above 
1000  folio  vols. 

BROOKLYN,  on  Long  Island,  but  really  a  suburb  of  the  city  of  New  York,  in 
1800  had  but  3298  inhabitants;  in  1830  it  had  15,292 ;  in  1855  (then  consoli- 
dated with  Williamsburgh)  it  had  205,250.  In  1860,  it  had  273,425. 

BUDDHISM,  the  religion  formerly  of  India,  and  now  of  a  large  part  of  Asia 
beyond  the  Ganges  and  Japan,  from  which  Brahminism  is  derived.  Buddha, 
or  the  "Wise,  flourished  about  1000  or  1100  B.  c.  The  Buddhists  believe  that 
the  soul  is  an  emanation  from  God,  and  that,  if  it  continues  virtuous,  it  will 
return  to  him  on  the  death  of  the  body ;  but  if  not  virtuous,  it  will  undergo 
various  changes  of  abode.  Buddhism  was  expelled  from  India  about 
A.  D.  596. 

BUENOS- AYRES,  S.  America,  (P.  222.)  The  independence  of  the  province  was 
declared  July  19,  1816,  and  it  was  recognised  in  February,  1822,  as  forming 
part  of  the  Argentine  Confederation ;  but  for  some  years  past  the  country  has 
been  a  prey  to  civil  war  under  various  leaders,  among  whom  were  Oribe, 
Urquiza,  and  Rosas.  The  last  was  defeated  in  battle,  Feb.  3,  1852,  by 
Urquiza,  to  whom  Buenos- Ayres  capitulated,  and  Rosas  fleeing  to  England, 
arrived  at  Plymouth,  April  25,  1852.  General  Urquiza  having  been  deposed 
Sept.  10,  1852.  invested  the  city,  Dec.  28.  He  defeated  his  opponent's  squa- 
dron, April  18,  1853,  but  withdrew  his  forces,  July  13,  and  the  civil  war 
ended.  In  1853,  Buenos- Ayres  seceded  from  the  Argentine  Confederation, 
and  has  been  generally  recognised  as  an  independent  state.  Dr.  D.  Pastor 
Obligado  was  elected  governor,  Oct.  12,  1853.  Dr.  Valentin  Alsina  was 
elected  governor  for  three  years,  May,  1857.  Population  in  1854  about 
350,000. 

BUILDING  SOCIETIES,  for  mutual  benefit  of  persons  of  limited  means  who 
would  build  or  buy  their  houses  economically,  are  said  to  have  originated  at 
Kirkcudbright,  Scotland.  A  large  number  were  organized  in  New  York  in 
1848-49,  but  they  do  not  appear  to  have  been  generally  sustained. 

BURMESE  or  BIRMAN  EMPIRE.  For  the  events  of  war  with  England,  and  of  the 
Burmese  war,  commenced  in  1851,  see  India.  The  province  of  Pegu  annexed 
to  British  empire,  Dec.  20,  1852.  War  declared  at  an  end,  June  20,  1853. 

0. 

CABINET,  U.  S.     See  Administrations. 

CABRIOLET.     One-horsed  cabriolets  (vulgo,  cabs)  were  introduced  in  London  as 


738  THE  WORLD'S  PROGRESS. 

public  conveyances  in  1823,  when  the  number  in  use  was  12.  In  1831  they 
had  increased  to  165.  In  1859  there  were  in  London  5500  cabs  of  which 
about  1500  ply  on  Sundajr.  Hackney-coaches  there  are  now  almost  extinct. 
In  1853  the  legal  fare  was  made  6d.  per  mile.  In  New  York  and  other 
Amer.  cities,  a  clumsy  style  of  cab  was  introduced  in  1844-5,  but  not  being  a 
desirable  shape  they  were  not  popular,  and  soon  disappeared.  Proposals  for 
introducing  a  better  pattern  were  published  by  the  Superintendent  of  Central 
Park,  N.  Y.,  1860. 

CALIFORNIA.  (P.  230.)  In  1831  the  population  (Mexican)  was  estimated  at 
23,000.  By  the  census  of  1850  the  number  was  92,597  ;  by  that  of  1852  it 
was  264,435,  of  whom  only  22,193  were  white  females.  In  1856  the  popu- 
lation was  518,380,  of  whom  336,380  were  Americans;  15,000  Mexicans; 
10.000  Irish  ;  10,000  Germans ;  2000  English,  and  15,000  various  (white) 
nationalities  ;  50,000  Chinese  ;  65,000  Indians.  From  1849  to  1857  inclusive, 
75,301  Chinese  arrived  at  San  Francisco,  of  whom  17,524  returned  during 
the  same  time. 

CALORIC  ENGINE.  First  reduced  to  practice  by  John  Ericsson  in  London  in 
1833,  and  then  considered  a  success,  but  not  made  practically  available  till 
1852.  In  that  year  it  was  introduced  in  a  ship  of  2000  tons  which  it  pro- 
pelled from  New  York  to  Alexandria  in  the  Potomac  and  back  in  very  rough 
weather,  February,  1853.  This  achievement  created  great  excitement  in  the 
scientific  world,  but  the  speed  attained  was  not  commercially  sufficient. 
Subsequently  Ericsson  devised  an  engine  that  for  all  purposes  requiring  a 
moderate  power,  has  proved  entirely  successful,  and  is  now  extensively  used 
in  the  United  States,  Cuba,  Canada,  and  in  many  South  American  and  Euro- 
pean States.  It  is  inexplosive,  entirely  free  from  danger,  consumes  but  little 
fuel,  and  requires  no  water.  Innumerable  motors  have  been  planned  and 
patented  by  men  of  science  during  the  last  hundred  years,  but  the  only  one 
(other  than  steam-engines)  that  has  become  an  article  of  use  and  commerce 
is  Ericsson's  Caloric  Engine,  patented  in  the  United  States,  Dec.  14,  1858. 
It  establishes  an  epoch  in  the  history  of  motive  power. 

CANADA.  (P.  232.)  Ottawa,  formerly  Bytown,  was  appointed  the  capital  in 
1858.  A  regiment  of  the  line  (the  100th)  spontaneously  raised  in  1858.  The 
upper  and  lower  provinces  united  and  designated  Canada  East  and  Canada 
"West.  Sir  Edmund  Head  gov.  gen.  .  Grand  Trunk  Railway  850  miles 
long,  from  Quebec  to  Toronto,  with  branch  to  Portland,  Maine,  opened  Nov. 
12,  1856.  Victoria  Bridge  at  Montreal  completed  1860,  and  opened  with 
great  ceremony  by  the  Prince  of  "Wales,  1860.  Population  in  1852:  Upper 
Canada,  952,004;  Lower  Canada,  890,261.  In  1857  it  was  estimated  thus: 
Upper  Canada,  1,305,923;  Lower,  1,220,514.  The  value  of  exports  in  1857 
was  £6,751,656. 

CANALS.  (P.  233.)  The  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Canal  (Md.),  cost  $10,000,000, 
completed  ;  the  Lachine  Canal,  in  Canada,  3f  miles,  cost  $235,934  per 

mile ;  the  Erie  Canal  cost  $19,679  per  mile. 

CANCER.  A  hospital  to  receive  persons  suffering  from  this  fearful  disease,  was 
founded  by  Miss  Burdett  Coutts,  at  Brompton,  near  London,  on  May  30, 1859. 

CANNON.  (P.  234.)  In  1820  the  maximum  size  of  guns  in  American  forts  was 
a  24-pounder;  in  1850  the  largest  was  10-inch  bore  carrying  balls  of  124  lbs» 
A  vol.  of  reports  of  experiments  in  gunmaking  was  published  by  the  U.  S. 
Ordnance  Department  in  1856.  The  largest  cannon  ever  made  was  one 
made  by  Horsfall,  Liverpool,  for  the  British  government  in  1856.  It  weighed 


ADDENDA.  739 

21  tons  18  cwt.     The  guns  cast  for  the  new  steam  frigates  of  the  U.  S.  were 
invented  by  Capt.  Dahlgreen,  U.  S.  N.,  and  bear  his  name. 

CANTON.  (P.  235.)  In  consequence  of  an  outrage  on  a  British  vessel  the  forts 
guarding  the  city  were  captured,  and  Canton  was  bombarded,  Oct.  29,  1856, 
by  order  of  Sir  J.  Bowring,  who  was  afterwards  censured  by  a  vote  of  ihe 
House  of  Commons.  Canton  taken  by  the  British  and  French,.  Dec.  29, 1857, 
and  Yeh,  the  governor,  was  sent  to  Calcutta  a  prisoner. 

CAOUTCHOUC,  or  INDIA  RUBBER.  (P.  235.)  Goodyear's  first  patent  for  hard 
rubber  as  a  substitute  for  horn  and  tortoise-shell,  for  combs,  paper-knives, 
veneer,  walking-sticks,  was  taken  in  1839.  The  value  of  the  raw  material 
imported  in  1857  was  about  $1,000,000.  Value  of  exports  of  the  manufac- 
tured articles  about  $1,200,000. 

CAPITOL  of  the  UNITED  STATES.  The  corner-stone  of  the  original  edifice  was 
laid  by  Washington,  Sept.  18,  1793.  It  was  burnt  by  the  British  1814; 
restored  1818.  Corner-stone  of  the  new  wings  laid  by  Pres.  Fillmore,  July 
4,  1851.  The  present  structure  is  751  feet  long,  and  covers  3^  acres. 

CARICATURES.  The  modern  caricatures  of  Gilray,  Rowlandson,  (H.  B.) 
(John  Doyle  j^HB),  R.  Doyle  and  J.  Leech  are  justly  celebrated.  The 
well-known  "  Punch"  was  first  published  in  1841.  The  most  eminent  writers 
of  fiction  (Douglas  Jerrold,  Thackeray,  A'Becket,  Professor  E.  Forbes,  &c.) 
have  contributed  to  this  amusing  periodical.  "Vanity  Fair,"  commenced  in 
New  York,  1860,  has  enlisted  some  of  the  best  American  talent  in  this 
department. 

CARNIVAL.  (Carni  vale,  Italian,  i.e.  Flesh,  farewell  /)  A  well-known  festival 
time  in  the  Roman  Catholic  Church,  observed  in  Italy,  particularly  at  Venice, 
about  Shrove-tide  or  beginning  of  Lent.  This  is  a  season  of  mirth  and  indul- 
gence, and  numbers  visit  Italy  during  its  continuance. 

CAROLINA.     See  N:  Carolina,  S.  Carolina. 

CAUCASUS.  (P.  241.)  The  subjugation  of  the  Caucasian  tribes  has  long  been 
the  object  of  the  Russians,  and  seems  now  almost  achieved  by  the  capture  of 
Schamyl  (.Sept.  7,  1859),  who  has  been  honorably  received  by  the  czar. 

CA"WNPORE,  a  town  in  India,  during  the  mutiny  in  1857  was  garrisoned  by 
native  troops  under  Sir  Hugh  Wheeler.  They  revolted  and  were  joined  by 
Nana  Sahib,  who  captured  the  place,  June  26.  and  massacred  great  numbers 
of  the  British  without  regard  to  age  or  sex.  Cawnpore  was  retaken  by 
Havelock,  July  17. 

CAYENNE.  (P.  242.)  Many  political  prisoners  have  been  sent  here  by  the 
French  emperor  since  1852. 

CENSUS,  The,  of  the  U.  States  (p.  243)  is  taken  by  the  general  government  every 
ten  years,  that  of  New  York,  Illinois,  Wisconsin,  and  Florida  is  by  those 
states  taken  decennially  at  intermediate  periods,  thus  giving  returns  every 
five  years.  Other  states  have  different  periods  for  a  census.  See  U.  States. 

CHALDEA,  the  ancient  name  of  Babylonia,  but  afterwards  restricted  to  the  S.  W. 
portion  of  it.  The  Chaldeans  were  devoted  to  astronomy  and  astrology.  See 
Dan.  ii.,  &c. 

CHANCERY,  COURT  OF,  England.  In  1852  two  very  important  acts  were 
passed  to  amend  the  practice  in  the  Court  of  Chancery,  and  relieve  the  suitors 
in  that  court,  and  others  in  1853-55.  In  the  U.S.  federal  courts  equity  and 
law  are  both  administered,  and  this  system  was  adopted  by  the  State  of  New 
York  in  her  Constitution  of  1846. 

CHANCELLORS,  LORD,  England.  (P.  1M.'.) 


740 


THE  WORLD'S  PROGRESS. 


Sir   Thomas    Wilde,    created   Lord             Robert  Mousey  Rolfe,  created  Lord  1852 
Truro 1850        Cranworth 

Sir  Edw.  Sugden,   created  Lord  St.  Sir  Fred.   Thesiger,    created    Lord  1858 

Leonards 1852        Chelmsford 

John,  Lord  Campbell 1859 

CHANTING-.  Chanting  the  psalms  was  adopted  by  Ambrose  from  the  pagan 
ceremonies  of  the  Romans,  about  A.  D.  350.  Lenglet.  Chanting  in  churches 
was  introduced  into  the  Roman  Catholic  service  in  602,  by  Gregory  the  Great, 
who  established  schools  of  chanters,  and  corrected  the  church  song.  Dufres- 
noy.  Chanting  is  now  adopted  by  some  dissenters  (1859).  Haydn. 

CHEMICAL  SOCIETIES.  One  was  formed  in  London  in  1780,  but  its  meetings 
were  not  long  continued.  The  present  society  was  established  in  London  in 
1841.  It  includes  the  most  eminent  chemists  of  the  day,  and  publishes  a 
quarterly  journal. 

CHERBOURG.  Opening  of  the  great  Napoleon  docks,  and  naval  display  in 
presence  of  Queen  Victoria  and  the  English  and  French  courts,  Aug.  4  and 
5,  1858. 

CHICAGO,  ILLINOIS.  The  growth  of  this  place  has  been  of  a  remarkable  and 
extraordinary  character.  In  1831  it  contained  about  a  dozen  families.  The 
"town"  was  organized  by  the  election  of  five  trustees,  1833,  there  being  in 
all  28  voters.  First  census,  1837,  showed  a  population  of  4170.  Population 
in  1850  was  28,269;  in  1855  it  was  83,509  ;  1857,  130,000.  It  is  now  the 
largest  primary  grain  depot  in  the  world.  More  than  100  trains  of  cars 
arrive  and  depart  daily.  Receipts  of  grain  in  1857  were  $21,856,000. 

CHILI,  S.  America,  (P.  248.)  The  present  president  (1859),  Don  Manuel  Moutt, 
was  elected  Oct.  18,  1856.  Population  in  1855,  1,439,120.  Civil  war  was 
going  on  in  1859.  Population  in  1857  was  1,553,458.  Exports  in  1857 
amounted  to  $20,126,461. 

CHINA.  (Page  249.) 

Death  of  Taon-Kwang Feb.  25,  1850 

Rebellion  bleaks  out  in  Quang-si, 

Aug.,  1850 

Rebel  emperor  or  pretender  Tien- 
teh  appears March,  1851 

Rebels  take.  Nankin,March  1 9,  Amoy, 
May  19,  Shanghae,  Sept.  7, 1853 

Rebels  besiege  Canton  unsuccess- 
fully  Nov.  1854 


Canton  forts  taken  by  the   British 


1856 


1857 


1869 


(see  Canton)  ..............  Oct.  8, 

Americans  capture  3  forts  .  .  Nov.  21,  1856 
Chinese  burn  European  factories,  and 

murder  English  sailors  ......  Dec.,  1856 

Lord    Elgin  "  sent    out   as    British 

envoy  ....................  March, 

British    destroy  the   Chinese  fleet, 

June  1,  1857 
British  blockade  Canton  .......  Aug.,  1857 

Canton     taken     by    English     and 

French  ................  Dec.  28-9,  1857 

Yeh,  gov.  of  Canton,  who  is  said  to 

CHLOROFORM.     See  Anaesthetics. 

CHOLERA-MORBUS.  (P.  251.)  In  Sept.  1853,  Newcastle-upon-Tyne,  Hexham, 
Tynemouth,  and  other  northern  towns  of  England,  suffered  much  from  cho- 
lera, and  in  the  autumn  of  ]  854  it  made  great  ravages  in  Italy  and  Sicily  ; 
above  10,000  are  said  to  have  died  at  Naples;  it  was  also  very  fatal  to  the 
allied  troops  at  Varna.  At  London,  in  August  and  September,  it  was  very 
severe  for  a  short  time 


have  beheaded  100,000  rebels,  sent 

to  Calcutta Jan.  1858 

Forts  at  mouth  of  Peiho  captured  by 

the  English  and  French. .  .May  20,  1858 
Treaty  of  peace  signed  by  Keying, 
Lord  Elgin,  and  Bar.Gros,  June  28,  1858 
[Principal  articles :  Ambassadors 
to  be  at  both  courts ;  freedom  of 
trade;   Christianity  to  be   tole- 
rated ;  expenses  of  war  paid  by 
China;     tariff    to    be   revised; 
Chinese  epithet  of  "barbarian" 
no    longer    to    be    applied    to 
foreigners.] 

Mr.  Bruce,  British  envoy,  stopped  at 
the  month  of  the  Pei-ho.  Admiral 
Hope  attempting  to  force  the  pas- 
Sage  defeated,  losing  81  killed,  800 

wounded June  25, 

Pekin  taken  by  the  allied  French 
and  English  forces,  and  the  empe- 
ror's palace  sacked 1860 


ADDENDA.  74] 

CHORUS-SINGING,  is  very  ancient,  and  was  early  practised  at  Athens.  Stesi- 
chorus,  whose  real  name  was  Tysias,  received  this  appellative  from  his  having 
been  the  first  who  taught  the  chorus  to  dance  to  the  lyre,  556  B.C.  Quintil. 
Inst.  Orat.  Hypodicus  of  Chalcides  carried  off  the  prize  for  the  best  voice, 
508  B.C.  Parian  Marbles. 

CHRIST'S  HOSPITAL,  LONDON,  founded  by  Edward  VI.,  1552. 
CHROMO-LITHOGRAPHY.     See  Printing  in  Colors. 

CHRONOLOGY.  The  following  works  are  much  esteemed :  Playfair's  Chrono- 
logy, 1784;  Blair's  Chronology,  1753  (new  editions  by  Sir  H.  Ellis  in  1844, 
and  by  Mr.  Rosse  in  1856).  ''The  Oxford  Chronological  Tables,  1838.  Sir 
Harris  Nicolas'  Chronology  of  History  is  very  useful. 

CHURCH  of  ENGLAND.  (P.  253.)  The  number  of  churches  in  England  for 
Protestant  worship,  in  1851,  was  14,077. 

CHURCH  RATES  in  England  in  1854  amounted  to  £318,200.  Bill  to  abolish 
them  passed  by  the  House  of  Commons  but  defeated  by  the  H.  of  Lords,  1858. 

CINCINNATI,  OHIO.  (P.  254.)  Population  in  1850  was  115,000;  1860,  160,060, 
although  only  70  years  old. 

CINQUE  PORTS,  England,  S.  E.  coast.  They  were  originally  five :  Dover, 
Hastings,  Hythe,  Romney,  and  Sandwich ;  "Winchelsea  and  Rye  were  after- 
wards added.  They  are  governed  by  a  particular  policy  and  are  under  a 
Lord  Warden.  The  Duke  of  Wellington  filled  that  office  from  1828  to  his 
death,  1852. 

CIRCASSIA.  (P.  255.)  By  the  treaty  of  Adrianople,  in  1830,  Circassia  was  sur- 
rendered to  Russia  by  Turkey.  But  the  Circassians,  particularly  under  a 
native  chief  named  Schamyl,  have  ever  since  carried  on  a  war  of  indepen- 
dence with  varying  success  against  the  whole  power  of  Russia.  In  June, 
November,  and  December,  1857,  the  Circassians  were  defeated  by  the  Rus- 
sian governor,  Prince  Orbelliani,  who  also  in  April,  1858,  conquered  a  large 
tract  of  country,  and  expelled  the  inhabitants.  On  Sept.  7,  1859,  Schamyl 
was  captured  by  the  Russians,  and  treated  with  great  respect.  The  Circas- 
sians became  Mahometans  in  the  18th  century. 

CIRCLE.  The  quadrature,  or  ratio  of  the  diameter  of  the  circle  to  its  circum- 
ference, has  exercised  the  ingenuity  of  mathematicians  of  all  ages.  Archi- 
medes, about  B.  c.  221,  gave  it  as  7  to  22 ;  Abraham  Sharp  (1717),  as  1  (and 
72  decimals)  to  3 ;  and  Layny  (1719),  as  I  (and  122  decimals)  to  3. 

CIRCULATING  LIBRARY.  Of  the  subscription  libraries  belonging  to  indivi- 
duals, that  of  Mr.  C.  Mudie,  in  London,  is  the  most  remarkable  for  the  quan- 
tity and  quality  of  the  books,  several  hundreds,  sometimes  thousands  of  copies 
of  a  new  work  being  in  circulation.  It  was  founded  in  1848,  when  the  first 
two  vols.  of  Macaulay  were  published,  for  which  there  was  an  unprecedented 
demand,  which  this  library  supplied. 

CLERMONT  (France),  Council  of.  The  celebrated  council  in  which  the  crusade 
against  the  infidels  was  determined  upon,  and  Godfrey  of  Bouillon  appointed 
to  command  it,  in  the  pontificate  of  Urban  II.,  1095.  In  this  council  the 
name  of  pope  was  first  given  to  the  head  of  the  Roman  Catholic  Church, 
exclusively  of  the  bishops,  who  used  until  this  time  to  assume  that  title. 
Philip  I.  of  France  was  (a  second  tune)  excommunicated  by  this  assembly. 
Henault. 

CLOACA  MAXIMA.  The  chief  of  the  celebrated  sewers  in  Rome,  the  construc- 
tion of  which  is  attributed  to  king  Tarquinius  Prisons  (B.  c.  588),  and  his 
successors. 


742 


THE    WORLD  S   PROGRESS. 


CLOCK.  The  great  Westminster  (London)  clock  set  up,  May  30,  1859.  The 
London  watchmakers  established  the  Horological  Institute  in  1858,  which 
publishes  a  journal.  In  1857,  266,750  clocks  and  88,621  watches  were 
imported  into  the  United  Kingdom.  Clockmaking  of  a  cheap  kind,  on  a 
large  scale,  was  commenced  in  Connecticut  in  18 — .  The  American  watch 
companies,  founded  1850,  at  Waltham,  Roxbury&c,  make  large  quantities  of 
superior  watches. 

CLUBS  in  NEW  YORK  : 


The  Union,  founded  in  Broadway,  183-, 
now  5th  Avenue. 

The  Century,  founded  in  1848  in  Broad- 
way, now  in  15th  St. 


The    Nrw    York,   founded   in    18 —   In 

Broadway. 
The  Athenceum,  founded  in  1859,  Fifth 

Avenue. 


The  Century  and  Athenseum  were  intended  primarily  for  gentlemen  con- 
nected with  literature  and  art.  One  of  the  oldest  in  America  is  the  "Wistar 
Club  in  Philadelphia. 

CLUBS,  FRENCH.  The  first  of  these  arose  about  1782.  They  were  essentially 
political,  and  were  greatly  concerned  in  the  revolution.  The  Club  Breton 
became  the  celebrated  Club  des  Jacobins,  and  the  Club  des  Cordeliers  com- 
prised among  its  members  Danton  and  Camille  Desmoulins.  From  these 
two  clubs  came  the  Mountain  party  which  overthrew  the  Girondists,  in  1793, 
and  fell  in  its  turn  in  1794.  The  clubs  disappeared  with  the  Directory  in 
1799.  They  were  revived  in  1848  in  considerable  numbers,  but  did  not. 
attain  to  their  former  eminence.  They  were  suppressed  by  decrees,  June  22, 
1849,  and  June  6,  1850.  Bouillet. 

COAL.  The  quantity  mined  in  Great  Britain  in  1854  was  stated  to  be  no  less 
than  64  millions  of  tons.  The  amount  exported  in  eight  monthes  of  1858  was 
4,539,708  tons,  of  which  249,995  were  to  the  U.  States.  The  "Statistics  of 
Coal,"  by  R  C.  Taylor,  published  1854,  give  a  full  and  reliable  account  of 
coal  products  in  all  parts  of  the  world. 

COCHINEAL.  The  properties  of  this  insect,  which  derives  its  color  from  feeding 
on  the  cactus,  became  known  to  the  Spaniards  soon  after  their  conquest  of 
Mexico,  in  1518.  Cochineal  was  brought  to  Europe  about  1523.  It  was 
not  known  in  Italy  in  1548,  although  the  art  of  dyeing  then  flourished  there. 
See  Dyeing.  In  1858  it  was  cultivated  successfully  in  the  Teneriffe,  the  vines 
having  failed  through  disease.  The  import  into  England  in  1850,  2.360,000 
Ibs.  In  the  United  States  the  importation  in  1858  amounted  to  $221,332. 

CODE  NAPOLEON.  The  Civil  Code  of  France,  promulgated  from  1803  to  1 810. 
This  was  considered  by  the  emperor  as  his  most  enduring  monument.  It  was 
prepared  under  his  supervision  by  the  most  eminent  jurists,  from  the  400 
systems  previously  existing. 

COFFEE.  Quantity  imported  into  the  U.  States  in  1856  was  240,676,227  Ibs;  in 
1857,  value  of  importation,  $22,386,879;  in  1858,  $18,341,081.  Quantity 
imported  into  England,  in  1843,  was  29,979,404  Ibs;  in  1850,  31,166,358  Ibs.; 
in  1857,  34,367,484  Ibs. 

COINAGE,  U.  S.  (P.  262.)  The  aggregate  coinage  of  the  mints,  from  1793  to 
June  30,  1859,  has  been  $689,189,679.95.  Of  this  amount,  $470,341,478.46 
of  gold,  and  $3,290,368.33  of  silver,  were  derived  from  mines  of  the  United 

States. 

COLONIES.  The  population  of  the  British  colonies  in  all  parts  of  the  world  was 
estimated,  in  1852,  at  182,983,672,  of  which  176,028,672  belong  to  the  East 
Indies. 


ADDENDA. 

COLUMBIA,  DISTRICT  OP.  (P.  265.)  Population  in  1850  was  51,687,  including 
3687  slaves.  In  1860,  Washington  city  had  61,403. 

COMBAT,  SINGLE,  IN  ENGLAND.  It  commenced  with  the  Lombards,  A.D.  659. 
Introduced  into  England,  and  allowed  in  accusations  of  treason,  when  no  other 
evidence  was  produced,  1096.  The  last  combat  proposed  was  prevented  by 
the  king  in  1631. 

COMETS.  (P.  264.)  Donati's  comet,  so  called  from  its  having  been  first  observed 
by  Dr.  Donati,  of  Florence,  June  2,  1858,  being  then  calculated  to  be  228 
millions- of  miles  from  our  earth.  It  was  very  brilliant  in  England  in  the  end 
of  September  and  October  following,  when  the  tail  was  said  to  be  40  millions 
of  miles  long.  On  the  10th  of  October  it  was  nearest  to  the  earth;  on  the 
18th  it  was  near  coming  into  collision  with  Yenus. 

COMMANDERS  IN  CHIEF,  U.  S.  army. 

Jacob  Brown 1821  I  Winfield  Scott 1841 

Alexander  Macomb 1S35  j 

COMMANDERS  IN  CHIEF,  British  Army. 


Duke  of  Monmouth 1674 

Dnke  of  Marlborough 1690 

Duke  of  Schomberg 1 691 

Duke  of  Ormond 1711 

Earl  of  Stair 1744 

Fieldmarshal  Wade 1745 

Lord  Ligonier 1757 

Marquess  of  Granby 1766 

Lord  A.mherst 1778 


Hon.  Geo.  Conway 17*2 

Duke  of  York 1795 

Sir  David  Dundas 1909 

Duke  of  York  again. 1811 

Duke  of  Wellington 1827 

Lord  Hill 1828 

Duke  of  Wellington  again 1842 

Lord  Hardinge  . . . . ; 1852 

Duke  of  Cambridge 1S£6 


COMMERCE.     See  Exports  and  Imports,  Navigation  and  Shipping,  &t. 
COMMERCIAL  FAILURES.     The  circular  of  Dun,  Boyd,  &  Co.  of  N.  York 
gives  the  following  statistics  of  failures  in  the  U.  States : 

1857  1853  1859  1861 

Failures..  4.937  4.225  8,918  8.676 

Amount....  1291,750,000  $95,750,000  $64294,000  $79,807,000 

Of  the  3676  failures  in  1860,  695  are  set  down  as  swindlers;   their  debts 
amounting  to  $10,664,000. 

CONCEPTION,  IMMACULATE,  of  the  Virgin.  On  the  8th  of  September,  1854, 
the  pope  promulgated  a  bull  with  great  solemnity  and  pathos,  declaring  this 
dogma  to  be  an  article  of  faith,  and  charging  with  heresy  those  who  should 
doubt  or  speak  against  it.  The  Conceptionists  were  an  order  of  nuns  in  Italy 
established  in  1488. 

CONCORDANCE.  (P.  268.)  Mrs.  Cowden  Clarke's  Concordance  to  Shakspeare, 
a  remarkable  monument  of  a  woman's  intelligent  and  patient  industry,  was 
completed  in  1844,  after  ten  years'  labor. 

CONFESSIONS  of  Faith,  or  Creeds.  See  Apostles,  Athanasian  and  Nicene  creeds. 
Angsburgh  Confession.  Confession  of  Divines  at  Westminster  agreed  to, 
1643.  Congregational  confession  of  Faith  adopted  in  England,  1833. 

CONNECTICUT.  (P.  270.)     Population  in  1850,  370,792;  in  1860,  460,670. 

COPTS,  in  Egypt,  the  supposed  descendants  of  the  ancient  Egyptians,  mingled 
with  Greeks  and  Persians.  Their  religion  is  a  form  of  Christianity,  derived 
from  the  Eutychians,  a  sect  of  the  fifth  century. 

COPYRIGHT  OF  DESIGNS,  for  Manufactures,  in  ENGLAND,  first  granted  1787 
for  2  months,  extended  in  1794.  Copyright  on  sculpture  conferred  for  14 
years,  1814.  Copyright  on  other  designs  extended  to  12  months,  1839. 
Ormamental  designs,  of  all  kinds  fully  protected,  from  9  mos.  to  3  years,  by 
act  of  1842,  and  still  further,  in  1850." 


744  THE    WORLD'S    PROGRESS. 

COPYRIGHT  OF  BOOKS,  PRODUCE  OF  (P.  274.)  The  most  profitable  copyrights 
in  the  U.  8.  have  been  those  on  school-text-books,  many  of  which  have 
yielded  large  sums  to  the  authors.  Of  literary  and  historical  works  the  most 
profitable  have  been  the  works  of  Prescott,  Bancroft,  Irving,  Longfellow,  and 
Mrs.  Stowe. 

COPYRIGHT,  INTERNATIONAL.  In  England  in  1838  and  1S")2  nets  were  passed 
to  secure  to  authors,  in  certain  cases,  the  benefits  of  international  copyright 
(1  &  2  Viet.  c.  59,  and  15  Viet.  c.  12.),  and  conventions  were  in  conse- 
quence entered  into  with  France,  Russia,  Saxoiry,  &c.  Up  to  1854,  Ameri- 
can and  other  authors  were  (informally)  allowed  a  copyright  in  England 
when  their  works  were  first  or  simultaneously  published  there;  but  the 
House  of  Lords,  in  the  case  of  Jeffrey  vs.  Boosey,  decided  in  1854  that  the 
privilege  should  be  enjoyed  only  by  authors  of  those  nations  which  recipro- 
cated it,  unless  the  author  resides  in  England. 

COPYRIGHT,  U.  S.  (P.  274.)  The  law  of  1831  gives  an  author  exclusive  right 
to  his  works  for  28  years,  and  a  right  of  renewal  to  himself,  his  wife  and 
children  for  14  years  more,  making  42  years  in  all.  No  foreigner  can  secure 
copyright  unless  residing  in  the  U.  S.  So  far'  (Jan.  1861)  the  American 
government  has  refused  or  failed  to  respond  to  the  British  offer  of  recipro- 
city in  literary  copyright.  A  treaty  for  this  purpose  was  framed  by  Mr. 
Everett  in  1854,  but  never  acted  upon. 

COSTA  RICA.  A  republic  in  Central  America  established  in  1848.  It  has  been 
much  disturbed  by  filibusters  from  the  U.  States.  See  Nicaragua  and  Central 
America.  On  Aug.  14,  1 859,  the  President  Juan  Mora  was  suddenly  deposed, 
and  Dr.  Jose  Montealegre  made  president. 

COSTUME.  (P.  277.)  An  attempt  to  introduce  a  semi-masculine  female  costume 
known  as  Bloomers  (from  Mrs.  Bloomer  of  Seneca,  N.  Y.)  was  made  in  184-, 
but  with  very  limited  success.  It  was  overshadowed  by  the  other  extreme, 
the  crinoline,  ascribed  to  the  empress  Eugenie,  originating  a  few  months 
before  the  birth  of  the  heir  to  the  French  throne  (about  1854)  and  still  (1860) 
prevailing,  though  threatened  with  decline. 

COTTON.  (P.  278.)  The  exports  of  cotton  since  1821,  have  thus  advanced 
(stated  in  millions  of  pounds  weight) : 


1821  124  millions,  average  pric«  16  cts. 

1830  298        "  "  "  9    '• 

1840  743        "  "  "  14    " 

1849  1026        "  "  "  6    " 


1850      635        "  "  "11 


1855  109S  millions,  average  price  8  cts. 

1S56  1351        "               "  "        9    " 

1857  1048        "               "  "      12    " 

1858  1113    "      "  "   11  " 
1S59  1386   '•      "  "   11 


.. 


Total  value  of  cotton  exported  in  39  years,  2383  millions  of  dollars.  Value 
in  1859,  161  millions.  The  ratios  of  cotton  imported  by  Great  Britain  in  the 
5  years  1844-9.  were  as  follows:  U.  States  78|  per  cent. ;  India  iO£  ;  Brazil 
7;  Egypt  3i;  TV.  Indies,  &c.  \  per  cent.  In  England  a  cotton  supply  asso- 
ciation to  obtain  cotton  from  Africa,  India,  &c.,  was  formed  at  Manchester 
about  1857.  Lieut.  Burton,  who  explored  the  interior  of  Africa  in  1859, 
states  that  cotton  grows  there  in  great  profusion,  and  a  decent  kind  of 
cotton  cloth  is  manufactured  by  the  natives. 

COTTON  MANUFACTURES,  U.  S.  (P.  278.)  The  number  of  spindles  employed 

in  1840  and  1850  is  thus  stated: 

1S40:  If 50: 

In  5  New  England  states 1.597.894  _  $2.751.073 

In  11  other  states 157,314—       236,480 

COTTON  SPINDLES  in  operation  in  Europe  and  America,  1851.    The  following 
is  the  estimated  number  of  spindles  in  actual  operation:    Great    Britain, 


ADDENDA.  745 

17,000,500;  France,  4,300,000;  United  States,  2,500,000  ;  Zollverein  States, 
815,000;  Russia,  700,000;  Switzerland.  650,000  ;  Belgium,  420,000 ;  Spain, 
300,000;  Italy,  300,000.  Total,  29,985,000. 

COTTON-GIN".  This  invention,  in  1793,  by  Eli  Whitney  of  New  Haven,  gave  an 
extraordinary  impetus  to  the  culture  of  cotton  in  the  U.  S.  It  cleans  and 
prepares  300  Ibs.  per  day ;  by  the  old  mode  only  a  single  pound  a  day  could 
be  cleaned. 

CREDIT  MOBILIER.  A  joint-stock  company  with  this  name  was  established  at 
Paris,  Nov.  18,  1852,  by  Isaac  and  Emile  Pereire,  and  others.  It  takes  up 
or  originates  trading  enterprises  of  all  kinds,  applying  to  them  the  principle 
of  commandite,  or  limited  liabilities,  and  is  authorized  to  supersede  or  buy  in 
any  other  companies  (replacing  their  shares  or  bonds  in  its  own  scrip),  and 
also  to  carry  on  the  ordinary  business  of  banking.  The  funds  were  to  be 
obtained  by  a  paid-up  capital  of  2f  millions  sterling,  the  issue  of  obligations 
at  not  less  than  45  days'  date  or  sight,  and  the  receipt,  of  money  on  deposit 
or  current  account.  The  society  has  apparently  prospered,  but  is  never- 
theless considered  by  experienced  persons  as  a  near  approach  to  Law's  bank 
of  1716,  and  likely  to  end  disastrously.  In  Sept.  1857,  several  of  the  direc- 
tors failed ;  and  in  May,  1858,  no  dividend  was  paid. 

CRIME — NEW  YORK  CITY.  Who  Furnish  our  Criminals  and  Paupers. — A  recent 
publication  states  that  of  the  criminals  in  New  York  city  for  twenty-one 
months,  31.088  were  natives  of  this  country,  while  89,589  were  foreigners; 
of  whom  60,442  were  Irish,  9,488  Germans,  and  4000  English.  Of  28,821 
persons  admitted  to  the  alms-house  in  ten  years,  22,468  were  foreigners; 
15,948  were  Irish.  1,240  Germans,  and  1.297  English.  During  the  same 
time,  of  50,015  admitted  to  Bellevue  hospital,  41,851  were  foreigners.  Of 
4,335  inmates  of  the  lunatic  asylum,  3,360  were  foreigners.  Of  251,344  com- 
mitted to  the  city  prison,  only  59,385  were  natives,  while  86,431  professed  to 
be  members  of  the  church  of  Rome. 

CRIME  IN  ENGLAND.  The  number  of  convictions  by  trial  in  England  and  "Wales 
was,  in 

Persons.  Capital  Offences. 

1849 21,001 66 

1855  19,971 50 

1858 13,246 53 

Since  1848  there  has  been  no  commitment  for  political  offences,  such  as  trea- 
son or  sedition.  In  1856  there  were  2,666  persons  liberated  on  ''tickets  of 
leave."  Expenses  of  criminal  prosecutions  in  1856  were  £194,912. 

CRIMEA,  OR  CRIM  TARTARY.  War  having  been  declared  by  England  and 
France  against  Russia^  March  28,  1854,  large  masses  of  troops  were  sent  to 
the  East,  which  after  remaining  some  time  at  Gallipoli,  &c.,  sailed  for  Varna, 
where  they  disembarked  May  29.  The  expedition  against  the  Crimea  having 
been  determined  on,  the  allied  British,  French,  and  Turkish  forces,  amounting 
to  58,000  men  (25,000  British),  commanded  by  Lord  Raglan  and  Marshal  St. 
Arnaud,  sailed  from  Varna,  Sept.  3,  and  landed  on  the  14th,  15th.  and  16thr 
without  opposition,  at  Old  Fort,  near  Eupatoria,  about  30  miles  from  Sebas- 
topol.  On  the  20th  they  attacked  the  Russians,  between  40  and  50.000 
strong  (under  Prince  Menschikoff),  entrenched  on  the  heights  of  Alma,  sup- 
posed to  be  inassailable.  After  a  sharp  contest  the  Russians  were  totally 
routed.  See  Alma  and  Russo-  Turkish  War.  Peace  was  proclaimed  in  April, 
1856,  and  the  allies  quitted  the  Crimea  in  July  following. 

CRYSTAL  PALACE  IN  NEW  YORK,  built  chiefly  of  iron  and  glass,  in  form  or  a 
cross,  with  a  dome,  was  commenced  Oct.,  1852.  Exhibition  opened  to  the 


746  THE  WORLD'S  PROGRESS. 

public  (Pres.  Pierce  being  present)  August,  1853.  The  building  destroyed  by 
tire,  with  its  contents,  as  exhibited  by  Amer.  Institute,  Sept.,  1859. 

CRYSTAL  PALACE,  HYDE  PARK,  LONDON,  built  for  the  Exhibition  of  the 
World's  Industry  in  1851.  Its  length  was  1851  feet,  width,  408  feet,  with 
additional  projection.  Entire  area,  772,784  square  feet,  or  about  19  acres. 
Building  commenced  Sept.  26,  1850,  and  finished  and  opened  May  1,  1851. 
Closed  to  the  public  Oct.  11,  same  year.  It  cost  £176,030. 

THE  CRYSTAL  PALACE  AT  SYDENHAM,  near  London,  built  chiefly  of  the 
materials  used  in  the  foregoing,  was  commenced  August  5,  1852.  Capital  of 
the  company  £1,000,000,  in  shares  of  51.  each.  Area  of  grounds  300  acres. 
In  its  erection  6,400  men  were  engaged  at  one  time.  It  was  opened  by  the 
Queen,  June  10,  1854.  Great  Handel  festival  held  there,  June  20-4,  1859. 
In  1857  the  receipts  were  £115,627  ;  expenditures,  £87,872. 

CUBA.  (P.  284.)  Second  expedition  of  Lopez,  in  connection  with  Col.  Critten- 
den,  of  Kentucky,  Aug.  1851,  defeated;  Lopez  taken  and  garotted  at 
Havanua,  Sept.  1.  Crittendeu  and  50  companions  shot,  August  16.  Other 
prisoners  sent  to  Spain  and  were  pardoned  by  the  Queen.  Dec.  1851.  See 
Oatend  Conference  A  proposition  to  place  $30,000,000  in  the  hands  of  the 
Pres.  of  the  U.  S.,  with  reference  to  the  purchase  of  Cuba,  was  introduced  by 
Mr.  Slidell,  in  U.  S.  Senate,  1859. 

CUSTOMS— DUTIES,  U.  S.  (p.  285.)  Amounts  collected  during  years  ending 
June  30.  Stated  in  millions  of  dollars,  omitting  fractions. 

1849 23  millions.    1852 47  millions.     1855 53  millions.    185S 41  millions. 

1850. ...39        "  1853. ...58        "  1856. ...64  1859. ...49        " 

1851.... 49        "  1854.... 64        "  1857.... 64  I860.... 

CYMRI,  OR  KIMRI  (from  which  comes  Cambria),  the  name  of  the  ancient  British 
who  belonged  to  the  great  Celtic  family,  which,  coming  from  Asia,  occupied 
the  greater  part  of  Europe,  about  1500  B.C.  About  A.D.  640  Dyvnwal  Moel- 
mud  reigned  "  King  of  the  Cyrnry."  See  Wales. 


D. 

DACIA.  A  Roman  province,  now  part  of  Hungary.  After  many  contests  it  was 
subdued  by  Trajan,  A.D.  106,  when  Decebalus,  the  Dacian  leader,  was  slain 
in  battle. 

DAGUERREOTYPES,  (p  286.)  In  1855  not  less  than  15,000  persons  were 
engaged  in  this  business  in  the  U.  S.  In  1860  the  number  must  be  much 
greater.  The  art  of  photography  on  paper,  however,  is  rapidly  superseding 
the  former  use  of  metal  plates.  See  Photography. 

DALMATIA.  An  Austrian  province,  N.E.  of  the  Adriatic  Sea,  was  finally  con- 
quered by  the  Romans,  34  B.C.  The  emperor  Diocletian  erected  his  palace 
at  Spalatro,  and  retired  there  A.D.  305.  Dalmatia  was  held  in  turns  by  the 
Goths,  Hungarians,  and  Turks,  till  its  session  to  Venice  in  1699.  By  the 
treaty  of  Campo  Formio,  in  1797,  it  was  given  to  Austria.  In  1805  it  was 
incorporated  into  the  kingdom  of  Italy,  and  gave  the  title  of  duke  to  Marshal 
Soult.  In  1814  it  reverted  to  Austria. 

DAMASCUS,  (p.  287.)     Horrible  massacres  of  the  Christians  there  July  9,  1860. 

DANUBIAN  PRINCIPALITIES:  Wallachia and  Moldavia ;  capitals,  Bucharest 
and  Jassy.  These  provinces  formed  part  of  the  ancient  Dacia,  which  was 
conquered  by  Trajan,  about  A.D.  103,  and  abandoned  by  Aurelian  about  270. 


ADDENDA.  747 

For  some  time  after  they  were  alternately  in  possession  of  the  barbarians  and 
Greek  emperors;  and  afterwards  of  ihe  Hungarians.  In  the  1 3 th  century 
they  were  subdued  by  the  Turks,  but  permitted  to  retain  their  religious  cus- 
toms, &e.  In  18 1 2  part  of  Moldavia  was  ceded  to  Russia  The  provinces 
having  participated  in  the  Greek  insurrection  in  1821,  were  attervvards 
severely  treated  by  the  Turks,  but  by  the  treaty  of  Adiianople  in  1829.  they 
were  placed  under  the  protection  of  Russia.  In  June,  1849,  the  Purte 
appointed  as  hospodars,  prince  Stirbey  for  Wallachia,  and  prince  Ghika  for 
Moldavia,  who  retired  from  their  governments  when  the  Russians  crossed  the 
Pruth,  and  entered  Moldavia  in  July  2.  1853.  See  Rnsso-Turkish  War.  The 
Russians  quitted  these  provinces  in  Sept.,  1854,  and  an  Austrian  army 
entered  (by  virtue  of  a  convention  between  the  Sultan  and  Austria)  and 
remained  there  till  March,  1857.  The  government  of  the  principalities  settled 
at  the  Paris  conference,  Aug.  19,  1858. 

DARDANELLES,  PASSAGE  OF  THE.  (p.  287.)  The  allied  English  and  French 
fleets  passed  the  Dardanelles  at  the  Sultan's  request,  Oct.  1853. 

DARK  AGES,  a  term  applied  to  a  period  of  time  called  also  the  Middle  Ages, 
which,  according  to  Mr.  Hallam,  comprises  about  1000  years — from  the  inva- 
sion of  France  by  Clovis,  A.D.  486,  to  that  of  Naples  by  Charles  VIII.  in  1495. 
During  this  time  learning  was  at  a  low  ebb. 

DEAF  AND  DUMB.  In  1851,  there  were  in  Great  Britain,  12,553  deaf  and 
dumb  out  of  a  population  of  20,959,477. 

DECLARATION  OF  INDEPENDKNCE.  The  Mecklenburg  Declaration  of 
Independence  (North  Carolina)  was  passed  in  May,  1775,  two  months  before 
that  drawn  up  by  Jefferson  at  Philadelphia. 

DECIMAL  SYSTKM  of  Coinage,  Weights,  &c  ,  was  established  in  France  in  1790, 
and  shortly  after  in  other  countries.  The  subject  was  brought  befure  the 
English  Parliament  in  1824,  1838,  1843,  1853,  1854,  1855.  The  decimal  cur- 
rency was  adopted  in  Canada,  1858.  International  Decimal  Association 
formed  at  London,  1855. 

DEDICATION.  The  dedication  of  books  was  introduced  in  the  time  of  Maecenas, 
17  B.C.,  and  the  custom  has  been  practised  ever  since  by  authors  to  solicit 
patronage,  or  to  testify  respect.  Maecenas  was  the  friend  and  counsellor  of 
Augustus  Ca?sar,  and  was  so  famous  a  patron  of  men  of  genius  and  learning, 
that  it  has  been  customary  to  style  any  one  imitating  his  example,  the 
Maecenas  of  his  age  or  country.  The  Scriptures  speak  of  the  dedication  of 
the  Tabernacle,  u.c.  1490,  arid  of  the  Temple,  B.C.  1004.  The  Christians 
under  Constantino  built  new  churches,  and  dedicated  them  with  great 
solemnity,  in  A.D.  o31  tt  stq. 

DELAWARE  (p.  289.)  Population  in  1850,  89,242,  and  2,290  slaves;  in  1860, 
110,548,  and  1,805  slaves. 

DELHI,  (p  290.)  May  10.  1857.  a  mutiny  arose  among  the  Sepoy  regiments  at 
Meerut.  It  was  soon  checked  ;  but  the  fugitives  ned  to  Delhi,  combined  with 
other  troops  there,  seized  on  the  city,  and  proclaimed  as  king  a  descendant  of 
the  Mogul,  committing  frightful  atrocities.  Delhi  shortly  alter  was  besieged 
by  the  British,  not  taken  till  Sept,  20.  The  old  king  and  his  sons  soon  after 
captured.  The  latter  were  shot ;  the  former,  after  a  trial,  was  sent  for  life  to 
Rangoon.  See  India,  1857. 

DELPHIN  CLASSICS.  A  collection  of  the  Latin  authors,  originally  made  for 
the  use  of  the  Dauphin  (in  wsum  Dttyhini),  son  of  Louis  XIV,  ediu-d  by 
Huet,  bishop  of  Avranches,  Madame  l)acier.  and  others.  Each  author  is 
illustrated  by  valuable  notes,  with  an  index  containing  every  word  in  the 


748 


THE  WORLD'S  PROGRESS. 


work      The  number  of  volumes  published  was  sixty,  printed  between  1647 
and  1601.  except  Ansonius  in  1750.     A  new  edition   with  additional  notes, 
published  by  Mr.  Valpy  of  London  <jarly  in  the  present  century. 
DEMOCRACY  of  England,  France,  and  the  United  States,  compared  (1850): 


Country.          Pop. 


No. 

Votes. 

England....  17.000.000  630,721 

Wales 850,000    37.S-24 

Scotland....  8.800.000     72.T.'0 
Ireland 8.000,000    98,006 


Votes 

to 

Pop. 
1  in  26 
1  in  23 
1  in  a8 
linSl 


N  Votes 

Pop.         *££  to 

Pop. 

128,650,000     839.371      1  in  42 

France 34,000,000     250.000  1  in  1ST* 

United  States.. 20.01)0,000  2,750,000        1  in 


Country. 
Great  Britain 


DEMOCRATS.     Advocates   for  government  by  the  people  themselves 

peojjle.  and  kratein,  to  govern),  a  term  adopted  by  the  French  republicans  in 
1790  (who  termed  their  opponents  aristocrats  (from  aristos,  bravest,  or  beat). 

DENMARK.  Frederick  VIE.,  son  of  Christian  VIII,  succeeded  to  the  throne 
1849.  Danes  defeat  the  Holsteinersatldstedt,  July  25,  1850.  Friedrichstadt 
bombarded  by  Holsteiners.  Sept.  29-Oct,  6.  1850.  Treaty  of  European 
powers  t\>r  settlement  of  succession  to  Danish  crown.  May  8,  1852  New 
constitution  oflered  by  the  king,  adopted  Oct.  1,  1855.  Sound  dues  abolished 
for  a  compensation,  March  14,  1857. 

DEODAND.  (Latin,  "to  be  given  to  God.")  In  England  formerly  anj'thing  (such 
as  a  horse,  carriage,  &c )  which  had  caused  the  death  of  a  human  being, 
became  forfeit  to  the  sovereign  or  lord  of  the  manor,  and  was  to  be  sold  for 
the  benefit  of  the  poor.  The  forfeiture  abolished  1846. 

DEPUTIES,  CHAMBER  OF.  The  title  given  to  the  French  legislative  assembly, 
from  1814  till  1852,  when  it  took  the  name  of  Corps-Legvslatif. 

DIAMONDS.  The  Kohinoor,  or  "Mountain  of  Light,"  found  at  Golconda  in 
1550,  belonged  to  Nadir  Shah  and  other  Afghan  rulers,  brought  to  England 
and  presented  to  the  Queen,  1850  Its  original  weight  800  carats,  reduced  by 
cutting  to  279  carats ;  in  shape  and  size  like  the  pointed  half  of  a  small  hen's 
egg;  value  about  two  millions  sterling. 

DICE  The  invention  of  dice  is  ascribed  to  Palamedes,  of  Greece,  about  1244  B.C. 
The  game  of  Tali  and  Tersera  among  the  Romans  was  played  with  dice. 

DICTIONARY,  (p.  293.)  The  revised  edition  of  Webster's  Dictionary,  in  one  vol. 
quarto,  was  issued  by  its  present  proprietors  (Messrs.  Merriam)  in  1844-5. 
Worcester's  English  Dictionary,  in  quarto,  was  pub.  1860.  See  Encyclopaedia. 

DILETTANTI.  SOCIETY  OF.  Established  in  1734  by  several  noblemen,  desirous 
of  encouraging  a  taste  for  art  in  Great  Britain.  It  aided  in  publishing  Stuart's 
Athens  (1762-1816),  Chandler's  Travels  (1775-ti),  and  other  works. 

DIPHTHERIA  (from  the  Greek  diphthtra,  a  membrane),  a  disease  developing  a 
false  membrane  on  the  mucous  membrane  of  the  throat.  So  named  by  Bre- 
tonneau  of  Tours,  in  1820.  It  has  been  fatally  prevalent  in  many  parts  of 
the  U.  S.,  particularly  among  children,  1859-60. 

DIPLOMACY  OF  THE  U.  S  (p.  294.)  Since  1850  the  ministers  plenipo.  of  the 
United  States  to  Great  Britain  and  France,  have  been — 

GREAT  BRITAIN.  FKANCK. 

1852  James  Buchanan,  of  Pa. 
1858  James  II.  IniriTso'.l,  of  Pa. 
1856  Geo.  M.  Dallas,  of  Pa. 


1858  John  Y.  Mason.  Va. 
I860  Charles  J.  Faulkner,  Va. 


*  In  France  the  present  emperor  decreed  universal  suffrage  in  1852,  when  he  was  Delected" 
emperor  by  7,824.189  votes  against  253,145  opposed.  In  Savoy,  Tuscany,  Central  Italv,  and 
Naples,  the  people,  in  1S60,  were  allowed  by  Victor  Emanuel  to  vote  in  regard  to  annexation  as 
freely  as  we  do  in  the  U.  b. 


ADDENDA.  749 

By  Act  of  Congress,  1856,  the  salary  of  ministers  plenipotentiary  was  raised 
as  follows:  Min.  Plen.  to  England,  $17,500;  to  France,  $17,500;  to  Russia, 
Spain,  Prussia.  Mexico,  Brazil,  Chili,  and  Peru,  each  $12,000.  The  "  outfits  " 
were  abolished  at  the  same  time.  Ministers  Resident  to  19  other  countries 
are  paid  $7,500. 

DIRECTORY,  NEW  YORK  CITY.  The  earliest  published  was  in  1786:  a  small 
volume  of  eighty-two  pages,  printed  by  Shepherd  Kollock,  Wall  street.  The 
names  of  the  individuals  and  firms  include  about  900,  and  occupy  thirty-three 
pages,  the  remainder  being  filled  with  general  statistics  of  the  city,  United 
States  Government,  Post  Office  regulations,  etc.  In  his  address,  the  editor 
states  it  was  the  "first  directory  ever  attempted  in  this  country."  The  New 
York  Historical  Society  possesses  a  complete  set,  from  its  first  publication. 

DISPENSATIONS.  First  granted  by  Pope  Innocent  III.,  in  1200.  These 
exemptions  from  the  law  and  discipline  of  the  church  led  eventually,  with 
indulgences,  absolutions,  and  remissions  of  sins,  to  the  Reformation  in  Ger- 
many, in  1517,  and  subsequently  to  that  in  England,  1534  et  seq. 

DIVINE  RIGHT  OF  KINGS,  the  absolute  and  unqualified  claim  of  sovereigns  to 
the  obedience  of  their  subjects,  was  defended  in  England  by  many  persons  of 
otherwise  opposite  opinions,  e.  g.  by  Hobbes,  the  free-thinker,  in  1642,  and 
by  Sir  Robert  Filmer,  in  his  Patriarchy  in  1860,  and  by  the  High  Church 
generally. 

DIVORCE  FOR  ADULTERY.  In  England  the  bill  to  prevent  women  marrying 
their  seducers  was  brought  into  Parliament  in  1801.  In  April,  1853,  the 
commissioners  on  the  law  of  divorce  issued  their  first  report.  The  above 
mentioned  act  was  amended  by  acts  passed  in  1858  and  1859,  in  consequence 
of  the  increase  of  the  business  of  the  court. 

In  this  country,  adultery  is  a  ground  of  divorce  in  all  the  states.  In  Mass., 
Maine,  and  New  Jersey,  wilful  desertion  for  five  years,  and  in  some  other 
states,  desertion  for  two  and  three  years,  and  some  other  causes,  are  ground 
for  divorce.  Divorce  has  been  granted  most  frequently  in  Vermont,  Conn., 
and  Indiana. 

DUBLIN  INDUSTRIAL  EXHIBITION,  opened  by  the  lord  lieut,  May  12,  1853 ; 
closed  Nov.  1,  same  year. 

DUELLING,  (p.  300.)  Duel  between  the  duke  of  Wellington  and  the  earl  of 
Winchelsea,  March  21,  1829 ;  fifteen  noted  duels  have  since  occurred  in  Eng. 
The  most  noted  American  affairs  of  the  kind  were  these :  two  during  the 
Revolution,  viz.,  Gen.  Charles  Lee  and  Col.  Jno.  Laurens ;  and  Gen.  Cad- 
wallader  and  Conway  (1778);  Gen.  Greene  was  challenged  by  a  Capt.  Gunn, 
of  Geo.,  but  refused  to  fight,  and  his  refusal  was  approved  by  Washington. 
Gen.  Hamilton  killed  by  Aaron  Burr,  July  11,  1804.  Com.  Decatur  killed  by 
Com.  Barren,  Mar.  22, 1820.  Henry  Clay  encountered  John  Randolph,  April  8, 
1826.  Gen.  Jackson  killed  Mr.  Dickinson,  and  had  other  duels.  Col.  Ben- 
ton  killed  a  Mr.  Lucas,  and  had  other  duels.  Cilley,  of  Maine,  killed  by 
Graves,  of  Kentucky  (both  mem.  of  Cong.),  1838.  Dewitt  Clinton  exchanged 
five  shots  with  John  Swartwout,  1802.  See  Millingen's  Hist,  of  Duelling, 
and  Sabine's  Notes  on  Duels,  1855. 

E. 

EAGLK.  (p.  301.)  An  ancient  coin  of  Ireland,  made  of  a  base  metal,  and  current 
in  the  first-years  of  Edward  I.,  about  A.D.  1272.  The  American  gold  coinage 
of  eagles,  half-eagles,  and  quarter-eagles,  began  Dec.  6,  1792  ;  an  eagle  is  of 
the  value  of  ten  dollars. 


750 


THE  WORLD'S  PROGRESS. 


EAST  INDIA  COMPANY.  (Brit.)  Chartered  originally  by  queen  Elizabeth,  in 
1600,  with  a  capital  of  £30,000,  was  rechartered  and  extended  its  operations 
until  in  1856  it  maintained  a  military  force  at  an  annual  expense  of  more 
than  £10,000,000.  By  the  act  of  Parliament,  "  for  the  better  government  of 
India,"  Aug.  2,  1858,  the  Company's  jurisdiction  in  India  was  surrendered  to 
the  queen.  See  India. 

EARTHQUAKES,  (p.  303.)  An  elaborate  catalogue  of  Earthquakes,  with  com- 
mentaries on  the  phenomena,  by  R.  P.  W.  Mallett,  was  published  by  Brit. 

Association,  1858-9. 


Earthquake  at  Capo  Haytien,  St.  Domingo, 

5,000  lives  lost,  May  7,  1842. 
At  Ehodes  and  Macii.  mountain  crushing 

a  village,  600  lives  lost,  March,  1851. 
At  Valparaiso.  400  houses  destroyed,  April 

2,  1851. 
In  South  Italy,  Melfi  destroyed,  14,000  lives 

lost,  Aug.  14.  1S51. 
At  Phillipine  isles,  Manilla  nearly  destr. 

Sept-Oct.,  1852. 

N.  W.  of  England,  slight,  Nov.  9, 1S52. 
Thebes  in  Greece,  nearly  dest.f  Sept.,  1853. 


St.  Salvador,  8.  America,  destroyed,  April 

16,  1854. 
Onasaca,  in  Japan ;    Simoda,  in  Niphon, 

nearly  dest.,  Dec.  23,  1854. 
Jeddo  nearly  destroyed,  Nov.  11,  1855. 
Island  of  Sander  (Moluccas),  3,000  lives 

lost,  March  12,  1856. 
In     Calabria,    several    towns    destroyed, 

22,000  lives  lost,  Dec.  16,  1856. 
Corinth,  nearly  destroyed,  Feb.  21,  1S58. 
Quito ;  much  injured,  and  5,000  livea  lost, 

March  29,  185ft 


EDDYSTONE  LIGHT-HOUSE,  off  the  port  of  Plymouth,  first  built  1696; 
destroyed  by  tempest.  1703;  rebuilt,  170-6  ;  burnt,  1155;  rebuilt  by  Smeaton 
and  finished,  Oct.  9.  1759,  and  his  structure  still  stands,  1861. 

EDINBURGH  UNIVERSITY.  Founded  by  James  VI.  (I.  of  Eng),  1582. 
New  buildings  erected  1789.  Lord  Brougham's  discourse  as  Chancellor  of 
the  Univ.,  1860. 

EDUCATION.  Some  of  the  most  noted  educational  theorists  were  Fenelon  and 
Rousseau,  in  France,  18th  century;  Basedon,  Walke,  and  Pestalozzi  (Swiss), 
Fellenberg,  Jacotot,  and  others,  in  Germany ;  Joseph  Lancaster  (d.  1839),  in 
England. 

In  Prussia,  all  children  from  7  to  14  are  compelled  by  law,  and  under 
penalty,  to  attend  school ;  but  this  governmental  system  does  not  appear 
greatly  to  advance  practical  civilization  and  progress  among  the  people. 

In  France,  a  national  system  was  adopted  by  Guizot,  in  1833,  from  reports 
of  the  Prussian  system  by  Cousia. 

EDUCATION  IN  ENGLAND,  (p.  306.)  See  Oxford,  Cambridge,  and  Eton.  lu 
the  reign  of  queen  Anne  numerous  "  Chanty  "  schools  were  founded,  and 
many  others  by  "  Society  "  effort,  in  1641  et  seq.  Jos.  Lancaster  started  his 
"Monitorial"  system,  1186,  and  originated  the  Brit  and  For.  School  Soc.t 
1808.  The  Gov.  grant  of  £20,000,  in  }834,  for  public  education,  was 
increased  to  £150.000  in  1852.  and  £450,900  in  1856.  In  1851  there  were 
2,466,481  day  scholars.  Educational  Conference,  June  22,  1857,  prince  Albert 
presiding.  Industrial  School  Act  passed  1857. 

EDUCATION  IN  THE  LT.  S.  has  been  largely  promoted  and  systematized  since 
1835,  by  the  efforts  and  publications  of  Horace  Mann,  Henry  Barnard,  Dan 
P.  Page,  Alonzo  Potter,  Barnas  Sears,  and  others.  See  Colleges  and  Schools. 

ELECTRIC  CLOCK  AND  BALL.  Alexander  Bain,  of  London,  is  said  to  have  first 
conceived  the  idea  of  working  clocks  by  electricity  in  1837;  his  clocks,  as 
well  as  those  of  Mr.  Shepherd,  appeared  in  the  exhibition!  of  1851.  An  elec- 
tric clock  with  four  dials,  illuminated  at  night,  was  set  up  in  front  of  the  office 
of  the  Electric  Telegraph  Company,  in  the  Strand,  London,  July,  1852.  A 
time  ball  was  set  up  by  Mr.  French,  in  Cornhill,  in  1856.  A  time  ball  ecn- 


ADDENDA.  751 

nected  with  the  observatory  at  Albany,  placed  on  the  Custom  House,  New 
York,  1860. 

ELECTRICITY,  (p  308.)  Oersted's  discovery  of  electro-magnetism,  1820.  Far- 
raday  (Loud)  discovered  magnet-electricity  in  1831,  and  published 
"Researches,"  in  o  vols.,  1833-55.  Sir  Win.  Snow  Harris  received  £5.000 
for  his  invention  of  lightning  conductors  for  ships.  Important  contributions 
to  the  knowledge  of  electricity  and  its  uses,  have  been  made  by  Prof.  Jos. 
Henry  and  Prof  Page,  of  Washington,  Prof.  Draper,  of  New  York,  &c. 

ELECTRIC  TELEGRAPH,  (p.  308.)  Prof.  Morse's  services  to  the  world  as  the 
originator  of  the  practical  application  of  electro-magnetism  to  telegraphing, 
were  acknowledged  by  the  French  government  in  1859.  by  the  voluntary  pre- 
sentation to  him  of  £80,000(7);  and  by  public  honors  and  rewards  from 
other  governments  of  Europe  in  1860. 

ELECTRIC  TELEGRAPH  LINES.  In  1860,  in  America,  45,000  miles;  in  England, 
10.000;  in  France,  8,000;  in  Germany  and  Austria.  10,000;  in  Prussia, 
4,000;  in  Russia,  5,000;  in  the  rest  of  Europe,  7,650;  in  India,  5,000;  in 
Australia,  12,000;  elsewhere,  500.  Total  in  1858,  96,850.  Over  all  the  lines 
in  the  United  States  the  number  of  messages  per  year  is  estimated  at  4,000,000. 
It  is  supposed  that  a  telegraph  could  be  laid  around  the  globe  for  less  than 
half  the  cost  of  the  Erie  railroad.  See  Submarine  Telegraph. 

ELECTRO-MAGNETISM.  The  electro-magnetic  force  was  applied  by  M.  Bre- 
guet  of  Paris,  in  the  manufacture  of  theodolites  and  the  finer  kind  of  mathe- 
matical instruments  in  1855. 

ELECTRO-PLATING.  Carried  to  great  perfection  by  Elkinton  and  Mason,  of 
Birmingham,  England,  and  the  process  has  been  introduced  successfully  into 
New  York,  1858-9. 

ELECTRO-TINT.  Mr.  Palmer,  of  Newgate  street,  London,  has  patented  an 
invention  by  which  engravings  may  not  only  be  copied  from  other  engraved 
plates,  but  the  engraving  itself  actually  produced  by  electrical  agency.  There 
are  several  processes  by  which  this  is  accomplished,  one  of  which,  also  pro- 
tected by  a  patent,  Mr.  Palmer  called  Glyphography  (about  1842). 

EMIGRATION  FROM  GREAT  BRITAIN,  (p.  309,)  increased  from  129,851,  in  1846, 
to  335,000  in  1851,  and  368,000  in  1852;  and  then  fell  off  as  follows:— in 
1853,  329,000;  in  1855,  176,000;  in  1857,  212,000. 

About  three-fifths  of  this  emigration  is  to  the  United  States  ;  one-eighth  to 
Brit.  America  ;  remainder  to  Australia. 

EMIGRATION  TO  THE  UNITED  STATES.  The  total  number  of  alien  immigrants 
who  arrived  in  the  U.  S.  from  1819  to  1856,  was  4,212,624.  From  1784  to 
1819,  the  number  did  not  probably  exceed  150,000:  in  all,  say  5,000,000 
arrived  from  1784  up  to  January,  1859.  Of  this  number  about  2,600,000 
came  from  Great  Britain  and  Ireland ;  1,600,000  from  Germany ;  200,000  from 
France;  50,000  from  Sweden  and  Norway;  40,000  from  Switzerland,  and 
18  000  from  Holland. — Appletorfs  Cycle. 

ENCYCLOPEDIA.  (P.  310.)  The  Iconographic  Cyclopedia,  6  vols.,  based  on  a 
German  work,  published  at  New  York,  1853^4.  The  English  Cyclopedia 
(Charles  Knight),  based  on  the  Penny  Cyclopedia,  1855-60.  The  8th  edition 
of  Enc.yclop.  Britannica  completed  1860.  Appleton's  Cyclopedia,  1857-62 
(N.  York). 

EPIC  POB^LS  (from  Greek  epos,  a  song)j  narratives  in  verse.  Some  of  the  most 
famous  are : 


752 


THE  WORLD'S  PROGRESS. 


Homer's  "Iliad"  and  "Odyssey" 
(Greek),  between  8th  and  9th  cen- 
tury, before  Christ. 

Virgil's  "JEneid"  (Latin),  about  B.C.      19 

Ovid's  "Metamorphoses"  (Latin), 

about  A.D.  1 

Dante  (died  1821)  "Divina  Comine- 
dia"  (Italian) A.D.  1472 


Ariosto, "  Orlando  Fnrio8o"(Ital.)  A.D.  1516 
Camoens.  "Lns-iad"  (Porti-gneee). ..  1569 
T:isso,  "Jerusalem  Deliveied"(Ital.)  1581 

Milton,  "  Paradi.se  Lost" 1667 

Voltaire,  "Henriade"  (French) 172S 

"Walter    Scott,     "Lay    of   the    Last 
Minstrel" 1S05 


The  chief  American  epic  which  has  hitherto  been  recognised  as  at  all  worthy 
of  a  national  fame  is  Barlow's  "  Columbiad." 

EPIPHANY.  The  feast  of  the  Epiphany  (Jan.  6),  called  Twelfth  Day,  celebrates 
the  arrival  of  the  wise  men  of  the  East,  and  the  manifestation  to  the  world  of 
the  Saviour,  by  the  appearance  of  a  blazing  star,  which  conducted  the  Magi 
to  the  place  where  he  was  to  be  found.  Instituted  A.D.  813.  Wheattey. 
Pardon  says,  "  The  heathens  used  this  word  to  signify  the  appearance  of  theii 
gods  upon  the  earth,  and  from  the  heathens  the  Christians  borrowed  it " 

EPITAPHS.  They  were  used  by  the  ancient  Jews,  Greeks,  Romans,  and  others. 
Mr.  T.  J.  Pettigrew  has  published,  in  England,  a  collection  called  Chronicles 
of  the  Tombs,  in  1857. 

ERASTIANISM,  a  term  applied  to  the  opinions  of  Thomas  Lieber  (latinized 
Erastus),  a  German  physician  (1523-84)  who  taught  that  the  Church  had 
no  right  to  exclude  any  person  from  the  ordinances  of  the  Gospel,  or  to  inflict 
excommunication. 

ERASURES.  In  England,  by  order  of  Sir  John  Romilly,  Master  of  the  Rolls  in 
1855,  no  document  corrected  by  erasure  with  the  knife  is  to  be  henceforth 
received  in  the  Court  of  Chancery.  The  errors  must  be  corrected  with 
the  pen. 

ETHIOPIA.  The  name  was  applied  anciently  rather  vaguely  to  countries  the 
inhabitants  of  which  had  sun-burnt  complexions,  in  Asia  and  Africa ;  but  is 
now  considered  to  apply  properly  to  the  modern  Nubia,  Sennaar,  and 
northern  Abyssinia.  Many  pyramids  exist  at  Napata,  the  capital  of  Meroe, 
the  civilized  part  of  ancient  Ethiopia. 

the    Ethiopian 


Ethiopia  invaded  by  Cambyses  with- 
out success  between B.C.  322-825 

Candace,  Queen  of  Meroe,  advancing 
against  the  .Roman  settlements  at 
Elephantine,  defeated  and  subdued 
by  Petronius A.D.  22-28 


Zerah,  the    Ethiopian    defeated  by 

Aza B.C.  941 

A  dynasty  of  Ethiopian  kings  reigned 

over  Egypt  from B.C.  765-715 

Terhakah,  king  of  Ethiopia,  marches 

against  Sennacherib B.C.    710 

ETHNOLOGY.  The  study  of  the  relations  of  the  different  divisions  of  mankind 
to  each  other.  It  is  of  recent  origin.  Balbi's  Ethnographic  Atlas  was  pub- 
lished in  1826,  and  Dr.  Prichard's  great  work,  Researches  on  the  Physical  His- 
tory of  Mankind,  1841-7.  The  London  Ethnological  Society,  established  in 
1843,  publishes  its  transactions.  -Dr.  R.  S.  Latham's  works,  on  the  Ethno- 
logy of  the  British  Empire,  appeared  in  1851-2.  The  American  Ethnolo- 
gical Society  was  founded  in  New  York  in  184-.  Albert  Gallatin  was  its 
first  president.  It  has  published  3  or  4  vols.  of  "  Transactions."  The  works 
of  Schoolcraft  on  the  history  of  American  Indians  are  copious  and  valuable. 
The  belief  in  the  original  unity  of  the  human  race  has  been  opposed  in  the 
works  of  Nott  and  Gliddon  (Ethnological  Researches),  Agazziz  and  others, 
1854-9. 

ETNA,  MOUNT  (Sicily).  Here  were  the  fabled  forges  of  the  Cyclops.  Eruptions 
are  recorded  by  Thucydides  as  occurring  734,  477,  and  425  B.C.  Eruptions 
occurred  125,  121,  and  43  5.0.  Livy.  Again  A.D.  40,  254,  420.  Carrera. 
Awful  one  which  overwhelmed  Catania,  when  16,000  persons  psrisbsd,  1169. 


ADDENDA. 


753 


Many  others  are  recorded  since,  the  worst  being  in  1669,  1830,  1832,    and 
1852,  which  were  all  disastrous  and  fatal. 

ETEURIA,  or  Tuscia,  hence  the  modern  name  Tuscany,  an  ancient  province  of 
Italy,  whence  the  Romans  in  a  great  measure  derived  their  laws,  customs, 
and  superstitions.  Herodotus  asserts  that  the  country  was  conquered  by  a 
colony  of  Lydiaus.  It  was  most  powerful  under  Porsena  of  Clusium,  who 
attempted  to  reinstate  the  Tarquins,  506  B.C.  Yeii  was  taken  by  Camillus 
in  396  B.C.  A  truce  between  the  Romans  and  Etruscans  for  forty  years  was 
concluded,  351  B.C.  The  latter  and  their  allies  were  defeated  at  the  Vadi- 
monian  Lake,  283  B.C.,  and  totally  lost  their  independence  about  265  B.C. 
The  vases  and  other  works  of  the  Etruscans  still  remaining  show  the  degree 
of  civilization  to  which  they  had  attained.  See  Tuscany.  Etruria,  the  site 
of  Mr.  Wedgewood's  porcelain  works,  was  founded  1771. 

EVANGELICAL  ALLIANCE,  England,  founded  by  Sir  Culling  Eardley  Smith 
and  others  in  1845,  with  the  view  of  promoting  unity  among  all  denomina- 
tions of  Christians.  It  holds  annual  meetings.  It  met  Sept.  1857  at  Berlin, 
in  1858  at  Liverpool ;  1859  at  Belfast. 

EXCHEQUER  BILLS.  In  England  the  government  securities  so  called,  were  first 
issued  in  1697,  and  first  circulated  by  the  bank  in  1796.  About  £20,000,000 
of  these  are  often  in  circulation. 

EXCISE  Revenue  in  Great  Britain  in  1855,  £16,389,486;  in  1858,  £17,902,000. 
(See  p.  316.) 

EXTENSION  of  TERRITORY  of  U.  S.  Since  the  formation  of  the  government  in 
1787,  the  following  additional  territory  has  been  acquired : 


Square 


Square  Miles 


599.599,  Louisiana.  <fcc.,  by  purchase 

of  France,  for  $15,000,000 ..  1808 
66,900,  Florida,  by  treaty  with  Spain 

cost  $6.489.000 1820 

818,000,  Texas,   by  annexation,  ten- 
dered by  its  people 1845 


808,052,  Oregon,  settled  by  the  treaty 

with  Great  Britain 1846 

California,  by  treaty  with 

Mexico 1848 

550,445,  \  Mesilla  Valley  (Arizona), 
by  purchase  of  Mexico 
for  $10,000,000 1858 


EXHIBITION  of  1851,  in  London.  See  Crystal  Palace.  This  exhibition  ori- 
ginated with  the  Society  of  Arts ;  Prince  Albert,  President.  It  was  started 
by  a  royal  commission,  appointed  Jan.  3,  1850.  The  Crystal  Palace,  designed 
by  Paxton,  begun  Sept.  1850,  and  the  exhibition  was  opened  by  the  Queen, 
May  1,  1851.  The  No.  of  exhibitors  exceeded  17,000.  Number  of  visitors 
6,170,000,  averaging  43,000  daily.  Largest  No.  in  one  day,  109,760.  Exhi- 
bition open  144  days.  Amount  of  entrance  fees  £505,107.  Net  profits 
£150,000. 

EXPORTS  AND  IMPORTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES,  years  ending  June  30, 


1851 

1852 

1858 

1854 

1855 

Exports 
Imports 

218  millions. 
216        " 

209  millions. 
212        " 

280  millions. 
267 

278  millions. 
304 

275  millions. 
261        " 

1856 

1857 

1858 

1859 

1860 

Exports 
Imports 

826  millions. 
314 

862  millions. 
860 

824  millions. 

282 

856  millions. 
38S        " 

millions. 
u 

EXPORTS  OF  GREAT  BRITAIN.  (P.  318.)  Total  exports  in  1850,  £175,126,706. 
In  1851,  £190,397,810.  Exports  of  British  and  Irish  produce,  in  1856, 
£115,826,948.  In  1857,  £122,155,257. 

22* 


754  THE  WORLD'S  PROGRESS. 


F. 

FALKLAND  ISLANDS.  A  group  of  islands  in  the  South  Atlantic,  belonging  to 
Great  Britain,  Seen  by  Americus  Vespucius;  visited  by  Davis,  1592.  Taken 
possession  of  by  France,  1763;  French  expelled  by  the  Spaniards,  and  iu 
]771  Spain  gave  up  the  sovereignty  to  England.  A  colony  from  Buenos 
Ayres  settled  at  Port  Louis,  which  was  destroyed  by  Americans  1831.  In 
1833  the  British  flag  was  hoisted  at  Port  Louis,  and  a  British  officer  has  since 
resided  there. 

FARTHINGS.  One  of  the  earliest  of  the  English  coins.  Farthings  in  silver 
were  coined  by  King  John  ;  the  Irish  farthing  of  his  reign  is  of  the  date  of 
1210.  Farthings  were  coined  in  England  in  silver  by  Henry  VIII.  First 
coined  in  copper  by  Charles  II.,  1665  ;  and  again  in  1672,  when  there  was  a 
large  coinage  of  copper  money.  Half-farthings  were  first  coined  in  the  reign 
of  Victoria,  1843. 

FASTS.  (P.  319.)  Fast-days  are  appointed  by  the  Reformed  Churches  in  times  of 
war  and  pestilence.  The  British  gov.  appointed  a  fast,  March  21,  1855,  for 
the  Russian  war,  and  Oct.  7,  1857,  for  the  Indian  mutiny.  Pre8  Buchanan 
appointed  a  public  fast  on  account  of  threatened  secession  of  slave  states, 
which  was  observed  Jan.  4,  1861. 

FEEJEE  ISLAND?,  or  FIJI,  in  the  Pacific  Ocean.  There  are  80  inhabited 
islands,  the  largest  about  360  miles  in  circumference,  with  20,000  inhabitants. 

FILIBUSTERS.  A  name  given  to  the  freebooters  who  plundered  the  coasts  of 
America  in  the  17th  century.  See  Buccaneers.  It  was  applied  to  Walker 
and  other  adventurers  from  the  United  States,  who  within  the  last  few  years 
endeavored  to  obtain  possession  of  Central  America  and  Cuba.  See  Nica- 
ragua. 

FINLAND,  a  Russian  principality,  was  conquered  by  the  Swedes  in  the  middle 
of  the  12th  century,  who  introduced  Christianity.  It  was  several  times  con- 
quered by  the  Russians  (1714,  1742,  and  1808),  and  restored  (1721  and 
1743) ;  but  in  1809  they  retained  it  by  treaty.  See  Abo. 

FIRE-ESCAPES.  In  England  the  Royal  Society  for  the  Protection  of  Life 
from  Fire  was  first  established  in  1836  ;  its  object  was  not  fully  attained  till 
1843,  when  it  was  re-organized,  beginning  with  six  escape  stations  in  Lon- 
don ;  in  March,  1859,  it  possessed  67.  In  1858,  504  fires  had  been  attended, 
and  57  persons  rescued  by  the  Society's  officers.  In  New  York  city  the 
necessity  for  effectual  means  of  escape  from  fires  in  large  buildings  was  sadly 
shown  by  the  loss  of  life  by  fires  in  tenement  houses,  1859-60.  Two  or 
three  different  fire  escapes  were  exhibited  in  the  autumn  of  1860. 

FIRE  WORSHIPPERS.     See  Par  sees. 

FIRE  ANNIHILATORS.  An  article  so  called  was  exhibited  in  New  York,  185-, 
but  its  practical  usefulness  has  not  been  demonstrated. 

FLAG.  See  American  Flag.  The  flag  acquired  its  present  form  in  the  sixth 
century  in  Spain ;  it  was  previously  small  and  square.  Ashe.  The  flag  is 
said  to  have  been  introduced  there  by  the  Saracens,  before  which  time  the 
ensigns  of  war  were  extended  on  cross  pieces  of  wood.  Pardon.  The  term 
flag  ia  more  particularly  used  at  sea,  to  denote  to  what  country  a  ship 
belongs.  The  honor-of-the  flag  salute  at  sea  was  exacted  by  England  at  a 
very  early  date,  but  it  was  formally  yielded  by  the  Dutch  in  A.D.  1673.  at 
which  period  they  had  been  defeated  in  many  actions.  Louis  XIV.  obliged 


ADDENDA. 


7oo 


the  Spaniards  to  lower  their  ting  to  the  French.  1080.  HevanU.  After  an 
engagement  of  three  hours  between  Tourville  and  ihe  Spanish  Admiral  Papa- 
chin,  the  latter  yielded  by  tiring  a  salute  of  nine  guns  to  the  French  flag, 
June  4.  1688.  The  Mate  of  >.  Carolina  passed  an  ordinance  of  scression 
from  the  United  States,  Dec.  20,  ItSGU.  and  adopted  the  palmetto  tree  as  a 
device  for  her  Hag  as  a  "sovereign  state." 

FLORIDA,  (p.  32'2.)  Passed  an  ordinance  of  secession  from  the  U.  S..  Jan.  11, 
1861.  and  seix.ed  the  U.  S.  Navy  Yard  at  Pensacola.  Population,  1SGO, 
87.445.  In  I860,  81,885  free,  and  63  800  slaves. 

FOREIGN  LKGION.  Foreigners  have  frequently  been  employed  as  auxiliaries 
in  the  pay  of  the  British  government.  An  act  for  the  formation  of  the 
Foreign  Legion  as  a  contingent  in  the  Russian  war(l  S55)  was  passed  Dee.  'J3, 
1854.  The  endeavor  to  enlist  for  the  legion,  in  1854.  in  the  United  States, 
gave  great  offence  to  the  American  government.  Mr.  L'rampton  was  dis- 
missed, and  Lord  Napier  sent  out  as  English  representative. 

FRANCE,  i p.  326.)  For  the  succession  of  events  in  France,  see  Chronological 
Tables,  page  65  tt  stq. 

GOVERNMENT : 


Tha  emperor  proclaimed Dec.  2,  1852 

Empress:   MARIE  KC»;EMK  (H  Spa- 
niard), born  May  5,  1826,  m.-uricd 

Jan.  29,  1S53 

Heir  :      NAPOLEON-EUGENE-LOUI'S- 
Jean- Joseph,  born Man  h   16.  1856 

Heir  presumptive,  in  <lelai.lt  of  Louis 
Napoleon's  issue:  1'rince  JK.ROME 
NAPOLEON,  and  his  heirs  male. 


New  Republic  proclaimed:  provi- 
sional government  established.  La- 
imrtine  at  the  head Feb.  1848 

Louis  Napoleon  Bonaparte  declared 
Pres  by  the  Nat.  Assembly,  D«?e.l  9,  tS48 

Loris  NAPOLEON,  Kmporor  of  the 
French.  Votes  for  the  empire, 
7.839,552;  noes,  254,501;  null, 
63,609 Nov.  21,  1S52 

?RANKFORT-ON-THE-MALXE.  (p.  327.)  The  restricted  diet  of  the  Germanic  con- 
federation was  constituted  at  Frankfort,  Aug.  10,  1850.  The  plenipoten- 
tiaries of  Austria,  Bavaria,  Saxony,  Hanover,  Wurtetnberg,  Mecklenburg, 
assembled  here,  and  constituted  themselves  the  council  of  the  Germanic  diet, 
Sept,  1,  1850.  Prussia  refused  to  recognise  it. 

FRANKLIN,  Sir  John.  His  last  arctic  expedition  in  command  of  IT.  M.  Ships 
Erebus  and  Terror  sailed  from  Greenhithe,  May  24,  1845.  His  last  de- 
spatches home  were  dated  July  12,  1845.  As  no  later  news  came  from  him, 
the  British  gov.  in  1850  offered  £-20,000  reward  to  any  who  might  discover 
or  assist  the  missing  ships.  Several  expeditions  were  sent  in  search  of  them 


from  England  and  the  U.  S.,  viz. : 

1.  H.  M.  Ship  Plover,  Capt  Moore, 

Jan.  1,  1848 

2.  Land    expedition    under  Sir  J. 

Richardson  and  Dr.  Rao,  Mch  25,  1848 
8.  SirJas.  Itoss,  in  the  Enterprize 
and  Investigator Tune  12,  1848 

4.  Capt.Collinson  and  Com.McClure 
sailed  in  same  vessels. .  ..Tun.  20,  1850 

5.  Capt.  Austin,  in  the  Resoltite,&c. 

Apr.  25,  1S50 

6.  Capts.  Penny  and  Steward,  in  the 
Lady  Franklin,  &c. . . .  Apr.  13,  1S50 

7.  The  GRINNELL  (AMF.K.)  expedi- 
tion,   under     De    Haven     (Dr. 
KANE,  surgeon),  in  the  Advance 

and  Rescue May  25,  1850 

8.  SirJno.Rossin  the  .FVw.May  22,  1S50 

9.  Sir   Edtv.    Belcher's    expedition 

(5  vessels).  A8*i.itunce.&c  .Ap.15,  1852 
Lady  Franklin  fitted  out  the  four 
next  (private)  expeditions,  viz: 
KX  The  Prtoic6  Abort Jane  6,  1830 


11.  The  Fame  vessel June  4,  1851 

12.  The  Isabel,  Com.  Inglefleld,  Nov.  1852 

13.  The  same  vessel 185< 

14.  II.  M.  S.  Rattlesnake Aug.  1S53 

15.  Second   AMERICAN    exped.    (Dr. 
KANE,  in  the  Adnance) Tune  1S53 

16.  The  Phoenix  and  others  under 
Capt.  Inglefield Mav,  1854 

17.  3d.  AMERICAS  exped.  (in  search 
of  Dr.  Kane),  Liout.  Hartstene, 
in    the    Release    and    steamer 
Arctic May  81,  1855 

19.  The  18th  Briti.-h  exp.,  equipped 
by  Lady   Franklin    and  friends, 
in   the   Foy>,   Capt.    Mcdintock 
(found  remains  of  the  Franklin 
Expedition),  sailed July  1.  1857 

20.  4th.  AMERICAN  exped.  (in  search 

of  Polar  sea),  under  Dr.  Hayts 
(sursreon  to  Kane  exped.),  sailed 
fromBostou July  I860 


756  THE  WORLD'S  PROGRESS. 

FROND?],  Civil  wars  of  the,  in  France,  in  the  minority  of  Louis  XIY.  (1648-53), 
during  the  government  of  th°  queen,  Anne  of  Austria,  and  Cardinal  Mazarine, 
between  the  followers  of  the  court  and  the  nobility,  and  the  Parliaments  and 
the  citizens.  The  latter  were  called  Frondturs  ^slingers),  it  is  said,  from  au 
incident  in  a  stieet  quarrel. 

FUGITIVE  SLAVE  BILL,  introduced  in  the  U.  S.  Senate  by  Mr.  Mason  of  Va, 
and  passed,  tfept.  1850.  It  imposes  a  tine  of  $1  QUO  and  6  mos.  imprisonment 
on  any  person  harboring  fugitive  slaves  or  aiding  their  escape.  It  was 
declared  by  the  aup.  Court  of  Wisconsin  to  be  unconstitutional,  Feb.  3,  1855. 


G. 

GALAPAGOS.  Islands  on  the  coast  of  Ecuador  (N.  Pacific),  ceded  to  the  United 
Slates  by  Ecuador,  Nov.  3,  1854,  the  British,  French,  and  other  powers  pro- 
testing against  it. 

GAME  LAWS  (p.  330)  have  been  enacted  in  several  states  for  the  protection  of 
game  during  certain  seasons,  to  prevent  its  entire  destruction. 

GAS.  (p  332.)  Introduced  in  Boston,  1822(7);  New  York,  1823  (N.  T.  Gas 
Light  Co.) ;  now  used  in  nearly  every  large  town  of  the  United  States.  Used 
in  43  towns  of  N.  Y.  State  1860.  Price  in  1860  ranged  from  $1  50  per 
cubic  foot  in  Pittsburgh,  to  $7  in  Belfast,  Me.  and  other  places. 

GAMUT.  The  invention  of  the  scale  of  musical  intervals  (commonly  termed  do, 
re,  mi,  fa,  sol,  la,  si),  for  which  the  first  seven  letters  of  the  alphabet  are 
now  employed,  is  ascribed  to  Guido  Aretino,  a  Tuscan  rnonk,  about  1025. 

GAUL.  Gallia,  the  ancient  name  of  France  and  Belgium.  The  natives  were 
termed  by  the  Greeks,  Galatte,  by  the  Romans,  Galli.  or  Celtaj.  They  came 
originally  from  Asia,  and  invading  eastern  Europe,  were  driven  westward, 
and  settled  in  Spain  (in  Gallicia),  North  Italy  (Gallia  CisalpinaX  France  and 
Belgium  (Gailia  Transalpina),  and  the  British  isles  (the  lands  of  the  Cymry  or 
Gitii).  They  gave  great  trouble  to  the  rising  Roman  republic  by  their  fre- 
quent invasions,  528  to  391  B.C. 

!he  Gauls  under  Brennus  defeated  the  Romans  and  sacked  Rome,  but 
were  expelled  by  Camillas,  B.C.  390.  They  overran  Northern  Greece,  B.C. 
2bO.  Gaul  invaded  by  Julius  Ca?sar  and  subdued  in  eight  campaigns,  B.C. 
58  50.  Christianity  introduced  in  Gaul.  A  D.  160.  Franks  and  other  invaders 
defeated  by  Aurelian.  A  i>.  24.1.  Julian  proclaimed  emperor  at  Paris.  360. 
Invasion  and  settlement  of  Burgundians,  Franks,  Visigoths,  &c,  406-450. 
Huns  under  Attila  defeated  near  Chalons.  451.  Paris  taken  by  Childerick, 
the  Frank,  464  Frank  kingdom,  established,  476.  History  of  Gaul  by  Parke 
Godwin,  pub.  New  York,  1860. 

GAUN  i  LET.  An  iron  glove,  first  introduced  in  the  loth  century,  perhaps  about 
1225  It  was  a  part  of  the  full  suit  of  armor,  being  the  armor  for  the  hand. 
It  was  commonly  thrown  down  as  a  challenge  to  an  adversary. 

GAUZE.  This  fabric  was  much  prized  by  the  Roman  people,  about  the  beginning 
of  the  first  century.  "Brocadoes  and  damasks,  and  damasks  and  gauzes, 
have  been  lately  brought  over  "  (to  Ireland). — Deau  Swift,  in  1698.  The 
manufacture  of  gauze  and  articles  of  a  like  fabric,  at  Paisley,  in  Scotland, 
where  tliey  maintain  great  repute,  was  commenced  about  1759. 

GENEALOGY  (from  the  Greek,  gmea,  birth,  descent),  the  art  of  tracing  pedi- 
grees, &c.  The  earliest  pedigrees  are  those  contained  in  the  5th,  10th,  and 


ADDENDA.  757 

llth  chapters  of  Genesis.  The  first  book  of  Chronicles  contains  many 
genealogies.  The  pedigree  of  Christ  is  given  in  Matt.  I.  and  Luke  LI. 
Many  books  on  the  subject  have  been  published  in  all  European  countries ; 
one  at  Magdeburg,  Theatrum  Genealogicum,  by  Henninges,  in  1598;  Ander- 
son, Royal  Genealogies,  London.  1732 ;  Sims's  Manual  for  the  Genealogist, 
Air,  1856,  will  he  found  a  useful  guide.  The  works  of  Collins  (1756  tt  *tq.), 
Edmondson  (1764-84),  and  Nicolas  (1825),  on  the  British  peerage  are  highly 
esteemed.  The  Genealogical  Society.  London,  was  established  in  1853.  The 
New  England  Hist,  and  Genealogical  Soc.,  founded  184-,  publishes  a  quarterly 
magazine  on  those  subjects.  A  vol.  called  American  Genealogies,  pub  in 
Albany,  1855,  and  numerous  private  publications  of  family  genealogies  have 
been  printed  in  New  England.  Savage's  Genealogical  Hint,  of  N.  England. 
4  vols.  8vo.,  Bost.  1860-1. 

GENOA  (N.  ITALY),  (p.  333.)  April,  1849,  the  city  was  seized  by  insurgents, 
who.  after  a  murderous  struggle,  drove  out  the  garrison,  and  proclaimed  a 
republic,  but  soon  after  surrendered  to  General  Marmora.  Genoa  warmly 
supported  its  sovereign.  Victor  Emanuel,  in  the  struggle  with  Austria  (1859), 
and  furnished  many  volunteers  for  Garibaldi's  demonstration  in  Naples,  I860. 

GERMANY,  (p.  335.) 


German  National  Assembly  elected 
the  king  of  Prussia  emperor  of  Ger- 
many (but  declined) March  28s  1849 

Treaty  between  Austria  and  Prus- 
sia  Sept.  30,  1S49 

Treaty  of  Munich  betw.  Bavaria,  Sax- 
ony, and  Wurtemburg Feb.  27,  1850 

German  Confederation  Assembly,  at 
Frankfort Sept.  2,  1S50 

Austrian  and  Bavarian  demonstration 


Conference  at  Dresden,  for  settling 
German  affairs...  Dec.  1850  to  May, 

Great  excitement  throughout  Germa- 
ny in  regard  to  French  successes  in 
Lombardy  ;  apprehension  of  French 
designs  on  German  territory 


May-June,  1£59 
Meeting  of  new  Liberal  Party  at  F.ise- 
nach,  in  Saxe  Weimar,  proposing  a 
strong  central  gov'J.  (no  practical 
results)  ........  ".  ..........  Aug.  14,  1859 


against  Hesse-Cassel Nov.  1, 1850 

GIPSIES.     See  Gypsies. 

GIRONDISTS.  The  name  of  a  party,  which  played  an  important  part  in  the 
French  revolution,  and  was  principally  composed  of  deputies  from  the  depart- 
ment of  the  Gironde.  At  first  they  were  ardent  republicans,  but  alter  the 
cruelty  of  Aug.  and  Sept.  1792,  they  labored  strenuously  to  restrain  the 
cruelties  of  the  Mountain  party,  to  whom  they  succumbed.  Their  leaders, 
Brissot,  Vergmand,  and  many  others  were  guillotined,  Oct.  13,  1793,  at  the 
instigation  of  Robespierre.  Lamartine's  eloquent  "  Histoire  des  Girondins," 
published  in  1847,  tended  to  hasten  the  revolution  of  1848. 

GLASGOW,  SCOTLAND,  (p.  337.)  Erected  into  a  burgh,  A.D  1180.  Its  pros- 
perity dates  from  the  union  of  the  kingdoms  in  1707,  and  was  much  increased 
by  American  trade.  Population  in  1707  about  12,000;  in  1859,  about 
420,000. 

GNOSTICS,  (from  the  Greek,  gnosis,  knowledge.)  "Heretics,"  who  appeared 
from  the  first  rise  of  Christianity,  and  who  endeavored  to  combine  the  simple 
principles  of  the  Gospel  with  the  Platonic  and  other  philosophies.  They 
were  so  called  because  they  pretended  to  extraordinary  illuminations  and 
knowledge.  Priscillian,  a  Spaniard,  was  burnt  at  Treves,  as  a  heretic,  in 
384,  for  endeavoring  to  revive  Gnosticism. 

GOLD  MINES,  (p.  339.)  On  April  28.  1858.  a  nugget  from  Australia,  said  to 
weigh  146  pounds,  was  shown  to  Queen  Victoria.  In  1858  gold  was  dis- 
covered in  what  is  now  termed  New  Columbia,  British  America.  Said  to 
have  been  found  in  Vermont,  1859.  Australia  produced  as  follows: 

1S61.  1852.  1856.  1S57. 

£90T,000  £»,7B3,#»  £12,74<M)00 


758 


THE  WORLD'S  FROGRF.SS. 


GOLD  AND  SILVER,  (p.  339.)  Chevalier  estimated  the  total  amount  of  gold  and 
silver  existing  in  various  forms  in  1848,  at  8,500  millions  of  dollars,  ot  which 
one-third  was  supposed  to  be  gold.  The  annual  gold  product  from  1800  to 
1850  was  1(3  millions  of  dollars.  The  U.  S  mint  received  41  millions  in  1858, 
all  but  $400,000  being  from  California. 

GORGET.  The  ancient  breastplate,  or  gorget,  was  very  large,  and  extended  to 
the  body  and  limbs  of  the  warrior,  or  knight,  as  armor ;  but  ifcs  si/.e  and 
weight  varied  at  different  periods.  The  present  modern  diminutive  breast- 
plate was  in  use  at  the  period  of  the  Restoration,  1 660,  or  shortly  after. 

GORILLA,  a  large  ape  of  West  Africa,  in  anatomical  structure  the  nearest 
approach  to  man  of  any  known  animal.  It  is  a  match  for  the  lion,  and 
attacks  the  elephant  with  a  club.  It  is  considered  to  be  identical  with  the 
hairy  people  called  Gurulai  by  the  navigator  Hanno,  in  his  Peripms,  about 
B.  c.  400  or  500.  In  1847  a  sketch  of  a  gorilla's  cranium  was  sent  to  Profes- 
sor Owen  by  Dr.  Savage,  then  at  the  Gaboon  river.  Preserved  specimens 
have  been  recently  brought  to  Europe,  and  a  living  one  died  on  his  voyage 
to  France.  In  1859,  Professor  Owen  gave  an  able  summary  of  our  know- 
ledge of  this  creature,  in  a  discourse  at  the  Royal  Institution,  in  London. 
The  Gorilla  was  not  known  to  (Javier. 

GRANADA.  A  renowned  city  of  Spain  ;  was  subdued  by  the  Moors  in  the  10th 
centuiy,  and  formed  at  first  part  of  the  kingdom  of  Cordova.  1236,  Moham- 
med-al-liamar  made  it  the  capital  of  his  new  kingdom  of  Granada,  which  was 
highly  prosperous  till  its  subjugation  by  the  great  captain  Gonsalvo  de  Cor- 
dova, in  1492.  In  1609-10,  the  useful  and  industrious  Moors  were  expelled 
from  Spain,  by  the  bigoted  Philip  III.,  to  the  lasting  injury  of  his  country. 
Granada  was  taken  by  Marshal  Soult  in  1810,  and  held  till  1812. 

GREECE,  (p.  343.) 


Harbor  of  Pirsaus  blockaded  by  British 
fleet  under  Admiral  Parker,  to  en- 
force some  mercantile  claims 

Jan.  18,  1850 

The  dispute  settled April  19,  1850 


Kupture  between  Greece  and  Tur- 
key  March  18, 1854 

Olympic  games  paeposed  to  be  re- 
vived   Oct.,  1853. 


GREEN  WIG  II  OBSERVATORY,  near  London,  built  in  reign  of  Charles  II. 
The  "  Astronomers  Royal."  who  have  superintended  astronomical  observa- 
tions here,  were  Flamsteed,  1675;  Halley,  1719;  Bradley,  1742 ;  Maskelyne, 
1764;  John  Pond,  1811 ;  Geo.  B.  Airy  (the  present  A.  R.),  1835. 

GUANO,  OH  HUANO.  (The  Peruvian  term  for  manure.)  The  excrement  of  sea- 
birds  that  nestle  in  prodigious  swarms  along  the  Peruvian  shores.  This  sub- 
stance is  found  chiefly  on  certain  small  islands,  called  the  Lobos,  lying  off  the 
coasts  of  Peru  and  Bolivia,  Humboldt  was  one  of  the  first  by  whom  it  waa 
carried  to  Europe,  on  ascertaining  its  value  in  agriculture. — M'Culloch.  It  is 
also  found  on  Jarvis's,  Baker's,  and  Rowland's  islands,  on  the  Pacific  coast, 
from  which  it  is  brought  by  the  American  Guano  Co.,  of  New  York,  who 
imported  in  1858,  15,000  tons,  and  exported  in  1860,  no  less  than  100,000 
tons.  In  1857,  the  U.  S.  imported  213,000  tons,  and  Great  Britain,  205,000 
tons. 

GUATEMALA.  A  republic  in  Central  America;  declared  independent  1821. 
President  (1859),  General  Carrera,  elected  1851.  It  is  the  most  populous  of 
five  states  of  Cent.  Amer.,  having  971,450  in  1851. 

GUN-COTTON,  A  highly  inflammable  and  explosive  substance,  discovered  by 
Professor  Schonbein,  of  Basil,  and  made  known  by  him  in  1846.  It  is,  to  all 
appearance,  common  cotton  wool,  and  is  purified  cotton  steeped  in  a  mixture 


ADDENDA.  759 

composed  of  equal  parts  of  nitre  and  sulphuric  acid,  and  afterwards  dried. 
Dr.  Boettenger  and  others  also  lay  claim  lo  the  discovery. 

GUNTER'S  SCALE.  Invented  by  Edmund  Gunter,  an  English  mathematician, 
who  died  1626. 

GUTTA  PERCHA,  is  procured  from  the  sap  of  the  Isonandra  Gutta,  a  large  forest 
tree,  growing  in  the  Malayan  Peninsula,  and  on  the  islands  near  it.  Previous 
to  1844,  the  very  name  of  gutta  percha  was  unknown  to  European  com- 
merce. In  that  year  two  cwt.  were  shipped  experimentally  from  Singapore. 
The  exportation  of  gutta  percha  from  that  port  rose  in  1845  to  169  piculs  (the 
picul  is  1,330  IDS.);  in  1846,  to  5,364;  in  1847,  to  9,292;  and  in  the  first 
seven  months  of  1848,  to  6768  piculs.  In  the  first  four  and  a  half  years  of 
the  trade,  21,598  piculs  of  gutta  percha,  valued  at  $274,190,  were  shipped  at 
Singapore,  the  whole  of  which  were  sent  to  England,  with  the  exception  of 
15  piculs  to  Mauritius,  470  to  the  continent  of  Europe,  and  922  to  the  United 
States.  The  great  variety  of  articles  for  domestic  use,  the  ornamental  arts, 
<fcc.,  to  which  this  material  has  been  applied,  has  given  employment  to  thou- 
sands, not  only  in  the  factories  of  our  own  and  other  countries,  but  also  to 
the  gatherers  in  the  Indian  Archipelago,  with  whom  it  at  present  constitutes 
one  of  their  most  profitable  articles  of  export.  In  1848,  S  T.  Armstrong,  of 
Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  first  applied  it  for  coating  telegraph  wires.  J.  J.  Craven, 
of  Newark,  N.  J.,  claims  to  have  applied  it  thus  at  the  same  time  or  before. 
Charles  Goodyear  used  it,  in  connection  with  caoutchouc,  for  various  articles 
of  common  use ;  a  large  boat  made  of  gutta  percha  was  exhibited  in  New 
York,  1858. 

GYROSCOPE.  (From  gyrare,  to  revolve.)  The  name  of  a  new,  popular,  rotatory 
apparatus,  invented  by  Fessel,  of  Cologne  (1853),  since  improved  by  Professor 
Wheatstone,  and  Mr.  Foucault,  of  Paris.  It  is  similar  in  appearance  to  the 
rotatory  apparatus  of  Bohnenberger,  of  Tubingen  (born  1765,  died  1S31).  The 
gyroscope  exhibits  the  combined  effects  of  the  centrifugal  and  centripetal 
forces,  and  the  remarkable  results  of  the  cessation  of  either.  It  thus  illustrates 
the  great  law  of  gravitation. 


H. 

HABEAS  CORPUS,  (p.  346.)  The  constitution  of  the  U.  S.  provides  that  this 
law  (adopted  from  that  of  England)  '-shall  not  be  suspended  unless  when  in 
case  of  rebellion  or  invasion  the  public  safety  may  require  it,"  1787. 

HANOVER,  (p.  348.)  The  constitution  granted  in  1848,  was  annulled  by  decree 
of  the  Federal  Diet,  April  12,  1855. 

HARMONISTS.  A  sect  of  enthusiasts  founded  by  Rapp,  at  TVurtemberg,  about 
1780.  Some  of  them  emigrated  to  the  U.  S,  and  built  New  Harmony,  Ind., 
1815.  They  sold  the  place  to  Robt.  Owen,  and  removed  to  Pittsburgh,  Pa., 
1822-23. 

HAYTI.  (p.  250.)  Faustin  L,  deposed  Dec.  25,  1858,  and  Gen.  Geffrard  made 
President  of  the  Republic  of  Hayti. 

HELLKXES.  The  Greek  race  which  supplanted  the  Pelasgians  from  the  15th 
to  llth  cent.  BC,  derive  their  name  from  Hellen,  king  of  Phthistis.  about 
B.C.  1600.  From  them  came  the  Dorians,  ^-Eolians,  lonians,  and  Acha?ans. 

HELVETII.  A  Celto-Germ;mic  people,  who  inhabited  what  is  no\v  called 
Switzerland.  The  ''Helvetian  Republic"  was  established  in  Switzerland,  in 
179b. 


760 


THE  WORLD'S  PROGRESS. 


HERCULANEUM.  (p.  352.)  The  Antichita  di  Ercolano.  8  vols.,  folio,  pub- 
lished by  Neapolitan  government,  1757-92. 

HESSIAN  FLY.  This  plague  to  agriculturists  was  introduced  in  this  country 
by  the  foreign  mercenaries  on  Long  Island,  1777,  from  their  baggage  or  in 
the  forage  of  their  horses. 

HIPPOPOTAMUS  (p.  327)  (Greek,  river  horse),  a  native  of  Africa,  known  to,  but 
incorrectly  described  by,  ancient  writers.  Hippopotami  were  exhibited  at 
Koine  by  Antoninus,  Commodus,  and  others,  about  AD.  138,  180.  and  218. 
The  first  brought  to  England,  arrived  Ma}'  25,  1850,  and  is  now  in  the 
Zoological  Gardens,  Regent's  Park,  London  ;  another  (a  female,  four  months 
old),  was  placed  there  in  1854.  Two  young  ones  born  at  Paris,  in  May, 
1858,  and  June,  185'-',  were  killed  by  their  mother. 

HIGH  TREASON,     See  Treason. 

HOLSTEIN  AND  SCHLESWIG.     See  Denmark. 

HONG-KONG.  An  island  otf  the  coast  of  China.  The  British  under  Capt.  Elliott 
took  possession  of  it  in  1839;  founded  the  chief  town,  Victoria,  in  1842; 
made  it  a  bishopric  in  1840,  Sir  John  Bowring  was  governor  from  1854  to 
1859. 

HORTICULTURAL  SOCIETY  OF  LONDON.  Pounded  1804.  Publishes  annual 
volumes  of  Transactions,  has  had  annual  exhibitions  since  1831. 

HUMANE  SOCIETY,  LONDON.     Founded  1774. 
HUNGARY.     Haydn. 


Kossuth,  Bern,  &c.,  escape  to  the 
Turkish  frontiers,  and  are  placed 
under  the  protection  of  Turkey,  at 
New  Orsova  (see  Turkey).  Aug.  21, 1849 

Komorn  surrenders  to  the  Austrians; 
close  of  the  war Sept.  27,  1849 

Batthyani  tried  at  Pesth,  and  shot; 
many  other  insurgent  chiefs  put  to 
death Oct.  6, 1849 

Amnesty  granted  to  the  Hungarian 

insurgents,  who  return  home 

Oct.  16, 1849 

Bern  dies  at  Aleppo  Dec.  10,  1850 

The  country  remains  in  an  unsettled 
state;  many  executions 1853-6 

Crown  of  St.  Stephen  and  i  \val  in- 


signia discovered  and  sent  to  Vien- 
na  Sept.  8,  1858 

Amnesty  for  political  offenders  of 
184S-9 July  12,  1856 

During  the  Italian  war  in  1859,  an  in- 
surrection in  Hungary  was  in  con- 
templation, and  communications 
took  place  between  Louis  Napoleon 
and  Kossuth:  which  circumstances 
it  is  said  led  the  emperor  of  Austria 
to  accede  to  the  peace  of  Villafranca 
so  suddenly,  and  shortly  afterwards 
to  promise  many  reforms  and  to 
grant  more  liberty  to  the  Protest- 
ants in  Hungary. . ....  .Aug. -Oct.,  1859 


HOMOEOPATHY.  This  science — the  essential  characteristic  of  which  consists  in 
the  use  of  such  remedies  against  any  disease  as,  in  a  healthy  person,  would 
produce  a  similar  but  not  precisely  the  same  disease,  its  fundamental  prin- 
ciple being  similia  similtbut  curantur — was  discovered  by  Samuel  Hahne- 
mann,  a  native  of  Meissen,  in  Saxony  (born  April  10th,  1755,  died  at  Paris, 
1843).  The  first  periodical  organ  of  the  system  was  established  1822. 
Although  violently  attacked  and  ridiculed  by  "  allopathic"  practitioners  the 
system  is  now  practised  (1860)  by  about  1200  physicians  in  Europe,  and 
2500  in  the  U.  States.  It  has  3  hospitals,  3  colleges,  and  3  journals,  and 
about  30  societies  in  the  U.  S.,  arid  all  these  are  numerous  in  England, 
France,  and  Germany  (1861). 

HUMAN  RACE.      Dr.  Pickering  enumerates  eleven  different  races,   of  which 
the  names  and  numbers,  supposing  the  whole  human  family  to  be  900,000,000 
are  as  follows : 


ADDENDA. 


761 


White 850,000,000 


Abyssinian 8.000.000 


Papuan 3.000.000 

Negrillo 8,000.000 

Australian „ f>00,000 

Hottentot 500,000 


Mongolian 300,000,000 

Malayan 120,000,000 

Telingan 60.000,000 

Netrro 55.000.000 

Ethiopian 5,000,000 

HYDROPATHY.  A  terra  applied  to  a  treatment  of  diseases  by  water,  com- 
monly called  the  cold  water  cure.  The  system  was  suggested  in  1828  by 
Vincenz  Priessnitz.  of  Grafenberg,  in  Austrian  Silesia ;  and  though  he  is  con- 
sidered as  its  founder,  the  rational  part  of  the  doctrine  was  understood  and 
maintained  by  the  eminent  Dr.  Sydenham,  before  1689.  Priessnitz  died  Nov. 
26,  1851.  JBrande.  Hydropathic  Society  formed  in  London,  1842.  First 
Hydro,  establishment  in  U.  S.,  at  63  Barclay  st ,  N.  Y.,  1844.  Those  at 
New  Lebanon,  N.  Y.,  and  Brattleboro,  Yt.,  opened  1845. 

I. 

ICE.  (p.  361.)  In  1854,  Boston  shipped  156,540  tons.  In  New  York  in  1855, 
305,000  tons  were  stored  up. 

IDIOTS,  EDUCATION  OF.  The  first  efforts  for  the  education  of  idiots  in  America, 
were  in  1839.  In  that  year,  the  Institution  for  the  Deaf  and  Dumb  in  New 
York  received  a  mute  boy,  who  was  instructed  for  three  years,  by  Professor 
Morris,  with  favorable  results.  The  same  year,  Dr.  Howe  of  Boston  treated 
and  greatly  improved  a  blind  idiotic  child,  and  afterwards  two  others.  Two 
or  three  children  were  also  under  instruction  at  the  American  Asylum  at 
Hartford  before  1848. 

ILLINOIS,  (p.  362.)  Population  in  1850,  851,470;  in  1860,  1,691,233.  Increase 
1840-50,  80  per  cent.;  1850-60,  99  per  cent 

IMPORTS  into  GREAT  BRITAIN.  (P.  363.)  In  1850,  £95,252,684.  In  1856, 
£172,544,154.  In  1857,  £187,646,335. 

IMPORTS  into  the  UNITED  STATES.     See  Exports. 

INCOME  TAX,  BRITISH  (p.  304),  was  doubled  during  the  Crimean  war  (1854). 
It  produced  in  1855,  £13,718,185.  In  1856,  £15,717,155.  In  1858, 
£11,396,435. 

INDEPENDENTS,  (p.  305.)  In  1851  they  had  3244  chapels  in  England  and 
Wales. 


INDIA,  (p.  366.)     Mutiny  and  war  against  the  British,  1857. 


Begun  nt  Barrnckpore March,  1857 

Mutiny  at  Meerut  near  Delhi,  May  10,  1857 

Martial  law  proclaimed May,  1S57 

Mutiny  at  Lucknow May  30,  1857 

Cawupore  surrenders  to  Nana  Sahib, 
•who  kills  the  garrison,&c.,June  28  ; 
he  is  defeated  by  General  Have- 
lock,    July    16,     who    recaptures 

Cawnpore July  17,  1857 

Assault  of  Delhi  begins,  Sept.  14 ;  the 
city  taken,  Sept  20 ;  the  king  cap- 
tured, Sept.  21  ;  and  his  son  and 
grandson  slain  by  Colonel  Hodson 

Sept.  22,  1857 

Havelock  marches  to  Lucknow  and 
relieves  the  besiesed  residency; 
retires  nnd  leaves  Otitram  in  com- 
mand; Noill  killed.. .  Sept.  2o,  26,  1857 
Sir  Colin  Campbell  (since  Lord 
Clyde)  nppolnted  commander-in- 
chief,  July  11 ;  arrives  at  Cawn- 
pore  Nov.  8,  1857 


Havelock  dies  of  dysentery  at  Alum- 
bagh Nov.  25, 

Trial  of  king  of  Delhi ;  sentenced  to 
transportation. Jan.  27  to  March  9, 

Sir  C.  Campbell  marches  to  Luck- 
now,  Feb.  11 ;  the  siege  com- 
mences, March  8,  taken  by  suc- 
cessive assaults;  the  enemy  re- 
treat; Hodson  killed. March  14-19. 

The  government  of  the  East  India 
Company  ceases Sept.  1, 

The  ex-king  of  Delhi  sails  for  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope.  Dec.  4-1 1 ;  the 
colonists  refuse  to  receive  him ;  he 
is  sent  to  Rangoon 

Defeat  of  the  Bogum  of  Onde  and 
Nana  Sahib  by  General  Horsford 

Feb.  10. 

Thanksgiving  In  England  for  pacifi- 
cation of  India May  1, 


1857 
1S58 

185S 
1858 

1S58 

1859 
1859 


762 


THE  WORLD'S  PROGRESS. 


In  consequence  of  the  mutiny  of  1857,  and  the  disappearance  of  the  Com- 
pany's army,  the  government  of  India  was  transferred  to  the  crown  :  by  the 
act  21  &  22  Viet.  c.  106,  which  received  the  royal  assent,  Aug.  2,  1858.  The 
Board  of  Control  was  abolished,  and  a  Council  of  State  for  India  was  insti- 
tuted. The  Company's  political  powers  ceased  on  Sept.  1 :  and  the  queen 
was  proclaimed  as  Queen  of  Great  Britain  and  the  Colonies,  &c.,  in  the  prin- 
cipal places  in  India,  on  Nov.  1,  amid  much  enthusiasm.  The  India-house 
was  built  in  1726,  and  enlarged  in  1799,  when  a  new  front  was  erected. 

INDIA  COMPANY.     See  East  India  Co. 

INDIA  RUBBER,  (p.  366.)     See  Caoutchouc. 

1NKERMANN,  BATTLE  OF,  Crimean  war,  Nov.  5,  1854.     See  Battles. 

INSTITUTE  OF  FRANCE.  In  1793,  the  Academies  of  Inscriptions  and  Belles 
Lettres  and  of  the  Sciences,  were  combined  in  one  body  under  the  above  title. 

INUNDATIONS  (p  371.)  Disastrous  one  in  the  centre  and  south-west  of 
France,  on  the  Loire,  &c.,  damage  over  £4,000,000  sterling,  Oct.  1846.  In 
South  of  France  with  immense  damage,  May  and  June,  1856.  At  Hamburgh, 
the  city  half  flooded,  Jan.  1,  1855. 

IONIAN  ISLANDS  (on  W.  coast  ofrGreece),  the  Republic  of  the  Seven  Islands, 
Corfu.  Cephalonia,  Zante,  Ithaca,  St.  Maura,  Cerigo,  and  Paxo,  which  were 
colonised  by  the  lones,  and  partook  of  the  fortunes  of  the  Greek  people ; 
were  subject  to  Naples  in  the  13th  century,  and  in  the  14th  to  Venice,  which 
ceded  them  to  France,  in  1797,  by  the  treaty  of  Campo-Formio.  They  were 
seized  by  the  Russians  and  Turks  in  1800;  and  formed  into  a  Republic. 
They  were  restored  to  the  French  in  1807,  but  retaken  by  the  English  in 
18(>9.  A  new  and  very  liberal  constitution  was  granted  in  1845.  They  are 
now  among  the  free  states  of  Europe ;  Corfu  is  the  seat  of  government. 
Population,  in  1856,  49,663. 

IOWA,  one  of  the  IT.  States  (territory  183S),  admitted  into  the  Union  as  a  state, 
Dec.  28,  1846.  Population,  in  1840,  42.924;  in  1850,  191,881  ;  in  1856, 
519.148,  and  271  colored;  in  1860,  682,000. 

IRVINGITES.  or  the  followers  of  the  Rev.  Edward  Irving  in  England,  who  now 
call  themselves  the  "  Holy  Catholic  Apostolic  Church."  They  use  a  liturgy 
(framed  in  1842,  and  enlarged  185:?),  and  have  church  officers  named  apos- 
tles, angels,  prophets,  &c.  In  1852,  lights  on  the  magnificent  altar  and 
burning  of  incense  during  prayers  were  prescribed.  Their  Gothic  church 
or  cathedral  in  Gordon  square  was  solemnly  opened  Jan.  1,  1854.  It  is  said 
that  all  who  join  the  church  offer  a  tenth  of  their  income  for  its  support  and 
extension.  They  had  30  chapels  in  England  in  1851. 

IRON.  (p.  372.)  The  value  of  the  annual  product  of  the  U.  S.  is  about  $7,000,000, 
or  about  1,200,000  tons. 

ITALY,  (p.  374.) 


"Napoleon  III.  et  1'Italie"  published 

Feb.  1859 
The  Austrian  ultimatum  rejected  by 

Sardinia  ................  A£ril  26' 

The    Ausniuns    cross    the    Ticino, 

April  27;    and  the   French   entor 

Genoa  ...................  May  3, 

Peacfful    revolutions    at    Florence, 

April  27  ;  Parma,  May  3  ;  Modorui, 

June  15,  1859 
The   Austrian*  defeated  at   Mmite- 

bello,  May  20;   Pulestro,    May  30- 


1859 


81 ;  Mnsentn,  June  4 ;  Marignano, 
June  8;So!ferino June  24,  1859 

Provisional  governments  established 
at  Florence,  April  27;  Parma, 
May;  and  Modeua.  [The  sove- 
reigns retire.}  June  15,  1859 

Insurrections  in  the  Papal  States: 
Bologna.  Ferra-a.  &c. .  ..Juno,  13-15,  1S59 

Massacre  of  the  Insurgent.-*  at  Peru- 
gia by  the  Swiss  troops..  June  20,  1859 

Armistice  between  Austria  and 
France July  6,  1S59 


ADDENDA. 


763 


ITALY,  continued. 


Preliminaries  of  pence  cigned  at 
Villafranc-i;  Lombardy  surren- 
dered to  Sardinia July  12,  1859 

Italy  dismayed  at  first  at  the  peace; 

freat  agitation  at  Milan,  Florence, 
loilena,  Parma,  &c July,  1859 

Grandduke  of  Tuscany  abdicates 
about July  28,  1S59 

The  pope  appeals  to  Europe  against 
the  king  of  Sardinia July  12,  1859 

Garibaldi  becomes  commander  of 
the  Italian  army,  and  exhorts  the 
Italians  to  arm July  19,  1859 

Constitutional  assemblies  meet  at 
Florence,  Aug.  11,  and  at  Modena, 

Aug.  16,  1859 

Tuscany,  Modena,  Parma,  and  the 
Itomagna  declare  for  annexation 
to  Piedmont. .  Sept.  8-7,  1859 

Cruel  assassination  of  Col.  Anviti  at 
Parma Oct.  5,  18c9 

Gaiibal'li  appeals  to  the  Neapolitans; 
subscriptions    in    Italy   and   else- 
where to  supply  arms  for  the  Ita- 
lians  Oct.,  1859 

Tuscany,  &c.,  choose  the  Prince  Eu- 


gene of  Carignnn-Savoy,  as  regent 
of  central  Italy,  Nov.  5 ;  the  king 
of  Sardinia  refusing  his  consent, 
the  prince  declines  the  office,  but 
recommends  the  chevalier  liuon- 
campagni Nov.  14,  1S59 

Garibaldi,  with  a  force  of  about  1200 
men  in  two  small  steamers  em- 
barks from  near  Genoa  for  Sicily, 

May  6,  I860 

Garibaldi  lands  at  Marsala,  May  10  ; 
and  after  several  victories  takes 
possession  of  Palermo,  May  27; 
and  establishes  a  provisional  gov. 
for  Sicily,  which  is  entirely  evacu- 
ated by  Neapolitan  troops.  June  8,  1860 

Garibaldi  victorious  at  Molazzo, 

July  20-1,  1360 

Garibaldi  lands  in  Calabria,  Aug.  8; 
enters  Salerno,  August;  enters 
Naples Aug.,  1860 

Francis  II.,  king  of  Naples,  retires 
to  Gaeta,  August ;  sieg«>  of  Gacta 
commenced  by  Victor  Emmanuel 

Oct.,  1860 

Gaeta  capitulates Feb.  14,  1861 


JAPAN,  (p.  376.)  U.  States  exped.  under  Com.  Perry  (7  ships  of  war)  entered  the 
Bay  of  Yeddo,  Feb.  1854;  to  demand  protection  for  American  seamen  and 
ships  wrecked  on  the  coast,  and  to  e&'ect  a  treaty  of  commerce  which  was 
agreed  upon,  March  31. — A  British  squadron  for  the  same  purpose  reached 
Nagasaki,  Sept.  1854,  and  effected  a  treaty.  The  Russians  followed;  and  the 
Dutch  made  a  new  treaty,  Nov.  9,  1855.  Mr.  Townsend  Harris,  consul- 
general  for  the  U.  S.,  made  a  new  treatjr.  June  17,  1857,  by  which  Nagasaki, 
Simoda,  and  Hakodadi  were  opened  to  American  trade.  Harris  was  received 
in  Yeddo  in  1858,  and  effected  another  treaty.  Lord  Elgin's  treaty  opening 
several  ports  to  British  trade,  Aug.  26.  1858.  Death  of  the  Tycoon,  August 
1858.  Japanese  embassy  to  the  U.  S.  (with  attendants  70  persons)  reaches 
San  Francisco,  March  28,  1860;  Washington,  May  14;  Philadelphia,  June  9  ; 
New  York,  where  they  were  received  with  a  great  military  display,  June  16; 
embarked  for  home  in  U.  S.  frigate  Niagara,  July  1 ;  reached  Yeddo,  Nov. 
10,  1860. 

JEDDO,  or  YEDDO.  (p.  376).  Severe  earthquake?,  Dec.  23,  1854.  and  Nov.  11, 
1855 ;  during  the  latter  57  temples,  100,000  houses,  and  30,000  persons  were 
said  to  have  been  destroyed. 

JESUITS,  (p.  377.)  In  1851  this  body  published  in  Italy  a  "  Catechismo  Filo- 
sofico"  or  dialogue  on  Monarchical  Constitutions,  containing  instructions  for 
kings,  how  far  they  may  go  with  a  safe  conscience  in  breaking  promises 
made  to  their  people. 

JEWS.  (p.  378.)  Alderman  Salomons  first  Jewish  Lord  Mayor  of  London.  1855. 
Seizure  of  Mortara,  a  Jewish  child,  by  the  Catholic  Archb.  of  Bologna,  June 
24.  1858.  Baron  Rothschild  takes  his  seat  as  M.P.  for  London  (first  Hebrew 
in  Brit.  Parliament),  July  24,  1858. 

JUGGERNAUT,  (p.  380.)  The  stnW  allowance  to  the  temple  was  suspended 
by  the  Indian  government  in  June,  1851. 


764  THE  WORLD'S  PROGRESS. 


K. 

KAFFRARIA,  an  extensive  country  in  South  Africa  extending  from  the  north 
of  Cape  Colony  to  the  south  of  Guinea.  '  The  Kaffirs  or  Caffres  first  invaded 
the  British  colony  at  the  Cape,  in  1831,  and  continued  a  warfare  up  to  Dec. 
20,  1852,  when  they  were  defeated  and  sued  for  peace. 

KARS,  a  town  in  Asiatic  Turkey,  defended  5  mos.  by  the  Brit,  under  Gen.  Wil- 
liams against  a  Russian  siege,  June  18  to  Nov.  28,  1855. 

KANSAS,  one  of  the  United  States  (the  34th)  organized  as  a  territory,  May  1854, 
and  by  the  same  act  the  Missouri  Compromise  of  1820  was  declared  "  inopera- 
tive and  void''  in  both  Kansas  and  Nebraska.      Emigrant  companies  from 
Mass,  began  to  arrive  in  July  and  founded  the  town  of  Lawrence.     An  asso- 
ciation   formed   in   Missouri,  July  29,   to  "remove  all  emigrants"  coming 
"  under  the  auspices  of  northern  emigrant  aid  societies ;"  another  formed 
Aug.  1 2,  to  introduce  slavery.     A.  H.  Reeder  of  Pa.,  app.  governor,  arrived 
Oct.  6.      Election  for  delegate  to  Cong.,    Nov.  29 ;    the  polls  mobbed  by 
armed  bands  from  Missouri :    of  2871  votes  cast  1729  were  estimated  illegal. 
Another  election,  March  20,  1855,   similarly  controlled.      Reeder  removed, 
July  26.      Wilson  Shannon  of  Ohio,  his  successor,  assumed  office  Sept.  1. 
Topeka  ["  free  state"]  Convention  promulgates  a  Constitution,  Nov.  11.    Col- 
lisions with  bloodshed  between  the   "  free-state"  and  "  pro-slavery"  people 
commenced  at  this  time,  and   continued  more  or  less   for  many  months. 
Topeka  Const,  accepted  by  the  people,  Dec.  15,  and  under  it  Chas.  Robinson 
chosen  governor,   Jan.  15,    1856.     Armed   men   from   Geo.,   Alabama,  &c., 
arrived  in  the  territory,  April,  1856.     Report  of  H.  Repres.  of  TJ.  S.  on  Kan- 
sas affairs,  proving  fraud  and  violence  of  pro-slavery  invaders.     Robinson 
arrested  for  treason.  May  5,  and  imprisoned  4  months  for  taking  office  under 
Topeka  Constitution.     Raid  of  pro-slavery  men  on  the  town  of  Lawrence, 
May  21.     Fight  at  Potawatamie,  May  26,  and  several  other  collisions  for 
several  months.     Free-state  legislature  at  Topeka  dispersed  by  U.  S.  troops 
under  Col.  Sumner,  July  4.     Shannon  removed  and  John  W.  Geary  of  Pa, 
appointed  in  his  stead,  Aug.     A  party  led  by  Ex-senator  Atchison  of  Mo. 
repulsed  in  an  attack  on  Osawatomie,  Aug.  29.     Free-state  men  driven  by 
Missourians  from  Leavenworth,  Sept.  1.     Robinson  and  others  released  on 
bail,  Sept.  8,  and  Geary  promising  protection  to  free-state  men  they  gave  up 
their  arms.     Topeka  legislature  met,  Jan.  6,  1857  ;  the  Speaker  and  others 
arrested  by  U.  S.  Marshal.     Pro-slavery  legislature  at  Lecompton  provides 
for  a  convention.    Geary  resigned  in  consequence  of  illegal  acts  of  Lecompte, 
U.  S.  judge,  1857.     Rob.  J.  Walker  appointed  governor,  and  F.  P.  Stanton 
of  Tenn.,  secretary,  June.     M.  J.  Parrott  elected  delegate  to  Cong.    Lecomp- 
ton  Constitution    promulgated,   and  caused    great  excitement,   Dec.    1857. 
Walker  denounces  it  as  a  fraud,  and  resigns  because  the  Const,  is  approved 
by  the  President.    J.  W.  Denver  of  Calif,  app.  governor,  Dec.  1857.  Lecomp- 
ton Const,  submitted  to  the  people,  and  repudiated  by  10,226  votes.     Con- 
vention at  Wyandot  adopts  a  Const,  prohibiting  slavery,  July  27,  which  is 
ratified  by  the  people  (4000  majority),  Oct.  4.     Under  it  Chas.   Robinson 
chosen  governor,  Dec.  6.     A  famine  and  great  suffering  prevails  in  the  terri- 
tory, 1860,  relieved  by  contributions  from  many  states.      Kansas  admitted 
into  the  Union  under  the  Wyandot  Constitution,  Jan.  29,  1861.     Population 
in  1859,  69,950;  in  1860,  143,645. 

KENTUCKY,  (p.  382.)  Population  in  1850,  771,424,  and  210,981  slaves.  In 
18(30,  933,707,  and  225,902  slaves.  Increase  of  free  persons  in  10  years  19 
per  cent,  inc.  of  slaves  7  per  cent. 


ADDENDA. 


765 


KNOW-NOTHINGS,  or  the  "American  party,"  a  political  organization  in  the 
U.  States,  1853.     Chief  principles  as  follows: 


1.  The  Americans  shall  rule  America. 

2.  The  Union  of  these  States. 

8.  No  North,  no  South,  no  East,  no  West. 

4.  The  United  States  of  America — as  they 

are — one  and  inseparable. 

5.  No  sectarian  interferences  5n  our  legis- 

lation or  the  administration  of  Ame- 
rican law. 


6.  Hostility  to  the 


assumptions 


of  the 


Pope,  through  the  bishops,  &c..  in  a 
republic  sanctified  by  protestant 
blood. 

7.  Thorough  reform  in  the  naturalization 

laws. 

8.  Free  and  liberal    educational   institu- 

tions fi>r  all  sects  and  classes,  with 
the  Bible,  God's  holy  word,  as  a  uni- 
versal text-book. 


L. 

LACE.  (p.  388  )  This  manufacture  has  been  so  advanced  by  improvements  that 
a  piece  of  lace  which  about  1809  cost  £17,  may  now  be  had  for  7s.  Ure. 

LANGUAGE.  Hon  George  P.  Marsh,  in  a  recent  lecture,  stated  that  there  were 
nearly  100,000  English  words  found  in  use  by  good  writers,  but  that  no 
single  writer  employed  more  than  a  very  small  proportion  of  the  whole.  Few 
scholars  used  as  many  as  10,000  English  words,  and  ordinary  people  not 
more  than  3000.  In  all  Shakespeare  there  were  not  15,000  words,  and  in 
all  Milton  but  8000.  There  were  but  800  of  the  Egyptian  hieroglyphics. 

LAW.  (p.  391.)  The  number  of  lawyers  in  the  United  States,  in  March,  1851, 
was  21.979,  or  about  one  to  every  fifteen  hundred  inhabitants.  Monthly 
Law  Magazine.  Estimating  their  average  receipts  at  $1000  per  annum,  their 
aggregate  income  would  reach  within  a  fraction  of  twenty-two  millions  of  dol- 
lars. In  1851  there  were  in  New  York,  4740  lawyers;  in  Pennsylvania, 
1848;  in  Ohio,  2031;  in  Massachusetts,  1132;  in  Kentucky,  1066;  and  in 
Georgia,  908.  Livingston's  Law  Register. 

LIBERIA,  (p.  395.)  The  number  of  American  Africans  in  1860  was  about 
10,000;  natives  under  jurisdiction  of  the  republic  about  250,000.  In  1856 
the  sugar  cane  was  introduced,  and  in  May,  1860,  a  cargo  of  sugar  was  sent 
to  N.  Y.  Palm  oil  exported  in  1859,  $500,000.  A  college,  several  schools, 
2  newspapers,  and  several  churches  had  been  established  (1859). 

LIBRARIES,  (p.  397.)  The  Astor  Library,  founded  by  the  late  J.  J.  Astor,  who 
left,  by  will,  $400,000  "  for  the  establishment  of  a  public  library  in  New 
York,"  "which  should  be  open  at  all  reasonable  hours,  free  of  expense,  to 
persons  resorting  thereto."  The  original  building  opened  to  the  public  Jan. 
9,  1854.  Another  building  of  similar  style  and  extent  was  added  by 
"W.  B.  Astor,  1860.  The  whole  contained  in  1860  about  120,000  volumes, 
including  the  most  valuable,  rare,  and  costly  works  purchasable. 

The  free  Public  Library  in  Boston,  opened  Sept.  17, 1858,  is  a  noble  institu- 
tion of  a  similar  kind  founded  at  a  similar  expense  by  several  munificent 
citizens.  It  is  wholly  free  to  the  public,  and  about  30,000  volumes  are  pro- 
vided which  may  be  taken  from  the  library  by  any  resident  of  Boston.  It  is 
a  remarkable  fact  that  these  30,000  volur  :s  had  thus  been  freely  loaned  to 
all  comers  without  loss  or  damage  to  the  amount  of  $100  in  2  years. 

LIGHTHOUSES,  (p.  398.)  In  1859,  there  were  491  light  stations  on  the  coasts 
of  the  U.  S.  including  the  Pacific  and  the  lakes,  the  annual  cost  to  gov.  being 
$932.000.  The  No.  of  buoys  and  beacons  .vas  about  5000. 

LOMBARDY  (p.  402),  war  in,  1859.     See  Italy. 

LONDON,  (p.  402.)     The  population  of  L.  in  1859  was  said  to  be  2,600,0001 


766  THE  WORLD'S  PROGRESS. 

LOTTERIES.  In  N.  Y.  and  Pa.,  lotteries  have  been  declared  by  law  to  be 
"  public  nuisances,"  and  to  be  indictable  as  such.  The  Am.  Art  Union  was 
pronounced  illegal,  as  a  lottery,  1851.  About  1820  there  was  a  lottery  at 
Natchez  for  building  a  Presbyterian  church.  At  other  times  colleges,  roads, 
ferries,  hospitals,  &c.  have  been  aided  by  lotteries.  They  are  still  tolerated 
in  Maryland,  Georgia,  and  perhaps  other  states  (1861). 

LOUVRE,  (p.  404.)  The  magnificent  buildings  of  the  New  Louvre  begun  by 
Napoleon  I.,  and  completed  by  Na,poleou  III.,  were  inaugurated  by  the  latter 
in  great  state,  Aug.  14,  1857. 

LOUISIANA,  (p.  404.)  Population  in  1850,  517,762.  In  1855,  by  state  census, 
587,774  including  244,000  slaves.  In  1860,  666,413  including  312,186  slaves. 
Ordinance  of  secession  from  the  U.  S.  passed  by  Convention,  Jan.  26,  1861. 
Motion  to  submit  the  question  to  the  people  was  defeated  by  a  large 
majority. 

M. 

MACCABEES,  a  family  of  patriotic  Jews,  who  commenced  their  career  during 
the  persecution  of  Antiochus  Epiphanes,  B.C.  167,  when  Mattathias,  a  priest, 
resisted  the  tyranny  of  the  governor.  His  son  Judas  Maccabeus  defeated 
the  Syrians  in  three  battles,  B.C.  166,'  165;  but  fell  in  an  ambush,  BC.  161. 
His  brother  Jonathan  made  a  league  with  the  Romans  and  Lacedemonians, 
and  after  an  able  administration,  was  treacherously  killed  at  Ptolemais  by 
Tryphon,  B.C.  143.  His  brother  and  successor,  Simon,  was  also  murdered, 
B.C.  135.  John  Hyrcanus,  son  of  Simon,  succeeded.  His  son  Judas,  called 
also  Aristobulus,  took  the  title  of  king,  B.C.  107.  The  history  of  the  Macca- 
bees is  contained  in  five  books  of  that  name,  two  of  which  are  included  in 
our  Apocrypha,  and  are  accounted  canonical  by  the  Roman  Catholic  Church 
but  not  by  Protestant  communions. 

MACADAMIZING.  The  inventor  of  this  system  of  repairing  roads  (Mr.  John 
M'Adam),  received  a  grant  from  Parliament  in  1825  as  a  reward. 

MADAGASCAR,  (p.  411.)  The  French  were  defeated  in  an  attack  on  this 
island,  Oct.  19,  1855.  The  native  Christians  have  suffered  much  persecution, 
although  the  prince,  the  son  of  the  reigning  queen,  embraced  Christianity  in 
1846.  The  Rev.  W.  Ellis  in  1858  published  an  interesting  account  of  his 
three  visits  to  the  Island,  on  behalf  of  the  London  Missionary  Society  in 
1854-5-6. 

MADEIRA,  (p.  408.)  Since  1852,  the  vintages  here  have  been  totally  ruined 
by  the  vine-disease. 

MAGAZINE.     See  Reviews  and  Magazines. 

MAGENTA,  a  small  town  in  Lombardy,  memorable  for  the  victory  of  the  French 
and  Sardinian  army  over  the  Austrians,  June  4,  1859.  The  emperor  Louis 
Kapoleon  commanded,  and  ho  and  the  king  of  Sardinia  were  in  the  thickest 
of  the  fight.  It  is  said  that  55,000  French  and  Sardinians,  and  75,000  Aus- 
trians were  engaged.  The  former  are  asserted  to  have  lost  4000  killed  and 
wounded,  and  the  Austrians  10,000,  besides  7000  prisoners;  these  numbers 
are  still  doubtful.  The  Austrians  fought  well,  but  were  badly  commanded. 
The  emperor  and  king  entered  Milan  on  June  8  following.  M'Mahon  and 
Regnault  d'Augely  were  created  marshals  of  France  for  gallantry  in  thia 
action. 

MAGNETISM.  In  1831  electricity  was  produced  from  a  magnet  by  Professor 
Faraday,  who  has  since  published  his  researches  on  the  action  of  the  magnet 


ADDENDA.  767 

on  light,  on  the  magnetic  properties  of  flame,  air,  and  gases  (1845).  on  dia- 
magnetism  (1845),  on  magne-crystallic  action  (1848),  on  atmospheric  magnet- 
ism (1850).  and  on  the  magnetic  force  (1851-52).  In  the  present  century 
our  knowledge  of  the  phenomena  of  magnetism  has  been  greatly  increased 
by  the  labors  of  Arago.  Ampere,  Hansteeu.  Gauss,  Weber,  Poggendorff, 
Sabine,  Lament,  Tyndall,  Du  Moncel,  &c, 

MAINE,  (p.  410)  Population  in  1850,  583,169:  increase  in  10  years,  16  per 
cent.  Pop.  in  1860,  619,958:  increase  in  10  years  6|  per  cent. 

MALAKHOFF,  a  hill  near  Sebastopol  on  which  was  situated  an  old  tower,  which 
the  Russians  strongly  fortified  during  the  siege  in  1854-5.  The  allied  French 
and  English  attacked  it  on  June  17  and  18,  1855,  and  after  a  conflict  of  48 
hours  were  repulsed  with  severe  loss;  that  of  the  English  being  175  killed 
and  1126  wounded;  that  of  the  French  3338  killed  and  wounded.  On  Sept. 
8,  the  French  again  attacked  the  Malakhoff ;  at  8  o'clock  the  first  mine  was 
sprung,  and  at  noon  the  French  flag  floated  over  the  conquered  redoubt.  In 
the  Malakhoff  and  Redan  were  found  3000  pieces  of  cannon  of  every  calibre, 
and  120,000  Ibs.  of  gunpowder. 

MARONITES.  A  body  of  Christians  in  Asiatic  Turkey,  who  recognise  the 
authority  of  the  pope.  They  live  near  Mt.  Lebanon,  and  in  Aleppo,  Damas- 
cus, and  other  places.  They  suffered  severely  in  the  massacre  by  the  Druses 
in  1860,  and  some  accounts  make  the  Maronites  the  original  aggressors. 

MAROONS.  A  name  given  in  Jamaica  to  runaway  negroes.  When  the  island 
was  conquered  from  the  Spaniards  a  number  of  the  negroes,  abandoned  by 
their  former  masters,  fled  to  the  hills  and  became  very  troublesome  to  the 
colonists.  A  war  of  eight  years'  duration  ensued,  when  the  Maroons  capitu- 
lated on  being  permitted  to  retain  their  free  settlements,  about  1730.  In 
1795  they  again  took  arms,  but  were  speedily  put  down  and  transported  to 
Nova  Scotia.  Brande.  They  were  also  sent  to  Sierra  Leone;  and  many  of 
them  are  among  the  Dutch  of  Surinam. 

MARQUESAS  ISLANDS  (Polynesia),  were  discovered  in  1595  by  Mendana, 
who  named  them  after  the  viceroy  of  Peru,  Marquesa  de  Mendoca.  They 
were  visited  by  Cook  in  1774,  and  were  taken  possession  of  by  the  French 
admiral  Dupetit  Thouars,  May  1, 1842. 

MARRIAGE    (p.  414.)     The  number  of  marriages  in  England  and  Wales  in 

1750  was  40,800  1820  was    96,883  1 S50  was  152  744 

1800    "    78,223  1840    "    121.083  185?    "    156,207 

Of  these  marriages,  in  1850,  it  is  stated,  in  the  registrar's  returns,  that 
47,570  men  and  70,60]  women  could  not  write,  and  that  they  signed  the 
marriage  register  with  their  marks.*  See  Divorce.  It  has  frequently  been 
attempted  to  legalise  a  marriage  with  a  deceased  wifds  sister,  without  success. 
A  bill  for  this  purpose  passed  the  Commons,  July  2,  1858,  but  was  rejected 
by  the  Lords,  July  23  following.  In  the  case  of  Brooke  v.  Brooke,  April  17, 
1858,  it  was  decided  that  such  a  marriage  celebrated  in  a  foreign  country 
was  not  valid  A  bill  to  suppress  irregular  marriages  in  Scotland  was  passed 
in  1856 

MARSEILLAISE  HYMN.  The  words  and  music  of  this  hymn  are  ascribed  to 
Rouget  de  Lille,  a  French  engineer  officer,  who  composed  it  at  the  request 


*  In  France,  the  marriages  were  208.893  in  1S20;  243,674  in  1825;  nml  259.177  in  1830.  As 
respects  Paris,  the  statistics  of  that  city,  which  are  very  minute  and  curious,  furnish  the  fol- 
lowing classes  as  occurring  in  7754  marriages:— Bachelors  and  maids,  6456;  bachelors  and 
widows,  368;  widowers  and" maids,  708  ;  widowers  and  widows.  22-2. 


768  THE  WORLD'S  PROGRESS. 

of  Marshal  Lucknow,  in  1791,  to  cheer  the  spirits  of  the  conscripts  of  the 
army  then  at  Strasburg.  The  hymn  derived  its  name  from  the  circumstance 
of  some  troops  from  Marseilles  marching  into  Paris  to  the  time  at  a  time 
when  it  was  little  known  there,  in  1792.  Brands. 

MARYLAND,  (p.  415.)  Population,  1850,  583,034  including  74,723  free  colored, 
and  90,368  slaves.  Increase  in  10  years  24  per  cent.  In  1860,  the  population 
was  646,183,  and  85,382  slaves.  Increase  of  free  persons  in  10  years  11  per 
cent. ;  decrease  of  slaves  6  per  cent. 

MASSACHUSETTS,  (p.  146.)  Population  in  1850,  994,514;  increase  in  10 
years  34  per  cent.  Population  in  1855  (state  census)  1,132,369;  increase  in 
5  years  16  per  cent.  These  returns  placed  Mass,  the  6th  in  the  Union  in 
population.  In  I860  the  population  was  1,231,494.  Increase  in  10  years  24 
per  cent.  Total  industrial  production  in  1 855,  295  millions  of  dollars.  Exports, 
1859,  18  millions.  Railroads,  1602  miles,  which  cost  63  millions. 

MEDICI  FAMILY,  illustrious  as  the  restorers  of  literature  and  the  fine  arts  in 
Italy,  were  chiefs  or  siynori  of  the  republic  of  Florence  from  1434,  in  which 
year  Cosmo  de'  Medici,  who  had  been  banished  from  the  republic,  was 
recalled,  and  made  its  chief,  presiding  over  it  for  thirty  years.  Lorenzo  de' 
Medici,  styled  "the  Magnificent,"  and  the  "Father  of  Letters,"  ruled  Florence 
from  1469  to  1492.  John  de'  Medici  (Pope  Leo  X.)  was  the  son  of  Lorenzo. 
Roscoe.  From  1569  to  1737  the  Medici  family  were  hereditary  granddukes 
of  Tuscany. 

MEMPHIS,  an  ancient  city  of  Egypt  ("  of  which  the  very  ruins  are  stupendous") 
is  said  to  have  been  built  by  Menes,  3890  B.C.  ;  or  by  Misraim,  2188  B.C.  It 
was  erected  by  Alexander,  332  B  c  ;  and  restored  by  Septimus  Severus,  A.D. 
202.  The  invasion  of  Cambyses,  526  B.C.,  began,  and  the  founding  of  Alexan- 
dria, 332,  completed,  the  ruin  of  Memphis. 

MENU,  INSTITUTES  OF,  the  very  ancient  code  of  India.  Sir  W.  Jones,  who 
translated  them  into  English  (1794),  considers  their  date  should  be  placed 
between  Homer  (about  962  B  c.)  and  the  Roman  Twelve  Tables  (about  449 
B.C.)  Haughton's  translation  appeared  in  1825. 

MEROVINGIANS.     The  first  race  of  French  kings,  418-752. 

MESMERISM.  So  called  from  Frederick  Anthony  Mesmer,  a  German  physician, 
of  Mersburg.  He  first  made  his  doctrine  known  to  the  world  in  1766;  con- 
tending, by  a  thesis  on  planetary  influence,  that  the  heavenly  bodies  diffused 
through  the  universe  a  subtle  fluid  which  acts  on  the  nervous  system  of  ani- 
mated beings.  Quitting  Vienna  for  Paris,  in  1778,  he  gained  numerous  pro- 
selytes to  his  system  in  France,  where  he  received  a  subscription  of  340,000 
livres.  The  government  at  length  appointed  a  committee  of  physicians  and 
members  of  the  Academy  of  Sciences  to  investigate  his  pretensions.  Among 
these  were  Franklin  and  Dr.  Bailly,  and  the  result  of  their  inquiries  appeared 
in  an  admirable  paper  drawn  up  by  the  latter,  exposing  the  futility  of  animal 
magnetism,  as  the  delusion  was  then  termed,  and  the  quackery  of  Mesmer. 
Mesmerism  excited  attention  again  about  1848,  when  Miss  Harriet  Martineau 
and  others  announced  their  belief  in  it.* 

METEOR.  Remarkable  instances  of  the  phenomenon  are  recorded  by  the  Chinese 
as  early  as  644  B.c. ;  by  Greeks  and  Romans  (a  few  only);  by  Kepler  (1623), 
Halley,  Humboldt,  Cavallo,  Bowditch.  and  others,  1676,  1719,  1783,  1819. 
A  meteor  passed  over  N.  Y.,  Conn.,  R.  L,  Delaware,  &c.,  July  20,  1860. 


*  In  1859  the  Mesmeric  Infirmary  issued  its  tenth  animal  report,  Archbishop  "Whately  being 
president,  and  the  earl  of  Carlisle  :ind  Mr.  Monckton  Milnes  among  the  vice-presidents. 


ADDENDA.  769 

Extraordinary  meteoric  display  in  Nov.  1833,  partially  recurring  every  Nov. 
till  1839,  and  again  in  1841  and  1846.  These  were  described  by  Prof.  Olm- 
sted  of  New  Haven. 

METHODISTS,  (p.  422.)  The  first  Methodist  organization  in  the  U.  S.  was  at 
Baltimore,  1784,  Wesley  sanctioning  it  as  the  "  Meth.  Episcopal  Church  of 
America."  Introduced  in  S.  Carolina  and  Georgia,  1785.  Secession  of  Anti- 
episcopal  brand),  1830.  Secession  (on  account  of  the  slavery  question)  of  the 
"  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  South,"  1844.  The  northern  branch  had  in 
1860,  956,555  members,  and  13,000  preachers,  under  51  ''annual  con- 
ferences," 24  colleges,  2  biblical  institutes,  and  120  seminaries  The  "  M.  E. 
Church  South"  in  1845,  had  6  bishops,  24  conferences,  330,710  white  mem- 
bers, 124,811  colored  members,  2978  Indians.  In  1859  the  total  membership 
was  721,023,  with  2!  colleges  for  males,  28  colleges  and  27  high  schools  for 
females ;  and  a  publishing  house  at  Nashville  which  issued  600  million  pages 
in  5  years.  The  Meth.  Prot.  Church  in  1858  had  90,000  members  and  2000 
ministers. 

MEXICO,  (p.  423.)  Herrera,  president,  1848;  succeeded  by  Gen.  Arista,  Jan.  15, 
1851 ;  who  was  compelled  by  revolution  to  resign,  1853,  and  Santa  Anna 
was  recalled  and  made  president  with  unlimited  powers.  Insurrection  of 
Alvarez,  Jan.  1854;  flight  of  Santa  Anna,  Aug.  1855,  and  elevation  of  Car- 
rera  for  27  days.  Alvarez  made  president  by  a  Junta,  but  after  a  few  weeks 
resigned  in  favor  of  Comonfort,  who  confiscated  Church  property.  March  1856. 
New  constitution  promulgated  by  Congress,  March  1857,  opposed  by  the 
army,  and  a  new  revolution  (Jan.  1858),  suppressed  Comonfort,  and  elevated 
Zuloaga  to  the  presidency.  Juarez  (chief  justice)  claims  this  post,  and  retires 
to  Vera  Cruz,  May  4,  1860.  assuming  there  to  be  the  "Constitutional  presi- 
dent." Zuloaga  deposed,  and  Gen.  Miramon  as  chief  of  the  Conservatives  or 
Church  party,  leads  a  war  against  Juarez,  which  ends  in  the  triumph  of  Jua- 
rez, Jan.  1861. 

MICHIGAN,  (p.  423.)  Population  1850,  399,654;  in  1860,  754,291.  Increase 
in  1840-50,  87  per  cent. ;  1850-60,  89  per  cent. 

MICHAELMAS.  The  feast  of  St.  Michael,  the  reputed  guardian  of  the  Roman 
Catholic  Church,  under  the  title  of  "  St.  Michael  and  all  Angels."  St.  Michael 
is  supposed  by  the  Roman  Catholics  to  be  the  head  .of  the  heavenly  host. 
This  feast  is  celebrated  on  the  29th  of  September,  and  the  institution  of  it, 
according  to  Butler,  was  A.D.  487. 

MILITIA,  (p.  424.)  In  England  a  volunteer  militia  was  raised  during  the  Cri- 
mean war,  1854,  and  again  during  the  Indian  mutiny,  1857. 

MILITIA,  (p.  425.)  The  militia  force  of  the  United  States  in  1860,  as  near  as 
can  be  ascertained  from  official  reports,  consists  of  53,589  commissioned  offi- 
cers, and  2,036,520  non-commissioned  officers,  musicians,  artificers,  and 
privates ;  a  total  of  2,727,486  men. 

MINCIO,  a  river  of  Lombardy.  Here  the  Austrians  were  defeated  by  the  French 
under  Brune,  Dec.  26,  1800 ;  and  by  Eugene  Beauharnais,  Feb.  8,  1814.  The 
provinces  of  Verona  and  Mantua  are  watered  by  the  Mincio. 

MINES,  (p.  425.)  The  deepest  coal-pit  in  England  has  recently  been  opened, 
after  nearly  12  years'  labor.  The  shaft  is  6864-  yards  deep,  and  its  sinking 
cost  some  $500,000.  The  seam  of  coal  is  4  ft.  8-i  in.  thick,  and  is  calculated 
to  yield  500  tons  a  day  for  30  years.  The  shaft  is  12£  feet  in  diameter,  and 
near  the  bottom  19  feet.  Here  it  meets  an  "incline"  nearly  half  a  mile  long. 

MINlfi  RIFLE,  invented  at  Vincennes.  about  1833,  by  M.  Minie  (born  about 
1800).  From  a  common  soldier  he  raised  himself  to  the  rank  of  the  chef 

33 


770 


THE    WORLD'S    PROGRESS. 


d'escadron.  His  ritte  is  considered  to  surpass  all  made  previous  to  it,  foi 
accuracy  of  direction  and  extent  of  range  It  is  adopted  by  the  French,  and 
with  various  modifications  by  the  British  army  in  1852. 

MINNESOTA,  (p.  425  )  Made  a  territory,  185-,  admitted  into  the  Union  as  a 
state,  1858.  Population,  1850,  6077;  1860,  176.535. 

MINT.  (p.  426.)  In  England,  first  regulated  by  Athelstan,  about  A.D.  928.  See 
Coinage. 

MISSIONS,  PROTESTANT.  The  number  of  Protestant  missionaries  in  the  world 
is  1369  who  are  distributed  as  follows:  North  America,  125;  South  Ame- 
rica, 11;  the  Antilles  and  Guiana,  218;  Northern  Africa,  6;  West  Africa, 
107  ;  South  Africa,  152;  Western  Asia,  74 ;  India  and  Ceylon,  419  ;  Burmah 
and  Siam,  39;  China,  72;  Oceanica,  146.  To  the  above  must  be  added  934 
assistant  missionaries,  and  2737  native  helpers  (1860).  Modern  missionary 
effort  has  given  to  20  millions  of  people  the  benefits  of  a  written  language, 
20  dialects  of  Africa  have  been  thus  supplied,  and  500,000  persons  enjoy 
oral  teaching. 

MISSIONS,  ROMAN  CATHOLIC.  The  receipts  of  the  great  Romish  missionary 
society,  the  Society  for  the  Propagation  of  the  Faith,  for  1857,  from  all  parts 
of  the  globe,  amounted  to  $838.000.  Their  expenditures  in  Europe  were 
about  $159,000;  in  Asia.  $284,000;  in  Africa,  $54,000  ;  in  America,  $1  77,000  ; 
in  the  South  seas,  $73,000.  The  whole  amount  contributed  on  this  continent 
was  about  $32,000.  It  is  stated  that  Protestants  in  the  U.  States  alone,  give 
more  for  foreign  missions  than  the  one  hundred  and  fifty  millions  of  Catholics 
in  all  parts  of  the  world. 

MIRRORS,  (p.  427.)  In  1851  Mr.  Pettigrevv  made  known  a  mode  of  silvering 
glass  by  a  solution  of  silver,  thus  avoiding  the  deleterious  use  of  mercury. 

MISSISSIPPI  (p.  426.)  This  state  repudiated  $5,000,000  of  its  bonds,  in  1839(?) 
Population  1850,  6()6,326;  1860,  836,658;  increase  from  1840  to  1850,  61 
per  cent,  "  Ordinance  of  Secession  "  from  the  U.  S.,  passed  Jan.  9,  1861. 

MISSISSIPPI.  The  literal  translation  of  the  aboriginal  name  is  Great  River;  the 
Indian  title  is  written  variously  by  the  early  journalists;  Marquette  spells  it 
"  Missoissippy. ;"  Hennepiri  "  Meschasipi"  Sape  is  river,  running  water; 
the  prefix  means  "great,"  "&/'(/•" 

MISSOURI,  (p.  427  )  Pop.  in  1850,  682,044,  including  87,422  slaves.  I»  1856, 
911.001,  including  101,605  slaves.  Increase  in  10  years,  77  per  cent.  From 
1830  to  1840,  it  was  133  per  cent.  Pop.  I860,  1,201,214,  including  .115,619 
slaves 

MODENA.  (p.  426.) 


1S46.  Francis  V.  (born  June  1,  1S19)  suc- 
ceeds, Jan.  21.  His  subjects  rose  against 
him  soon  after  the  Italian  war  broke  out, 
in  April,  1S59.  He  fled  to  Verona,  esta- 
blishing a  regency,  which  was  abolished 
June  18;  Farini  was  appointed  dictator 


in  July ;  a  constituent  assembly  was  im- 
mediately elected,  which  offered  the 
duchy  to  the  king  of  Sardinia,  Sept.  15, 
following.  Future  government  unde- 
cided, Nov.  1859. 


OLUCCA&-  an  archipelago  (the  chief,  Amboyna)  in  the  Indian  Ocean,  discovered 
by  the  Portuguese,  about  1511,  who  held  them  secretly  till  the  arrival  of  the 
Spaniards,  who  claimed  them  till  1629,  when  Charles  V.  yielded  them  to 
John  III.  for  a  large  sum  of  money.  The  Dutch  conquered  them  in  1607, 
and  have  held  them  ever  since — except  from  1810  till  1814,  when  they  were 
subject  to  the  English. 

MONACHISM  (from  the  Greek,  monos,  alone).     Catholic  writers  refer  to  the  pro- 
phet  Elijah,  and  the  Nazarenes  mentioned  in    Numbers,   ch.  vi.,  as  early 


ADDEXDA.  V71 

examples.  The  first  Christian  ascetics  appear  to  be  derived  from  the  Jewish 
sect  of  the  Essenes,  whose  life  was  very  austere,  practising  celibacy,  &c. 
About  the  time  of  Constantine  (A.D.  306-322)  numbers  of  these  ascetics  with- 
drew into  the  deserts,  and  were  called  hermits,  monks,  and  anchorets ;  of 
whom  Paul,  Anthony,  and  Pachomius  were  most  celebrated,  feimeon.  the 
founder  of  the  Stylitie  (or  pillar  saints),  died  A.D.  456.  He  is  said  to  have 
lived  on  a  pillar  30  years  St.  Benedict,  the  great  reformer  of  monachism, 
published  his  Rules  and  established  his  monastery  at  Monte  Cassino,  about 
A.D.  529.  The  Carthusians,  Cistercians,  &c.,  are  so  many  varieties  of  Bene- 
dictines. In  964,  by  decree  of  king  Edgar,  all  married  priests  were  to  be 
replaced  by  monks.  See  Abbeys  and  Benedictines. 

MONROE  DOCTRINE,  a  term  applied  to  the  determination  expressed  by  James 
Monroe,  president  of  the  United  States,  1817-24,  not  to  permit  any  European 
power  to  interfere  in  restraining  the  progress  of  liberty  in  North  or  South 
America, 

MONTEBELLO,  a  village  in  Piedmont,  where  Lannes  defeated  the  Austrians* 
June  9,  1800,  and  acquired  his  title  of  duke  of  Montebello  ;  and  where  (May 
20,  1859),  after  a  contest  of  six  hours,  the  French  and  Sardinians  defeated  the 
Austrians,  who  lost  about  2000  killed  and  wounded,  and  200  prisoners.  The 
French  lost  about  700.  including  general  Beuret. 

MONUMENT  OF  LONDON,  begun  in  A.D.  1671,  and  finished  in  1677.  The 
pedestal  is  forty  feet  high,  and  the  edifice  altogether  202  feet,  that  being  the 
distance  of  its  base  from  the  spot  where  the  fire  which  it  commemorates  com- 
menced. It  is  the  loftiest  isolated  column  in  the  world.  Its  erection  cost 
about  £14,500. 

MORAT  (Switzerland),  where  Charles  the  Bold  of  Hungary  was  completely 
defeated  by  the  Swiss,  June  20,  1476.  A  monument,  constructed  of  the 
bones  of  the  vanquished,  was  destroyed  by  the  French  in  1798,  who  erected 
a  stone  column  in  its  place. 

MORETON  BAY  (New  South  Wales),  a  new  .British  colony,  constituted  in  1859. 
The  capital  to  be  called  Queen's  Town  ;  the  first  governor,  Sir  G.  Bowen,  and 
the  title  of  the  Bishopric  to  be  Brisbane. 

MORMONS,  (p.  430.)  In  Utah,  their  chief  settlement,  Brigham  Young,  their 
leader,  was  made  Governor  by  Pres.  Fillmore  in  1850.  The  U.  S.  chief  jus- 
tice being  repudiated  by  Young,  and  the  U.  S.  laws  disowned,  Col  Steptoe, 
U.  S.  A  ,  was  appointed  governor  in  place  of  Young,  and  sent  with  a  batta- 
lion to  enforce  the  U.  S.  authority,  Aug.  1854.  His  authority  being  defied 
he  resigned.  Alfred  Cuinmings  appointed  gov.  by  Pres.  Buchanan,  and 
arrived  with  2.500  U.  S  troops,  Oct  5.  His  trains  were  attacked  and  open 
rebellion  proclaimed;  but  in  March,  1858,  the  Mormon  leaders  submitted  and 
order  was  restored.  Army  withdrawn  May  1860.  In  April,  1851.  their 
elders  and  preachers  were  gathering  converts  to  their  principles  in  Italy  and 
Switzerland,  and  especially  among  the  Waldenses ;  also  at  Paris.  Their 
celebrated  "  Bible,"  professed  to  have  been  delivered  to  Joe  Smith,  was  really 
written  by  Rev.  Sol.  Spaulding,  about  1812.  as  a  supposed  history  of  some 
ancient  mounds  in  Ashtabula  Co.,  Ohio.  The  MS.  is  said  to  have  been  bor- 
rowed by  one  of  the  Mormons,  who  copied  it.  and  subsequently  printed  it. 
The  number  of  Mormons  in  Utah,  in  1860,  was  said  by  them  to  be  80,000 
or  100,000.  By  others  it  was  estimated  at  50,000.  In  Europe  they  nuni- 
1  er  perhaps  100,000  ;  and  some  are  reported  in  Asia,  Africa,  and  Polynesia. 

MOROCCO,  (p.  430.)  The  Spaniards,  who  possess  several  places  on  the  coagt  of 
Morocco  (Ceuta,  Penon  de  Yalez,  &c.),  having  suffered  much  annoyance  by 


772 


THE   WORLDS    PROGRESS. 


Moorish  pirates,  declared  war  against  the  sultan  in  Oct.  1859.  Negotiations 
had  proved  fruitless;  the  Spanish  government  increasing  their  demands  as 
the  sultan  yielded.  The  English  interference  was  in  vain.  See  Spain. 
Peace  restored,  1860. 

MORTAR  (p.  430.)  On  Oct.  19,  1857,  a  colossal  mortar,  constructed  by  Mr. 
Robert  Mallett,  was  tried  at  Woolwich;  with  a  charge  of  70  Ibs.  it  threw  a 
shell  weighing  2550  Ibs.  1|  mile  horizontally,  and  about  £  mile  in  height. 
No  bomb-proof  arch  or  iron  ship  could  resist  such  a  missile. 

MOSQUITO  COAST  (in  Central  America).  The  Indians  inhabiting  this  coast 
have  been  long  under  the  protection  of  the  British,  who  held  Belize  and  a 
group  of  islands  in  the  bay  of  Honduras.  The  jealousy  of  the  United  States 
has  long  existed  on  this  subject.  In  April,  1850,  the  two  governments  cove- 
nanted not  to  "occupy,  or  fortif}*,  or  colonise,  or  assume,  or  exercise  any 
dominion  over  any  part  of  Central  America."  In  1855  the  United  States 
charged  the  British  government  with  an  infraction  of  the  treaty  ;  on  which 
the  latter  agreed  to  cede  the  disputed  territory  to  the  republic  of  Honduras, 
with  some  reservation.*  The  matter  was  finally  settled  in  Feb.  1857. 

MOUNT  VERNON  The  home  of  Washington,  on  the  Potomac;  purchased  for 
the  nation  for  the  sum  of  $200,000,  raised  by  ladies'  associations,  originated 
by  Miss  Pamela  Cunningham,  of  South  Carolina,  1858-60. 

MUNICH,  the  capital  of  Bavaria,  and  one  of  the  most  beautiful  sites  in  Germany, 
was  founded,  it  is  said,  A.D.  962.  It  was  taken  by  Gustavus  Adolphus  of 
Sweden,  in  1632;  by  the  Austriaus  in  1704,  1741,  and  1743;  and  by  the 
French,  under  Moreau,  July  2,  1800.  Munich  abounds  in  schools,  inetitu- 
tions,  and  manufactories.  The  University  was  founded  by  the  king  Louis  in 
1826. 


NAPLES,  (p.  434.) 


N. 


A  martial  anarchy  prevails yDec.  1849 

The  chiefs  of  the  liberal  party  arrested 
in 1849 

Settembrini,  Poerio,Carafa,  and  others, 
after  a  mock  trial  are  condemned, 
and  consigned  to  horrible  dungeons 
for  life June,  1850 

After  remonstrances  with  the  king  on 
his  tyrannical  government  (May), 
the  English  and  French  ambassa- 
dors are  withdrawn Oct.  28,  1856 

Attempted  assassination  of  the  king 
by  Milans Dec.  1856 

The  Cagliari  seized June,  1S57 


Italian  refugees,  under  count  Pisao 
cane,  landing  in  Calabria,  are  defeat- 
ed, and  their  leader  killed 

June  27-July  2,  185T 

Death  of  Ferdinand  II.,  after  dreadful 
sufferings May  22,  1859 

Accession  of  Francis  II 

The  city  of  Naples  surrenders  to 
Garibaldi  without  a  struggle,  and 
the  king  retires  to  Gaeta  ...Sept.,  S60 
Gaeta  surrenders  to  the  Sardinians 
and  the  king  takes  refuge  in  a 
French  vessel Feb.  13,  1861 

See  Italy  and  Sicily. 


NASSAU,  now  a  German  duchy,  was  made  a  county  by  the  emperor  Frederic  I., 
about  1180,  for  Wolrarn  a  descendant  of  Conrad  I.  of  Germany;  from  whom 
are  descended  the  royal  house  of  Orange  now  reigning  in  Holland  (see  Orange 
and  Holland),  and  the  present  duke  of  Nassau.  Population  of  the  duchy  in 
1857,  434.064.  Wiesbaden  was  made  the  capital  in  1839. 

1788.  Count    Frederic-William   joins    the    1814.   William-George,  Aug.  20. 
Confederation  of  the  Khine,  and  is  made    1889.  Adolphus  -  William  -  Charles,   born 
duke  in  1806.  July  24,  1817;  the  present  duke  (1861). 


*  St.  Juan  del  Norte  (Grcytovni)  was  held  by  the  British  on  behalf  of  the  Mosquitoes  till  the 
American  adventurers,  under  Col.  Kinney,  took  possession  of  it  in  Sept.  1^55.  He  joined 
Walker ;  and  on  Feb.  10,  1856,  their  associate  Kivas,  the  president,  claimed  and  annexed  the 
Mosquito  territory  to  Nicaragua. 


ADDENDA.  773 

NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  DESIGN  (at  New  York),  founded  1826;  the  first 
President  was  Samuel  F.  B.  Morse. 

NATIONAL  DEBT  OF  EXGLAXD.  The  annual  interest  in  1850  was  £23,862,257  ; 
and  the  total  interest,  including  annuities,  amounted  to  £27,699.740.  On 
Jan.  1,  1851,  the  total  unredeemed  debt  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  was 
£769,272,562 :  the  charge  on  which  for  interest  and  management  was 
£27,620,449.  On  Jan.  1,  1852,  it  was  £765,126,582  ;  the  charge,  £27,501,783. 

NATURE  PRINTING.  This  process  consists  in  impressing  objects,  such  as 
plants,  mosses,  feathers,  &c.,  into  plates  of  metal,  causing  these  objects,  as  it 
were,  to  engrave  themselves ;  and  afterwards  taking  casts  or  copies  tit  for 
printing  from.  Kniphof,  of  Erfurt,  between  1728  and  1757,  produced  his 
Herbarium  vivum  by  pressing  the  plants  themselves  (previously  inked)  on 
paper;  the  impressions  being  afterwards  colored  by  hand.  In  1833,  Peter 
Kyhl  made  use  of  steel  rollers  and  lead  plates.  In  1842,  Mr.  Taylor  printed 
lace.  In  1847,  Mr.  Twining  printed  ferns,  grasses,  and  plants;  and  in  the 
same  year  Dr.  Branson  suggested  the  application  of  electrotyping  to  the 
impressions.  In  1849,  Professor  Ley  dolt,  of  Vienna,  obtained,  by  the  able 
assistance  of  Mr.  Andrew  Worring,  impressions  of  agates  and  fossils.  The 
first  practical  application  of  this  process  is  in  Von  Heufier's  work  on  the 
Mosses  of  Arpasch,  in  Transylvania ;  the  second  (the  first  in  England)  in 
"The  Ferns  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,"  edited  by  Dr.  Lindley;  the  illus- 
trations to  which  wer«  prepared  under  the  superintendence  of  Mr.  Henry 
Bradbury,  in  1855-6,  who  also  in  1859  commenced  the  printing  of  the  British 
Sea-weeds,  edited  by  W.  G.  Johnstoue  and  Alex.  Croall. 

NAVAL  ACADEMY  (U.  S.)  at  Annapolis,  Md.,  founded  during  the  Presidency 
of  Mr.  Polk,  chiefly  at  the  instance  of  Geo.  Bancroft,  Sec.  of  the  Navy. 

NAVY  OF  ENGLAND,  (p.  440.)  In  July,  1856,  it  consisted  of  271  sailing 
vessels,  carrying  9,594  guns;  and  258  steam  vessels,  carrying  6,582  guns; 
also  155  gunboats,  and  111  vessels  on  harbor  service. 

NAVY  OF  FRANCE  (p.  440)  has  been  greatly  increased  by  the  present  empe- 
ror. In  L859  it  consisted  of  51  ships  of  the  line  (14  sailing  vessels  and  37 
steamers),  and  398  other  vessels,  in  all  449. 

NAVY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES,  (p.  439.)  In  1860,  consisted  of  10  ships 
of  the  line,  10  frigates,  21  sloops  of  war,  3  brigs,  8  steamers,  first  class,  6 
screw  do.  2d  class,  15  do.  3d  class,  9  side-wheel  steamers,  3  storeships,  6 
receiving  ships.  Total,  91  vessels. 

NEW  GRENADA  (South  America),  visited  by  Columbus,  and  in  1536  conquered 
and  settled  by  the  Spaniards.  It  formed  part  of  the  new  republic  of  Bogota, 
established  in  1811;  and,  combined  with  Caraccas,  formed  the  republic  of 
Colombia  in  1819.  After  several  reunions  and  dissolutions  the  republic  of 
New  Grenada,  in  June.  1858,  merged  into  the  Grenadine  Confederation, 
which  includes  Bolivar.  Antioguia,  Panama,  and  other  small  states.  The 
president  (1859)  M.  Ospina,  entered  on  office  April  1,  1857. 

NEW  HAMPSHIRE,  (p.  441.)  Population  in  1850,  317,976;  increase  in  10 
years,  11  per  cent.  In  1860,  326,072,  increase,  3  per  cent. 

NEW  JERSEY,  (p.  442.)  Population  in  1850,  488,552,  including  22,269  colored 
persons.  In  1860,  676,084.  Increase  in  10  years  35  percent. 

NEWSPAPERS,  (p.  445.)  There  are  3,364  newspapers  published  in  the  United 
States  and  territories,  of  which  613  are  in  New  York,  419  in  Pennsylvania, 
382  iu  Ohio,  221  in  Illinois,  and  219  in  Massachusetts.  There  are  50  in 
Canada,  5  in  the  Sandwich  Islands,  and  2  in  New  Brunswick.  In  England 


774 


THE  WORLD'S  PROGRESS. 


and  Wales  there  are  272;  in  Scotland,  66;  in  Ireland,  113;  and  in  the 
British  Isles  and  Jersey,  17.  There  are  about  1,500  in  Germany,  about  600 
in  France,  30  or  40  in  Spain,  very  few  in  Italy,  13  in  Constantinople,  and 
about  100  in  Russia  (1860). 

NEWSPAPERS,  GREAT  BRITAIN,  (p.  445.)  In  1855  the  stamp  duty  on  news- 
papers was  abolished,  except  for  postal  purposes.  In  1857,  71,000,000 
newspapers  passed  through  the  London  post-office. 

ESTABLISHMENT   OF   THE   PRESENT   PRINCIPAL   LONDON   NEWSPAPERS. 


Public  Ledger 1759  I  Times. 


Daily. 


.1788 


Morning  Chronicle 1770  |  Sun. .  .  .1792 


Morning  Post 1772 

Morning  Herald 1781 


Observer 1792 

Bell's  Messenger 1796 

Weekly  Dispatch 1801 

Examiner 1  *-f;8 

Literary  Gazette 1817 

John  Bull..  ..1820 


Morning  Advertiser 1803 

Globe 1803 

Weekly. 

Bell's  Life  in  London .  .1820 

Sunday  Times 1 822 

Atlas 1826 

Athenaeum 1S28 

Spectator 1S28 

Illustr'd  London  News.1842 


Standard 1827 

Daily  News 1846 

Daily  Telegraph 1 SS5 

Morning  Star 1866 


Lloyd's  Weekly  Paper.  1842 

News  of  the  World 1S4S 

Economist 18-13 

Leader 1850 

Press 1S53 

Saturday  Review 185- 


NEW  YORK,  STATE  OF.  (p.  443.)  Population  in  1850,  3,097,394 ;  increase  in  10 
years,  26  percent.  In  1860,3,851,563;  increase  in  10  years  24  per  cent. 
No.  of  school  districts,  11.621.  Pupils  in  public  schools,  851,533.  Volumes 
in  school  libraries  1.360,507  (1860). 

NICARAGUA,  a  state  in  Central  America,  which  see.  At  the  commencement  of 
1855  it  was  greatly  disturbed  by  two  political  parties:  that  of  ihe  president 
Chamorro,  who  held  Grenada,  the  capital,  and  that  of  the  democratic  chief 
Castellon,  who  held  Leon.  The  latter  invited  Walker,  the  filibuster,  to  his 
assistance,  who  in  a  short  time  became  sole  dictator  of  the  state.  By  the 
united  efforts  of  the  confederated  states  the  filibusters  were  all  expelled  in 
May,  1857.  OH  May  1,  1858,  Nicaragua  and  Costa  Rica  appealed  to  the 
great  European  powers  for  protection.  . 

NICOLAITAXES.  This  sect  '(mentioned  Rev.  ii.  6,  15)  is  said  to  have  sprung 
from  Nicolas,  one  of  the  first  seven  deacons.  Nicolas  is  said  to  have  made  a 
vow  of  continence,  and  in  order  to  convince  his  followers  of  his  resolve  to 
keep  it,  he  gave  his  wife  (who  was  remarkable  for  her  beauty)  leave  to  marry 
any  other  man  she  desired.  His  followers  are  said  afterwards  to  have  main- 
tained the  legality  of  a  community  of  wives,  as  well  as  holding  all  other  things 
in  common,  and  are  accused  of  denying  the  divinity  of  Christ. 

NINEVEH.  The  capital  of  the  Assyrian  Empire  (see  Assyria),  founded  by  Ashur, 
who  called  it  after  himself,  about  2245  B.C.  Ninus  reigned  in  Assyria,  and 
called  this  city  also  after  himself,  Nineveh,  2069  B.C.  Abbe  Lengkt.  Jonah 
preached  against  Nineveh  (about  862  B.C.),  which  was  taken  by  Nebuchad- 
nezzar, 606  B.C.  The  discoveries  of  Mr.  Layard  and  others  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of  Mosul,  the  supposed  site  of  this  ancient  capital,  since  1839,  have  in  a 
manner  disinterred  and  repeopled  a  city  which  for  centuries  has  not  only 
ceased  to  figure  on  the  page  of  history,  but  whose  very  locality  had  long  been 
blotted  out  of  the  map  of  the  earth.  The  forms,  features,  costume,  7-eligion, 
modes  of  warfare,  and  ceremonial  customs  of  its  inhabitants,  stand  before  us 
distinct  as  those  of  a  living  people;  and  it  is  anticipated  that,  by  help  of  the 
sculptures  and  their  cuneiform  inscriptions,  the  researches  of  the  learned  may 
go  far  in  filling  up  the  vast  blank  in  Assyrian  annals.  Among  the  sculptures 
that  enrich  the  British  Museum  may  be  mentioned  the  winged  bull  and  lion 


ADDENDA.  775 

aiid  numerous  hunting  and  battle-pieces;  but  perhaps  the  mn«t  interesting- a? 
confirmatory  of  the  truth  of  Holy  Scripture,  is  the  bas-relief  of  the  eagle- 
headed  human  figure,  presumed  to  be  a  representation  of  the  Assyrian  god 
Nisroch  (fro:n  N^r.  an  wyle  or  liawk}.  whom  Sennacherib  was  in  the  act  of 
worshipping  when  he  was  assassinated  by  his  two  sons,  about  7 10  B.C.  2 
Kings  xix.  37.  In  1848  Mr.  Layard  published  his  ''Nineveh  and  its 
Remains,"  and  in  1853  an  account  of  his  second  visit  in  1849-50. 

NITROGEN,  OR  AZOTE  (from  the  Greek  a  no,  and  zw,  I  live),  an  irrespirable 
elementary  gas.  Before  1777  Scheele  separated  the  oxygen  of  the  air  from 
the  nitrogen,  and  almost  simultaneously  with  Lavoisier  discovered  that  the 
atmosphere  is  a  mixture  of  these  two  gases.  Nitrogen  combined  with 
hydrogen  forms  the  volatile  alkali  ammonia  so  freely  given  off  by  decom- 
posing animal  and  vegetable  bodies. 

NORTH  CAROLINA,  (p.  449.)     The  population  was  as  follows: 

Whites.  Slaves.  Free  Col.  Total. 

1840 434,b7u  245.817            22,732  758,419 

1850 553,C2S  288.54S            27,463  862,039 

I860 679.965  328,377  1,008,342 

It  was  at  Mecklenburgh,  in  this  state,  that  the  first  declaration  of  independence 
of  the  British  crown  was  made,  as  early  as  May,  1775. 

NORTHWEST  PASSAGE,  (p.  448.)  The  honor  of  actually  effecting  the  north- 
west passage  was  achieved  by  Capt.  McClure,  in  the  British  ship  Investigator, 
which  sailed  with  the  Enterprize,  Capt.  Colliuson,  Jan.  20.  1850.  Admiralty 
chart  showing  the  discovery  published  1853. 

NOVARA  (SARDINIA).  BATTLE  OF,  March  23,  1849,  when  the  Austrian  marshal 
Radetzky  totally  defeated  the  king  Charles  Albert  and  the  Sardinian  army. 
The  contest  began  at  10  A.M.  and  lasted  till  late  in  the  evening;  the  Aus- 
trians  lost  396  killed,  and  had  about  1850  wounded;  the  Sardinians  lost 
between  3,000  and  4.000  men,  27  cannons,  and  3, 000  prisoners.  The  king  of 
Sardinia  soon  after  abdicated  in  favor  of  his  son,  Victor  Emmanuel,  the  pre- 
sent king  (1861). 

NUMIDIA  (N.  Africa),  the  seat  of  the  war  of  the  Romans  with  Jugurtha,  which 
began  111  B.C.,  and  ended  with  his  subjugation  and  captivity,  106.  The  last 
king,  Juba,  joined  Cato  and  was  killed  at  the  battle  of  Thapsus,  46  B.C.,  when 
Numidia  became  a  Roman  province. 

NUMISMATICS,  the  science  of  coins  and  medals,  an  important  adjunct  to  the 
study  of  history.  In  England  Evelyn  ( 1697),  Addison  (1726),  and  Pinkerton 
(1789)  published  works  on  medals.  Ruding's  Annals  is  the  great  work  on 
British  coinage  (new  edition,  1840).  The  Numismatic  Society  in  London  was 
founded  by  Dr.  John  Lee  in  1836.  It  publishes  the  Numismatic  Chronicle. 
Mr.  Yonge  Akerman's  Numismatic  Manual  (1840),  is  a  useful  introduction 
to  the  science.  Other  foreign  works  are  numerous.  Eckfeldt  and  Dubois' 
work  on  the  coins  of  the  U.  S.,  pub.  1842,  with  later  editions.  "\Vorks  by 
Bushnell,  Prime,  and  others,  published  at  N.  York,  and  by  Snowden  at  Philad. 


0. 

OATH.  (p.  451.)     In  England  Jews  were  relieved  from  part  of  the  oath  of  alle- 
giance, 1858. 

OBSERVATORIES.  <p.  451.)     Dudley  Observatory,  Albany,  N.  Y.,  founded  by 
Mrs.  B.  Dudley,  1858. 


776  THE  WORLD'S  PROGKESS. 

OHIO.  The  total  population  of  this  state  in  1850,  was  1,980,408,  viz.  white, 
1,95(1000;  colored.  24,300.  Farms  in  cultivation,  143,887;  manufacturing 
establishments  producing  annually  over  $500,  110,550;  nouses,  336,098. 
Census  Returns.  In  1850  the  wheat  crop  of  Ohio  amounted  to  80,000,000 
bushels.  April,  1851,  completed  62  years  since  the  first  band  of  white  set- 
tlers entered  Ohio.  Population  in  18GO,  2,377,917  ;  increase  in  ten  years 
about  20  per  cent. 

OIL-WELLS,  which  supply  a  good  burning  oil,  were  discovered  at  Titusville,  Pa., 

1859.  The  first  was  through  29  feet  of  earth,  and  30  feet  of  rock.     There 
are  now  (1861)  numerous  wells  in  that  vicinity  yielding  about  15  barrels  per 
day. 

OLYMPIC  GAMES,  (p  452.)  In  1858,  M.Zappas,  a  wealthy  Peloponnesian,  gave 
funds  to  re-establish  these  games  under  the  auspices  of  the  Queen  of  Greece. 

OMNIBUSES,  (p.  452.)  In  1859,  there  were  above  8000  omnibuses  running  in 
London.  The  number  in  New  York  in  1860  was  11,660.  The  number  of 
hackney  coaches  licensed  in  1860  in  N.  York  was  863.  The  number  of  carts 
of  public  cartmen,  in  1860  was  5700. 

OPIUM.  The  Custom-house  returns  state  that  in  1858,  300,000  Ibs.  of  opium 
were  imported  into  the  United  States,  and  it  is  calculated  from  reliable  data 
that  not  more  than  one-tenth  of  this  is  used  for  medicinal  purposes.  Druggists 
and  physicians  say  that  the  habit  of  taking  opiates  is  very  prevalent,  and 
extending  every  year. 

ORANGEMEN.  A  battle,  called  the  battle  of  the  Diamond,  was  fought  in  the 
county  of  Armagh,  in  Sept.,  1795;  and  the  treachery  experienced  by  the 
Protestants  on  that  occasion  convinced  them  they  would  become  an  easy 
prey  to  the  Roman  Catholics,  from  their  small  numbers,  unless  they  associ- 
ated for  their  defence.  In  commemoration  of  that  victory  the  first  Orange 
lodge  was  formed  in  the  county  of  Armagh,  Sept.  21,  1795  ;  but  the  name  of 
Orangeman  existed  some  time  before.  They  associated  to  maintain  the  con- 
stitution in  church  and  state,  as  established  at  the  Revolution  by  the  Prince 
of  Orange.  The  first  Orange  lodge  was  formed  in  Dublin,  the  members  pub- 
lishing a  declaration  of  their  principles,  in  Jan.  1798.  It  is  stated,  that  in 
1836,  there  were  145,000  Orangemen  in  England,  and  125,000  in  Ireland, 
the  Duke  of  Cumberland  being  grand  master.  After  a  parliamentary  inquiry, 
the  clubs  were  broken  up  at  the  request  of  the  House  of  Commons,  but 
revived  in  1845. — In  Oct.  1857,  the  Lord  Chancellor  of  Ireland  ordered  that 
Justices  of  the  Peace  should  not  belong  to  Orange-clubs.  Orange  associa- 
tions in  Canada  repudiated  by  the  Prince  of  Wales  and  his  advisers,  Oct. 
1860. 

ORDERS  ix  COUXCIL  were  issued  by  the  British  government,  Jan.  7,  and  Nov. 
2),  1807,  prohibiting  trade  with  the  ports  occupied  by  the  French.  They 
were  reprisals  for  Napoleon's  Berlin  decree.  These  restrictions  greatly 
checked  the  progress  of  manufactures  in  England,  and  caused  much  distress 
till  their  removal  in  1815. 

OREGON,  (p.  455.)     Received  into  the  Union  as  a  state,  1859.     Population  in 

1860,  52,566. 

ORGANS,  (p.  455.)  A  monster  organ  erected  in  the  Crystal  Palace  at  Sydeuham, 
England,  June,  1857,  which  at  times  overpowered  the  2400  vocal  and  instru- 
mental performers. 

OSTROGOTHS,  or  EASTERN  GOTHS,  were  distinguished  from  the  Visigoths 
(Western  Goths)  about  A.D.  330.  After  ravaging  eastern  Europe,  Thrace,  Ac., 


ADDENDA.  77 


i 


their  great  leader,  Theodoric,  established  a  kingdom  in  Italy,  which   lasted 
from  493  to  553. 

OUDE,  a  large  aud  rich  province  in  North  India,  formerly  a  vice-royalty  held  by 
the  vizier  of  the  Great  Mogul.  On  the  dismemberment  of  his  empire  about 
17GO,  it  was  seized  by  the  vizier  Shuja-ood-Dowlah,  ancestor  of  the  late 
royal  family. 

0  YES!  A  corruption  of  the  French  Oyez,  hear  ye  1  The  term  used  by  a  public 
crier  in  law  courts,  &c.,  to  enjoin  silence  and  attention;  very  ancient,  and  the 
date  not  known, 

OZONE  (from  ozein,  to  yield  an  odor),  a  name  given  in  1840  by  M.  Schonbein 
of  Basel  to  the  odor  in  the  atmosphere  developed  during  the  electric  dis- 
charge. It  is  considered  to  be  a  modification  of  the  oxygen,  and  when 
occurring  naturally,  to  have  an  effect  on  health.  It  is  also  produced 
by  the  action  of  moist  air  on  phosphorus.  In  1858  ozonometers  had  been 
constructed  by  Dr.  Lankester  and  others  in  England.  M.  Schonbein  has 
since  discovered  another  modification  of  oxygen,  which  he  terms  antozone. 
At  present  (1859),  this  latter  has  been  found  only  in  the  compound  state  (in 
peroxides  of  sodium,  potassium,  &c.). 


P. 

PALAEONTOLOGY  (from  the  Greek  palaios,  ancient,  and  onta,  beings),  treats  of 
the  evidences  of  organic  beings  in  the  earth's  strata.  It  is  a  branch  of  Geo- 
logy. Cuvier,  Mantell,  Agassiz,  Owen,  Edward  Forbes,  and  Blainville, 
all  of  the  present  century,  may  be  reckoned  as  the  fathers  of  this  science. 
The  PaUeontographical  Society,  which  publishes  elaborate  monographs 
of  British  organic  remains,  w;is  founded  in  1847.  Prof.  James  Hall  of  Albany 
is  the  author  of  an  elaborate  work  on  the  Paleontology  of  N.  York. 

PALESTINE.  After  being  several  times  conquered  by  the  Saracens,  and 
retaken,  from  the  seventh  to  the  tenth  century,  and  after  being  the  scene  of 
the  wars  of  the  Crusades,  and  other  conflicts,  Palestine  was  united  to  the 
Ottoman  empire  by  Selim  I.  in  1516 

PALMERSTON  ADMINISTRATION".  The  resignation  of  the  Aberdeen  administra- 
tion was  announced  Feb.  1,  1855,  but  nearly  all  its  members  returned  to 
office  soon  after  under  Lord  Pahnerston ;  Lord  Derby  and  Lord  John  Russell 
having  each  in  vain  endeavored  to  form  an  administration.  On  Feb.  22,  Mr. 
Gladstone,  Sir  James  Graham,  and  Mr.  Sidney  Herbert,  again  resigned  on 
account  of  the  Sebastopol  inquiry.  Lord  John  Russell  resigned  July  13. 
Eord  Canning  was  appointed  Governor-General  of  India,  July  4,  1855.  This 
cabinet  resigned  Feb.  20,  1858,  in  consequence  of  a  vote  of  censure  upon  the 
government  for  introducing  the  Foreign  Conspiracy  bill.  It  was  succeeded 
by  the  Derby  administration. 

PALM ERSTON- RUSSELL  ADMINISTRATION.  The  Derby  administration  resigned 
June  11,  1859.  Earl  Granville  was  requested  by  the  Queen  to  t'>rni  an 
administration,  and  obtained  the  support  of  Lord  Pahnerston,  but  not  Lord 
John  Russell :  the  two  last  then  united  to  form  the  present  cabinet,  which 
came  into  office  July  18,  18.V.I. 

PANAMA.  The  isthmus  which  joins  North  and  South  Arn<-ncn.  \  TK-W  state, 
named  Panama,  was  formed  out  of  New  Grenada  in  isr>f,.  Tlu-  pusi-nt, 
president  (  !«<;<))  is  .Jos<;  nV  Osbaldin.  Tin-  Panama  Railroad  opened  1855. 

PAPAL  AG<iRK>SION,"  in  Kn-lnnd  strongly  protested  against  in  lHf*Ooh  the 

33* 


778  THE  WORLD'S  PROGRESS. 

appointment  by  the  pope  uf  Cardinal  "Wiseman  to  be  "Lord  Archbishop  of 
Westminster.''  670o  addresses  against  this  "  usurpation"  sent  to  the  queen; 
and  a  bill  was. passed,  August,  1851,  "prohibiting  the  constitution  of  bishops 
of  pretended  provinces  under  a  penalty  of  £100."  This  bill  does  not  appear 
to  have  been  enforced. 

PAPER  (p.  460).  The  manufacture  of  printing  and  writing  papers  in  the  United 
States  has  been  greatly  advanced  in  the  last  15  years.  Printing  paper  is 
now  made,  especially  in  Conn.,  Mass ,  Maine,  N.  J.,  and  Pa ,  fully  equal  in 
quality  to  the  best  in  England.  The  amount  of  capital  employed  in  this 
business  is  estimated  at  $20,000,000.  The  quantity  produced  cannot  be 
precisely  calculated,  but  it  is  now  (I860)  probably  greater  than  the  product 
of  Great  Britain. 

PAPIER  MACHE.  This  manufacture  (of  paper  pulp  combined  with  gum  and 
sometimes  China  clay)  has-  existed  for  above  a  century.  Martin,  a  German 
tmuff-box  maker,  is  said  to  have  learnt  the  art  from  one  Lefevre  about  1740. 
In  1745  it  was  taken  up  by  Baskerville,  the  printer  at  Birmingham,  and  soon 
\ipread  over  that  district.  Papier  mache  is  now  largely  employed  in  orna- 
menting the  interior  of  buildings,  &c. 

PARADISE  LOST,  the  great  epic  of  Milton,  appeared  first  in  10  books  in  1667; 
in  12  books  in  1674.  The  author  received  for  it  the  sum  of  £10,  and  his 
widow  £8  more  as  full  payment  for  the  copyright. 

PARAGUAY,  a  province  in  South  America,  discovered  by  Sebastian  Cabot  in 
1526  :  and  conquered  by  Alvarez  Nunez  in  1535,  and  civilized  by  the  Jesuits, 
who  established  an  exclusive  government,  which  they  held  till  their  expul- 
sion in  1768.  Paraguay  rose  against  the  Spanish  yoke  in  1811.  In  1814 
Dr.  Francia  was  elected  dictator,  succeeded  on  his  death  in  1840  b}r  Vival. 
From  1814  to  1844  the  country  was  rigidly  closed  against  foreigners.  The 
present  (1859)  president,  C.  A.  Lopez,  was  elected  in  1844.  Paraguay  was 
recognised  as  an  independent  state  by  the  Argentine  Confederation  in  1852, 
by  Great  Britain  in  185,%  by  the  U.  States  in  185-. 

PARIS  (p  461.)  Immense  improvements  at  great  expense  by  Louis  Napoleon, 
1853-6.  Great  Industrial  Exhibition  opened  by  him  May  15,  1855;  visited 
by  Queen  Yictoria  and  Prince  Albert,  Aug.  24,  1855,  the  first  visit  of  an 
English  sovereign  to  Paris  since  that  of  the  infant  Henry  VI.  in  1422. 

PARKS,  (p.  461.)  The  great  "  Central  Park,"  N.  Y.  city,  originated  18M  by  the 
suggestions  of  the  late  A.  J.  Downing,  and  first  officially  recommended  by 
A.  C  Kingsland,  then  mayor.  It  was  authorized  both  by  the  Common  Coun- 
cil and  by  the  Legislature,  within  100  days  after:  the  award  of  the  Com- 
missioners of  Assessments,  made  July  2,  1855.  The  park  came  into  posses- 
sion of  the  city,  Feb.,  1856.  It  originally  extended  from  59th  to  106th  St. : 
in  1859  it  was  extended  to  110th  St.,  and  then  included  in  all  843  acres; 
being  2-£  miles  long,  |  mile  wide.  The  cost  before  extension  was  $5,444.369. 
of  which  $1,657,590  was  assessed  on  adjoining  property  ;  the  net  cost  being 
greater  than  was  ever  before  known  to  be  expended  on  a  public  park.  It  is 
now  more  than  twice  the  size  of  Hyde  Park  in  London  ;  but  of  its  area  142 
acres  is  occupied  by  the  two  Croton  reservoirs.  Preliminary  surveys  by  Mr. 
Yiele  (1856)  were  followed  by  the  adoption  of  plans  by  Olmsted  and 
Vaux,  April  28,  1858,  and  the  appointment  of  Mr.  F.  L.  Olmsted  as  Super- 
intendent and  "  Architect-in-chief. "  Work  on  this  plan  commenced  June  1, 
1858.  since  which  from  500  to  3500  persons  have  been  employed  to  this  time 
(1861)  under  the  general  direction  of  commissioners  appointed  by  the  Legis- 
lature. 


ADDENDA. 


779 


Public  Park  at  Baltimore  opened  1860.  The  "  Common"  at  Boston,  Mass., 
though  small  in  extent,  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful  city  inclosures  in  the 
world. 

PATENTS  (p  463.)  The  number  of  patents  granted  by  the  office  at  Washington 
from  1790  to  1850  inclusive  was  16,296.  In  1854  there  were  1800,  and  the 
yearly  number  since  then  has  been  about  2000. 

PARISHES,  The  boundaries  of  parishes  in  England  were  first  fixed  by  Hono- 
rius,  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  A.D.  636.  They  were  enlarged,  and  the  num- 
ber of  parishes  was  consequently  reduced  in  the  fifteenth  century,  when 
there  were  10.000.  The  parishes  of  England  and  Wales  now  amount  to 
11,077.  Parish-registers  were  commenced  A.D.  1538. 

PARLIAMENT,  (p.  462.) 


The  Peers  took  possession  of  their 
house,  that  portion  of  the  palace 
being  ready April  15,  1847 

The    members    of    the    Commons' 


Honse  of  Parliament    assembled 

in  their  new  house Nov.  4,  1852 

Barou  L.  Rothschild,  the  first  Jew 
admitted July  26,  1858 


PARMA,  (p  462.)  When  the  war  in  Italy  began  in  1859,  the  Parmesans  rose, 
and  established  a  provisional  government,  May  3  ;  the  duchess-regent  retired 
to  Switzerland.  On  Sept  3,  the  annexation  to  Sardinia  was  voted.  On 
Oct.  5,  Col.  Anvity,  a  former  obnoxious  police  minister,  having  rashly 
returned,  was  cruelly  murdered  by  the  mob.  The  Dictator  Farini  is  endea- 
voring to  punish  the  assassins  (Nov.  1859). 

PASSAU,  TREATY  OF.  A  celebrated  treaty  whereby  religious  freedom  was 
established,  and  which  treaty  was  ratified  between  the  Emperor  Charles  V. 
and  the  Protestant  princes  of  Germany,  Aug.  12,  1552.  By  this  pacification 
the  Lutherans  were  made  at  ease  in  regard  to  their  religion.  Henault.  In 
1662  the  cathedral  and  greatest  part  of  the  town  were  consumed  by  fire. 

PAWNBROKERS,  (p.  464.)  The  three  golden  balls  suspended  from  the  doors  of 
pawnbrokers  were  the  arms  of  the  Lombard  merchants,  who  were  the  first  to 
publicly  lend  money  on  chattel  securities,  and  who  gave  the  name  to  the 
present  street  of  bankers  in  London.  They  have  been  humorously  described 
as  meaning  that  there  were  two  chances  to  one  that  the  things  pledged  would 
never  be  redeemed. 

PEACE  SOCIETY,  AMERICAN.  The  first  peace  society  in  the  world  was  founded 
at  N.  York  in  Aug.,  1815.  A  similar  society  was  founded  at  Paris  in  1821. 

PEACE  SOCIETY  in  England  was  founded  in  1816  for  the  promotion  of  univer- 
sal peace.  It  held  its  43rd  anniversary  on  May  17,  1859.  A  congress  of  the 
friends  of  peace,  from  all  parts  of  the  world,  commenced  its  sittings  at  Paris, 
Aug.  22,  1849.  It  met  in  London,  at  Exeter  Hall,  Oct.  30  following;  and 
at  Frankfort,  in  St.  Paul's  Church,  Aug.  22,  1850  ;  at  Birmingham.  Nov.  28, 
1850;  and  at  Exeter  Hall,  July  22,  1851.  A  meeting  was  held  at  Man- 
chester, Jan.  27,  1853,  and  at  Edinburgh,  Oct.  12,  1853.  Mr.  Bright  and 
Mr.  Cobden  are  among  the  most  conspicuous  members  of  this  society.  A 
deputation  from  the  Peace  Society  consisting  of  Messrs.  J.  Sturge,  Pease,  and 
another  quaker  friend,  stated  their  views  to  the  Emperor  of  Russia  at  St. 
Petersburg,  at  an  interview  granted  them  in  Feb.  1854. 

PELASGI.  the  primitive  inhabitants  of  Greece  and  Italy  appear  to  belong  to  the 
Indo-Germanic  race.  They  were  in  Greece  about  1900  B.c  and  in  Italy 
about  1600  B.C.  They  have  been  termed  Tyrrheni,  Sicani  or  Siculi.  Apuli, 
&c  From  the  Pelasgi  come  the  Dorians,  uEolians,  and  lonians ;  all  three 
being  Hellenes  or  Greeks. 


"780 


THE  WORLD'S  PROGRESS. 


PENSIONERS,  U.  S.  The  whole  number  of  pensioners  of  all  classes  on  tin  rolls 
in  I860,  was  11,585;  and  the  aggregate  amount  required  per  annum  for 
their  payment,  $1,183,141.  Of  revolutionary  soldiers,  165  only  are  now  on 
the  rolls  (18(50). 

PENS.  STEEL.  The  largest  factories  are  Gillot's,  of  Birmingham,  who  employ 
nearly  1,000  hands  for  the  conversion  of  2£  tons  of  steel  into  35,000  gross  of 
pens  weekly !  In  1820-1,  the  first  gross  of  three  slit  pens  was  sold  wholesale 
for  £7  4s. ;  in  1851,  a  superior,  article  could  be  furnished  at  3s.  6d.  to  5s.  per 
gross,  while  the  commonest  pens  can  be  rendered  at  twopence  the  gross. 
Steel  pens  of  a  superior  quality  are  now  made  to  a  large  extent  in  the  U.  S. 

PERSEPOLIS,  the  ancient  splendid  capital  of  Persia.  Alexander  has  been  falsely 
accused  of  setting  fire  to  it,  while  intoxicated.  331  B.C.  The  fire  is  said  to 
have  been  accidental  and  not  extensive.  Remains  of  this  city  still  exist. 

PERUGIA,  a  city  of  the  Papal  States,  anciently  one  of  the  Etruscan  Confedera- 
tion. It  allied  itself  with  the  Samnites,  but  was  ruined  by  two  defeats  by 
the  Romans,  309  and  295  B.C.  It  was  taken  by  Octavius  Ca?sar  from  the 
adherents  of  Antony  ;  many  of  whom  were  immolated  on  altars  by  their  vic- 
tor. Leo  X.  took  Perugia  from  the  rival  families  Oddi  and  Baglioni,  in  1520. 
An  insurrection  here  against  the  pope  was  put  down  by  the  Swiss  with  great 
cruelty,  June  20,  1859.  An  American  family  who  suffered  by  the  violence 
of  Papal  soldiers  were  afterwards  indemnified. 

PESTH.  (Hungary),  was  repeatedly  taken  and  besieged  in  the  wars  of  Hungary, 
particularly  in  the  long  contests  with  the  Turks.  The  last  time  it  changed 
masters,  was  in  1684,  after  the  raising  of  the  famous  siege  of  Vienna  by 
Sobieski.  Buda-Pesth,  in  the  war  just  closed,  was  taken  by  the  Imperialists, 
Jan.  5,  1849.  The  Hungarians  afterwards  defeated  the  Austrians,  who  were 
obliged  to  evacuate  it,  April  18,  same  year.  See  Hungary. 

PETROPAULOVSKI,  a  fortified  Russian  town,  on  the  east  coast  of  Kamtschatka, 
attacked  by  English  and  French  fleets,  which  were  repulsed,  Aug.  30,  1854. 
It  was  afterwards  deserted  and  the  fortifications  destroyed. 

PEWS  in  churches  were  not  in  use  in  England  till  long  after  the  Reformation: 
about  the  middle  of  the  seventeenth  century.  The  earliest  reading-paw  with 
a  date  is  one  at  Geddington  St.  Mary,  Northamptonshire,  dated  1602.  Hook. 

PHARMACY :  the  knowledge  of  the  chemical  and  medicinal  properties  of  drugs 
and  all  other  things  employed  medicinally.  The  Pharmaceutical  Society  of 
London  was  founded  in  1841,  mainly  by  the  exertions  of  Mr.  Jacob  Bell,  and 
obtained  its  charter  in  1843.  It  publishes  a  monthly  journal. 

PHILOSOPHY,  (p.  470.) 

1770-18W;  Scientific,  Fichte.  1800-14. 
Absolute  Identity.  Schellins,  1800-20; 
Absolute,  IdeaUxm,  Hegel,  1810-30; 
Utilitarian,  Benthain,  1790-1830;  Posi- 
tive, Comte,  1830. 


MORAL  AND  INTELLKCT0AL  PHILOSOPHY. 

ANCIENT  SCHOOLS. — Pythagorean,  about 
B.C.  500:  Platonic  (the  Academy),  by 
Plato,  374 ;  Peripatetic  (the  Lyceum), 
by  Aristotle,  334;  Sceptic,  by  'Pvrrho, 
884;  Cynic,  by  Diogenes.  330;  Epicu- 
rean, by  Epicurus,  306:  Stoic,  by  Zeno, 
290;  Miff  die  Academy,  by  Arcesilaus, 
278;  New  Academy,  bv  Carneades, 
160. 

MODERN  PYSTKMS. — Rational,  Bacon,  aVt 
A.T>.  1624;  Cartesian,  Descartes,  about 
1C50 ;  ltefl.e<-tiue  or  f'ircej'tire,  Lork»\ 
1690;  Ideatittic,  Berkeley.  1710  ;  K/ec- 
tite,  Leibnitz,  1710;  Common  Sentse, 
Reid,  1750-70;  Transcendental,  Kant, 


NATURAL   PHILOSOPHY. 

Greek  and  Latin. — Thales,  about  B.C.  600; 
Pythagoras,  590;  Aristotle  and  Plato, 
850;  Euclid,  300;  Archimedes.  287 ;  Hip- 
parohns.  150;  Lucretius*,  about  100; 
Julius  Caesar,  50;  Ptolemy,  A.D.  150. 

Middle  Age*. — Arabians:  I'cn  Musa.  800; 
Alhazen,  &c..  1100.  (Herbert,  Decimals, 
959.  Koger  Bacon,  Opu#  Maju*,  1266. 


ADBEXBA. 


781 


PHILOSOPHY,  continued. 

Inductive  Philosophy : 

Copernicus's  system  published 1543 

Tycho  Brahe 1546-1601 

Kepler's  Laws 1609-13 

Bacon's  JVo*««t  Organum 1620 

Galileo's  Dialogue*  1 682 

Royal  Society  begins  (which  see). .  .1645 

Otto  Guericke — Air  pump 1654 

Huyghens  on  Pendulums 1658 

Newton — Fluxions,   1665;  Analysis 
of  Light,  1669;  Theory  of  Gravi- 


tation. 1634;  Principia  published 

1687;  death 1727 

Bradley  discovers  aberration 1727 

Euler  on  Perturbation  of  the  Pla- 
nets.,  1743 

Black  on  Heat 1762 

Laplace  on  Tides 1 775 

Lagrange.  Mecaniqne  Anuli/tiqueAtSS 
Galvani's  and  Yplta's  researches...  .171*1 

Laplace,  Mecanique  Celeste. 1799 

(:?ee  Astronomy,  Optics,  Chemis- 
try, Electricity,  <£c.) 


PPICENICIA,  on  the  sea  coast  of  Syria.  The  natives  were  the  most  eminent 
navigators  and  traders  of  antiquity ;  their  cities  being  Tyre,  Sidon.  Berytus, 
Tripoli,  Byblos,  and  Ptolemais  or  Acre  From  the  nineteenth  to  the  thir- 
teenth centuries  before  Christ,  they  established  colonies  on  the  shores  or  isles 
of  the  Mediterranean — Carthage,  Hippo,  Utica,  Gades,  Panormus ;  and  are 
said  to  have  visited  the  British  Isles.  Phoenicia  was  conquered  by  Cyrus, 
537  B.C.;  by  Alexander,  334;  by  the  Romans,  47;  and  was  added  to  the 
Ottoman  empire,  A.D.  1392. 

PHONOGRAPHY  (from  the  Greek,  phone,  sound).  The  Phonetic  Society,  whose 
object  is  to  reform  our  mode  of  writing  and  printing  by  rendering  it  more 
consonant  to  sound,  was  established,  March  1,  1843;  Sir  W.  C.  Trevelyan, 
president,  and  Mr.  Isaac  Pitman,  secretary,  the  latter  being  the  inventor  of 
the  system  which  was  made  known  in  1837.  Among  other  works  published 
by  the  promoters  of  this  system  was  the  "Phonetic  News." 

PHOSPHORUS,  (p.  470.)  The  consumption  of  phosphorus  has  immensely  in- 
creased since  the  manufacture  of  lucifer  matches.  In  1845,  Schrotter  of 
Vienna,  made  the  important  discovery  of  what  is  termed  allotropic  or  amor- 
phous phosphorus,  which  is  not  so  unwholesome  to  work  as  ordinary  phos- 
phorus. 

PHOTOGALVANOGRAPHY,  the  art  of  producing  engravings  by  the  action  of 
light  arid  electricity.  The  earliest  specimens  were  produced  by  Nicephore 
Niepce,  and  presented  by  him,  in  1827,  to  the  great  botanist,  Robert  Brown, 
in  Eng.  Great  advances  have  since  been  made  in  this  art  b}-  M  M.  Xiepce 
de  St.  Victor  (who  published  a  treatise  on  it  in  1856),  and  Vitry,  Mr.  W.  R. 
Grove,  H.  Fox  Talbot,  &c.  In  1854,  Paul  Pretsch  patented  a  process  which 
he  called  "  Photogalvanography,"  and  a  company  was  formed  to  apply  it  to 
the  benefit  of  the  public. 

PHOTOGLYPHIC  ENGRAVING  (a  process  by  which  the  light  actually  etches  a 
picture  on  a  plate  that  may  be  and  has  been  printed  from),  was  invented  by 
Mr.  Fox  Talbot,  in  Eng.,  in  1859,  and  is  described  and  exemplified  in  the 
Photographic  News,  Sept.  9  and  16,  1859,  a  specimen  being  given  in  the 
latter  number. 

PHOTOGRAPHY.  The  action  of  light  on  chloride  of  silver  was  known  as  early 
as  the  sixteenth  century.  The  phenomena  were  studied  by  Scheele  (1777), 
Senebier  (1790).  Ritter  and  Wollaston  (1801).  From  the  results  of  these 
investigations,  experiments  were  made  by  Thos.  Wedgwood  and  Humphry 
Davy,  which  were  published,  1802.  Wedgwood  may  be  regarded  as  the  first 
photographer.  His  paper  was  entitled  "An  Account  of  a  method  of  copying 
paintings  upon  glass,  and  of  making  profiles  by  the  agency  of  light  upon 
nitrate  of  silver."  Further  discoveries  were  made  by  Niepce  in  1814.  and 
Sir  J.  Herschel  in  1819.  Daguerre  commenced  his  experiments  in  1824; 
and  in  1826  joined  Niepce,  and  worked  with  him  till  the  death  of  the  latter 


782  THE  WORLD'S  PKOGRESS. 

in  1833.  The  production  of  the  Daguerreotype,  plates  was  announced  in  Jan., 
1839  ;  and  tlie  French  chamber  of  deputies  grunted  a  pension  to  Daguerre 
and  to  Isidore  Niepce  (the  son).  In  1839  also  Mr.  Henry  Fox  Talbot  first 
published  his  mode  of  multiplying  photographic  impressions,  by  producing  a 
negative,  photograph  (i.  t.  with  the  lights  and  shades  reversed),  from  which  any 
number  of  positive  copies  may  be  obtained.  His  patent  lor  producing  the 
Taibutype  or  Calotype  (on  paper)  is  dated  Feb.  1841.  From  this  time  im- 
provements have  been  made  with  great  rapidity.  In  1851,  Collodion 
was  applied  to  photography  by  Mr.  F.  Archer.  The  Photographic  Society  of 
London  was  established  in  Jan.  1853.  It  publishes  a  journal.  On  Dec.  22, 
1852,  774  specimens  of  photography  were  exhibited  at  the  rooms  of  the 
Society  of  Arts,  Adelphi.  Celestial  Photography  began  with  Professor  Bond, 
the  astronomer  of  Cambridge,  U.  S.,  who  exhibited  a  photograph  of  the  moon 
in  1851  Since  then,  Mr.  Warren  de  la  Rue.  of  London,  has  produced  excel- 
lent photographs  of  the  moon  and  other  heavenly  bodies. — Haydn. 

PHOTOGRAPHY  IN  THE  U.  S.  M.  Gourard,  of  Paris,  first  introduced  Photo- 
graphy in  the  U.  S.  in  1839,  exhibiting  some  daguerreotype  views  in  the 
course  of  a  lecture  at  the  Broadway  Tabernacle,  early  in  that  year.  Pro- 
fessors Morse.  Draper,  and  Wollcott,  simultaneous!}7,  before  the  end  of  the 
year,  improved  Daguerre's  process,  and  during  1840  applied  it  to  portraiture. 
Ambrotypes  were  introduced  in  1853,  and  paper  photographs  in  1851; 
although  very  little  was  done  in  the  business  way  until  1854.  Early  in  1855, 
Mr.  C.  D.  Fredericks  made  the  first  successful  life-sized  photographs,  with  an 
apparatus  invented  by  Mr.  H.  H.  Snelling;  and  it  is  mainly  to  the  introduc- 
tion of  this  apparatus  by  Mr.  Fredericks,  that  photography  owes  its  rapid 
progress  and  popularity  in  this  country,  almost  entirely  superseding  the 
earlier  daguerreotypes.  Stereographs  were  introduced  in  1852,  but  com- 
manded no  attention  until  1857. 

PIEDMONT  (Pedemontium,  Latin,  foot  of  the  mountains),  a  region  in  North  Italy, 
seat  of  government  of  the  modern  kingdom  of  Sardinia,  which  see. 

PINS.  (p.  472.)  Pins  were  first  manufactured  by  machinery  in  England,  in  1824, 
under  a  patent  of  Lemuel  Wellman  "Wight,  of  the  U.  S. — Haydn. 

PISTOLS,  (p.  472.)  Of  late  years  they  have  been  made  with  a  revolving  cylin- 
drical breech,  in  which  are  formed  several  chambers  for  receiving  cartridges, 
and  bringing  them  in  succession  into  a  line  with  the  barrel  for  firing.  The 
earliest  model  for  this  kind  of  arm  is  to  be  found  in  the  LTnited  Service 
Museum,  and  is  supposed  to  date  from  the  reign  of  Charles  I.  The  manufac- 
ture of  pistols  by  machinery  was  first  introduced  into  England  from  the 
United  States,  in  1853,  by  Col.  Colt,  the  inventor  of  the  celebrated  Colt  pis- 
tol, at  which  time  nearly  the  whole  oi  the  machinery  used  was  new  to  Eng- 
land. The  perfection  and  economy  of  this  system  of  manufacture  induced  the 
British  Government  to  establish  the  Entield  Armory  in  the  year  1855. — Haydn. 
The  chief  recent  improvement  in  pistols  is  the  "  Revolver,"  invented  by  Col. 
Sam.  Colt.  His  first  revolver  with  several  barrels  was  invented  in  1829  ;  in 
1835  he  patented  his  revolving  chambered  breech;  and  in  1852,  founded  his 
manufactory  at  Hartford,  Conn.,  where  the  Colt  Arms  Co.  make  revolving 
pistols  of  several  sixes,  costing  from  $10  to  $25  each,  at  the  rate  of  300  and 
sometimes  even  500  each  day.  This  revolver  has  14  parts,  besides  screws, 
and  these  pass  through  (in  all)  460  separate  processes  before  the  pistol  is 
completed.  Various  other  revolving  pistols  have  been  invented,  but  none  so 
successful.  The  Derringer  pistol  is  single-barrelled,  throwing  a  small  ball. 

PLANETS.     See  Astronomy.     Asteroids  have  been  discovered  as  follows : 


ADDENDA. 


783 


ffygeia,  by  A.  de  Gasparis.. April  12, 1849 

Parthenope,  by  the  same May  11,  1850 

Victoria,  by  J.  E.  Hind Sept.  13.  1850 

Eyeria,  by  A.  de  Gasparis..  .Nov.  2.  1850 

Irene,  by  J.  K.  Hind May  19. 1S51 

Eunomia,  by  A.  de  Gasparis.  July  29, 1851 


Ptyclie,  by  the  same March  17, 1 852 

Thetis,  by  E.  Luther April  17.  1853 

Melpomene,  by  J.  R.  Hind..  June  24,  1852 
Fortuna,  by  the  same. .... .  Auj:.  '22,  1852 

Jfassilia,  by  A.  de  Gasparis. Sept.  19, 18C2 


POET  LAUREATE  (ENGLAND),  (p.  475.)     Alfred  Tennyson  appointed  1850. 

POLICE,  (p.  478.)  The  "  Metropolitan  Police  "  law  for  the  city  of  New  York  and 
suburbs,  passed  1857,  resisted  by  the  mayor  (Wood),  and  a  serious  collision 
results  between  the  old  and  new  police  force,  June  16,  1857.  The  new  law 
pronounced  to  be  constitutional  by  the  Court  of  Appeals.  July  2,  and  the  old 
force  is  disbanded  next  day.  The  present  police  force  of  New  York  (1861)  is 
unquestionably  the  most  effective  and  the  most  perfect  that  has  ever  been 
organized  on  this  continent.  It  numbers  about  1,800  men. 

POLITICAL  ECONOMY,  (p.  478.)  In  the  U.  S.  the  most  important  original 
works  on  political  economy  are  those  of  Henry  C.  Carey,  of  Philadelphia, 
originally  an  advocate  of  free  trade,  but  his  maturer  works  taking  the  oppo- 
site ground  in  favor  of  protection.  He  has  written  several  volumes  which 
have  attracted  much  attention  in  Europe. 

POLYNESIA.     A  name  recently  given  to  the  isles  in  the  great  Pacific  Ocean. 

PONTIFFS  (Latin,  Pontiftces),  the  highest  Roman  sacerdotal  order  established  by 
Numa.  The  college  first  consisted  of  4  patricians  ;  to  these  4  plebeians  were 
afterwards  added.  Sylla  increased  the  number  to  15  (8  majores,  7  minores). 
The  chief  was  called  the  Pontifex  Maximus.  T.  Coruncanius,  a  plebeian, 
obtained  this  office,  254  B.C. 

POPULATION  OF  THE  GLOBE,  (p.  481.)  Professor  C.  F.  W.  Dietrich,  of  the 
University  of  Berlin,  has  furnished  the  Academy  of  Sciences,  in  that  city,  with 
the  most  recent  and  reliable  tables  on  this  subject,  giving  the  following 
results  with  his  grounds  for  them : 

Population  of  Australia,  etc ...      2,000,000 


Population  of  Europe 272.000,000 

"  "  Asia 755,000.000 

"  "  America 200,000,000 

"  "  Africa 59,000,000 


Total 1,288,000,000 


or  more  than  twelve  hundred  millions  Reckoning  the  average  death  as 
about  one  in  every  forty  inhabitants,  32,000.000  die  in  a  year;  87,671  in  a 
day;  3,653  in  an  hour;  and  61  in  a  minute.  Thus  one  human  being  dies  on 
an  average  every  second,  and  more  than  one  is  born. 

PORTLAND,  MAINE.     Population  in  1860,  26,342. 

PORT  ROYALISTS.  The  name  popularly  given  to  the  learned  members  of  the 
celebrated  convent  of  the  Port  Royal  des  Champs  (founded  about  1204;  and 
refounded  in  1626),  who  occupied  their  time  there  in  religious  exercises,  and 
in  instructing  youth,  from  about  1636  to  1656,  when  they  were  expelled  by 
Louis  XIV.,  as  Jansenists  and  'heretics.  Among  the  distinguished  names 
connected  with  the  Port  Royal  are  those  of  Lancelot,  Pascal,  Arnauld,  Nicole 
de  Sacy,  and  Tillemont.  The  school  books  which  were  published  fur  the  use 
of  that  institution  were  greatly  esteemed. 

PORTUGAL,  (p.  485.) 


An  American  squadron  arrives  in  the 
Tagus  to  enforce  claims  against  the 
Portuguese  government. .  .June  22.  1850 
Death  of  the  queen  Maria  II. .Nov.  15,  1853 

King-consort  recognised  as  regent 

Dec.  19, 1853 


The  young  king  visits  England .... 

June,  1854 

And  France May,  i855 

All  the  slaves  on  the  Eoval  domains 

declared  free . .  .Dec.  80,  1S54 

Inauguration  of  tho  king Sept.  Ifi,  1S55 


784  THE  WORLD'S  PROGRESS. 


PORTUGAL,  continued. 

Kesignation  of  the  Saldanha  minis- 
try   June  5, 1 856 

First  Portuguese  railway  (from  Lis- 


bon to  Sautarem)  opened. 


Oct.  20,  1856 


The  French  emigrant  ship  for  negroes 
Charles-et-Georges,  seized 


Nov.  29,  1857 
Anger  of  the  French  government ;  its 
ultimatum  sent,  Oct.  13;  and  ships 


of  war  to  the  Tagus :  the  vessel  re- 
stored  Oct.  25,  1858 

1853.  Fetor  V.  (Don  Pedro),  born 
Sept.  16,  1837;  the  present  (1859) 
king  of  Portugal.  Married  to  the 
princess  btephania,  of  Hohenzollern 
Sigmaringen,  May  18,  1S58 ;  who 
died  July  17,  1859. 

[Hair,  Prince  Louis-Philip,  the  king's 
brother,  born  Oct.  81, 1833.] 


POST  OFFICE,  U.  S.  (p.  484) 

1854.  1S55.  1856.          1857.        1858.  1859.  1860. 

Revenue* 7  ru.         7J4  m.         1%,  m.         8m.         8m.         8^  m.         8%  m 

Expenditures*.. 8%  m.       10m.  10^  m.    llj«j  m.    12%  m.        15%  m.        14>4' m. 

For  the  year  ending  June  30,  1859:  number  of  post-offices,  28,539;  increase 
during  the  year,  562;  mail  routes,  8,723;  aggregate  length,  260,052  miles; 
annual  transportation,  82,308.402  miles;  of  which  by  railroads,  26,010  miles 
— total,  27,268,384  miles,  at  11.9  cents  per  mile  ;  by  steamboats.  19,209  miles, 
total,  4.569,902,  at  25.3  cents  per  mile;  by  coaches,  63.041  miles,  total 
23,448,498  miles,  at  13.3  cents  per  mile;  by  inferior  modes,  151,792  miles; 
total,  27,021,658,  at  7.1  cents  per  mile  Expenditures  of  the  department  for 
1859,  $14,964,493;  revenue,  $7,968,484;  deficiency,  $6.996,009.  See  Table 
in  Appendix.  Nearly  2,000,000  "dead  letters"  annually  fail  to  reach  the 
persons  addressed. 

POST  OFFICE,  BRITISH.  The  net  revenue  was  in  1853,  £1,104,000;  in  1857 
£1,293,971.  Rowland  Hill's  penny  postage  was  broached  in  1837,  and 
adopted  in  1839.  The  number  of  letters  in  the  last  year  of  the  old  system 
was,  82,470,596.  The  number  in  1856  was  478  millions;  in  1858,  it  was 
523  millions.  In  1855,  books  and  pamphlets  were  first  allowed  to  be  sent  by 
post,  at  the  rate  of  Id.  for  4  oz. 

POST  OFFICES.  The  number  of  letters  annually  passing  through  the  Post-offices 
of  Great  Britain,  with  the  uniform  one  penny  postage  system,  is  four  times  as 
great  as  in  the  United  States,  as  by  the  following  table : 

No.  of  Letters  per  Postal  Postal 

Countries.         Population.          letters.  1,000  persons,   expenses.  revenues. 

United  States 25,000,000  102,139,148  4,084       $12.722.470  $7,486.792 

Great  Britain 30.000,000  410.81 7. 489  13.693  14.Sb4.SOO  9.245,- 00 

France. 40,000,000  150,000.000  3,750  6,023.915  9.321.900 

Spain 14.000,000  30,775,686  2.209  1,095.398  1,281.761 

Belgium 4.600,000  11.521.955  2,603  327,128  355,648 

Holland 3,200.000  13.349.553  4.357  156.785  2SS,162 

Switzerland 2,300,000  19,773,671  8:299  341,028  447,752 

PRAETORIAN  GUARDS  were  instituted  by  the  emperor  Augustus  (B.C.  13), 
and  their  numbers  enlarged  by  Tiberius,  Vitellius,  and  his  successors.  At- 
first  supporters  of  the  imperial  tyrants  they  eventually  became  their  masters, 
actually  putting  up  the  imperial  diadem  for  sale  (as  in  A.D.  193  when  it  was 
bought  by  Didiu.s  Julianus).  They  at  times  committed  many  atrocities,  and 
were  finally  disbanded  by  Constantino,  in  312. 

PRESBYTERIANS,  (p.  488.)  The  Presbyterian  church  in  the  United  States  was 
divided  into  the  "Old  School,"  and  the  New  School,  184-.  In  1850,  the 
aggregate  No.  of  churches  was  4,584,  accommodating  2,040,000  persons. 

PRINTING,  (p.  490.)  In  the  United  States  this  important  art  has  made  great 
advances  during  the  last  10  years  (1861).  The  best  presses  of  Boston,  and 
Cambridge,  Mass.,  of  New  York,  and  of  Philadelphia,  have  produced  speci- 

*  In  millions,  round  numbers. 


ADDENDA.  V85 

mens,  nearly  or  perhaps  fully  equal  to  the  best  in  England  or  France. 
Excellence  has  been  especially  aimed  at  of  late  in  this  countrj-,  while  econo- 
my and  cheapness  have  been  more  studied  in  England. 

PRINTING  TYPES  first  electrofaced  with  copper,  about  1850. 

PRINTING  IN  COLORS  was  first  commenced  by  the  employment  of  several 
blocks,  to  imitate  the  initial  letters  in  MSS.  (for  instance,  the  Mentz  Psalter 
of  Faust,  A.D.  1457,  which  lias  a  letter  in  three  colors).  Imitations  of 
chiaroscuro  soon  followed  (•'  Kepose  in  PJgypt,"  engraving  on  wood,  after 
Louis  Crauach,  1519,  in  Germany:  others,  by  Ugo  da  Carpi  in  Italy, 
1518).  In  England,  j.  B.  Jackson  (1720-1754)  attempted,  without  success, 
to  imitate  water-color  drawings  and  to  print  paper-hangings.  About 
1783,  John  Skippe,  an  amateur,  printed  some  chiaroscuros.  In  1S19-22, 
Mr.  William  Savage  produced  his  remarkable  work,  "  Hints  on  Color 
Printing,"  illustrated  by  imitations  of  chiaroscuro,  and  of  colored  draw- 
ings, which  are  still  greatly  admired,  giving  details  of  the  processes  employed. 
In  1836,  Mr.  George  Baxter  produced  beautiful  specimens  of  Picture-Printing, 
and  took  out  a  patent,  which  expired  in  1855.  In  some  of  the  illustrations 
to  the  "Pictorial  Album"  (1836),  he  has  employed  twenty  different  blocks. 
Since  then  great  improvements  have  been  made  in  the  art.  It  has  been 
applied  to  Lithography  (hence,  Chromolithography).  In  1849,  Mr.  G.  C. 
Leighton  produced  imitations  of  water-color-drawings,  by  means  of  modifica- 
tions and  improvements  of  Savage's  processes.  In  1851,  he  commenced 
color-printing  by  machinery,  and  has  since  availed  himself  of  aqua-tinted 
plates;  and  also  of  electrotyped  silver  and  copper  surfaces  to  obtain  purity  of 
color  as  well  as  durability. — Haydn.  This  art  is  also  practised  considerably 
in  the  United  States,  but  has  not  been  prominently  recognised.  Chromo- 
lithography. i.  e.  printing  from  stone  in  colors,  introduced  in  N.  Y.  and  Phil., 
about  1 848,  has  been  carried  to  great  perfection. 

PRINTING  PRESSES,  (p.  488.)  The  largest  presses  more  recently  constructed 
by  Hoe  &  Co.,  of  New  York,  will  throw  oft'  25,000  impressions  per  hour. 
These  are  the  "  ten  cylinder  type-revolving  printing  machines."  Two  of 
these  have  been  supplied  to  print  the  London  Times,  and  a  similar  one  is 
used  by  four  daily  newspapers  in  New  York.  The  cost  of  each  press  is  about 
$30,000.  Of  the  eight  and  six  cylinder  machines  Hoe  &  Co.  have  supplied 
20  in  Great  Britain,  4  in  Paris,  and  2  in  Australia !  The  Adams  printing 
presses  are  now  manufactured  by  Hoe  &  Co. 

PRIVATEER.  A  vessel  belonging  to  one  or  more  private  individuals,  sailing 
with  a  licence  from  Government  in  time  of  war,  to  seize  and  plunder  the 
ships  of  the  enemy.  The  practice  first  became  general  during  the  war 
between  Spain  and  the  Netherlands,  about  the  end  of  the  seventeenth  cen- 
tury, and  was  very  general  during  the  last  French  war.  Privateering  was 
abolished  by  the  great  sovereigns  of  Europe  by  treaty,  March  30,  185H  :  but 
the  U.  S  government  declined  to  join  in  this  treaty.  During  the  war  of  1812, 
there  were  ''50  privateers  commissioned  by  the  U.  S.,  of  which  58  were  from 
Baltimore.  55  from  New  York,  40  from  Salem,  and  31  from  Boston.  During 
that  war  2,000  British  vessels  were  captured  by  the  Americans,  a  large  por- 
tion being  by  privateers.  About  500  American  vessels  were  captured  or 
destroyed  by  the  British.  See  CoggeshalPs  Hist  of  Am.  Privateers. 

PROBATE  COURT,  ENGLAND.  Kstablished  in  1857  by  20  &  21  Viet.  c.  77, 
which  abolished  all  power  exercised  by  the  Ecclesiastical  Courts  in  the  grant- 
ing of  probates  of  wills,  &c.  The  first  judge  appointed  (Jan.  5,  1858),  was 
Sir  Cresswell  Cresswell,  who  took  his  seat  Jan.  12.  Probate  is  the  exhibiting 
and  proving  a  will  before  the  proper  authority. 


786  THE  WORLD'S  PROGRESS. 

PRUD'IIOMMES.  COXSEILS  PE  (from  pntdtn*  kcnno,  a  prudent  raanX  trade  tribu- 
nals iu  France,  composed  of  makers  and  workmen,  instituted  in  1806,  by 
Napoleon,  to  arbitrate  on  trade  disputes.  Similar  bodies  with  tin's  name 
existed  as  far  back  as  1452.  at  Marseilles,  and  at  Lyons,  in  1464. 

PRUSSIA,  (p.  494.) 


The  king  takes  the  oath  required  by 
the  new  constitution Feb.  6.  1S50 

Treaty  of  peace  between  Prussia  and 

Denmark July  2.  1S50 

, e.  cuMii;;_r  .>ut  the  whole   Prus- 
sian annv.  •.:  infantrv.  3S.OOO 


But  agrees  to  a  commercial  treaty. . 

Feb.  "19. 

Continues  neutral  in  the  -war 

Sept.  21,  Oct.  IS.  1S54 
Excluded    from    the    conferences  at 
Vienna Feb.  1855 


cavalry,  ar.d  'J9.000  artillery,  with  ,  Alarming  illness    of   the    kins,    the 


10S)  field-piett  s  N..-V.  7.  1850 

The  Pru>v  .     b      ;  -  i-ommeuce  thtir 

retreat  fn 'in  li el.  ..Dec.  5.  1550 

The  king  celebrates  by  a  grand  ban- 
quet the  150th  anniversary  of  the 

Prussian  monarchy ".Jan.  IS,  1S51 

The  king  revives  the  council  of  state 
as  it  existed  before  the  revolution 


prince  of  Prussia  appointed  resent 

for  three  months Oct."  28.  1857 

Prince  Frederick  William  of  1'ru  — 
married    to  the   princess  r<-yal    of 
England Jan.  25.  1 SC  3 

Prince  of   Prussia  made   permanent 
recent <>ct.  ".  J Jo? 

Prussia  declares  its  neutralitv.  but 


of  1S4S Jar..  12.  15*52        arms  to  protect  Germ'y. May  <k  J  une  1S59 

A    Prussian     Industrial     exhibit:  I  "»eath  of  the  king  and  the  accession  of 

opened  at  Berlin May  -JS.  1852  I      the  Prince  of  Prussia,  as  William  I. 

Prussia  repudiates  a  customs'  union  Jan.  2,  1SC1 

with  Austria June  17.  L83B 

PTOLEMAIC  SYSTEM".  Claudius  Ptolemy  of  Pelusium.  in  Egypt  (about  A.D. 
140).  supposed  that  the  earth  was  fixed  in  the  centre  of  the  universe,  and  that 
the  sun,  moon,  and  stars  moved  round  once  in  twenty-four  hours  This 
system  (still  the  official  doctrine  of  the  church  of  Rome)  was  universally 
,,-ht  till  that  of  Pythagoras  (500  b.c.)  was  revived  by  Copernicus  (A.D. 
15301  and  demonstrated  by  Kepler  (1619)  and  Newton  ^1687). 

PUBLIC  LANDS,  U.  S.     Since  1S33  the  sales  of  public  lands  have  reached 
122,038.290  acres,  which  produced  $136.401.302  (I860). 

PUBLIC  WORKS.  AMERICAN.  The  Croton  Aqueduct  carries  more  water  than 
any  other  in  the  world,  and  is  but  t\vo  miles  shorter  than  the  Julian  Aque- 
.:  at  Rome,  the  longest  in  the  world.  The  stone  arch  over  Cabin  John's 
Creek,  in  the  Washington  Aqueduct,  is  about  50  feet  longer  span  than  any 
stone  arch  in  the  world  The  suspension  bridge  at  Lewiston.  and  the  rail- 
road suspension  bridge,  both  over  the  Niagara  river,  have  each  the  largest 
span  of  the  kind  in  the  world.  The  United  States  Dry  Dock  at  Brooklyn  is 
not  equalled  in  dimensions,  nor  surpassed  in  workmanship,  by  any  of  the  kind 
anywhere. 

PUNCTUATION.     The  ancients  do  not  appear  to  have  had  any  system;  and 

doubtless  employed  arbitrary  signs  to  distinguish  the  pans  of  a  discourse.    Of 

our  points  the  period  (.)  is  the  most  ancient.     The  colon  (:")  was  introduced 

at  1485  :  the  comma  (.)  was  first  seen  about  1521,  and  the  semicolon  (;) 

ut    1570.     In  Sir  Philip  Sidney's  "Arcadia"  (1557).  they  all  appear,  as 

well  as  the  note  of  interrogation  (!),  asterisk  (*)  and  parentheses  (). 

PUNJAB  (N.W.   HindostanX  was  traversed  by  Alexander  the  Great.  .127  B.C.; 

.  by  Tamerlane.  A.D.  1398.     The  British  war  with  the  Sikhs  began  here 

Dec.  14.  Ib45.  and  was  closed  in  1849.  when  the  Punjab  was  annexed.     It 

has  since  flourished,  and  on  Jan.  1,  1859,  was  made  a  distinct  presidency  (to 

include  the  Sutlej  states,  and  the  Delhi  territory). 


ADDENDA. 


787 


Q. 

QUADRANGLE,  OR  QUADRILATERAL,  terms  applied  to  the  four  strong  Austrian 
fortresses  in  North  Italy : — (1)  Peschiera,  on  an  island  in  the  Mincio,  near  the 
lake  of  Garda  It  was  taken  by  the  French  in  1796;  by  the  Austrians  and 
Russians  in  1799;  by  tire  French  again  in  1801;  but  restored  in  1814.  It 
was  taken  by  the  Sardinians  in  1848;  but  retaken  by  Radetzky  in  1849. 
The  Sardinians  were  about  to  invest  it  in  1859,  when  peace  was  made:  (2) 
Mautua,  on  the  Mincio:  (3)  Verona:  and  (4)  Legnano;  both  on  the  Adige. 

QUAKERS,  (p.  497.)  In  1682  TVm.  Perm,  with  a  company  of  Friends,  colonized 
Philadelphia,  where  in  Jan.  1,  1788.  they  emancipated  their  negro  slaves.  In 
England,  on  Jan.  23,  1833,  Edward  Pease,  a  Quaker,  was  admitted  to  Par- 
liament on  his  affirmation.  The  Quakers  had  in  England  413  meeting-houses 
in  1800,  and  371  in  1851.  At  a  conference  held  on  Nov.  2,  1858.  it  was 
agreed  to  recommend  that  mixed  marriages  should  be  permitted,  and  that 
many  of  the  peculiarities  of  the  sect  in  speech  and  costume  should  be  aban- 
doned. 

QUARANTINE,  (p  498.)  The  quarantine  system  has  long  been  enforced  at  the 
principal  ports  of  the  United  States.  The  buildings  used  as  quarantine  hos- 
pitals, at  Staten  Island  (near  New  York  city)  were  burned  by  an  "  orderly 
mob"  of  citizens,  who  regarded  them  as  a  "  nuisance,"  Sept.  1-2,  1858. 

QUININE,  OR  QUIXIA.  an  alkaloid  (much  used  in  medicine),  discovered  in  1 820 
by  Pelletier  and  Caventou.  It  is  a  probable  constituent  of  all  genuine  cin- 
chona barks,  especially  of  the  yellow  bark. 


RACES,  (p.  501.)  The  most  eminent  races  in  England  are  those  at  Newmarket, 
established  by  Charles  II.  in  1667;  at  Epsom,  begun  about  1711,  by  Mr. 
Parkhurst  (they  have  been  annual  since  1730);  at  Ascot,  begun  by  the  duke 
of  Cumberland,  uncle  to  George  III. ;  at  Doncaster,  established  by  Col.  St. 
Leger  in  1776,  and  at  Goodwood,  begun  by  the  duke  of  Richmond  (who  died 
in  1806).  The  Jockey  Club  began  in  the  time  of  George  II.  Its  latest  rules 
(by  which  races  are  regulated)  were  enacted  in  1828. 

EACE-HORSE9. 


Flying  CJiilflers,  bred  in  1715  by  the  Duke 
of  Devonshire,  was  allowed  by  sports- 
men to  have  been  the  fleetest  horse  that 
ever  ran  at  Xewmarket,  or  that  was  ever 
bred  in  the  world ;  he  ran  four  miles  in 
six  minutes  and  forty-eight  seconds,  or  at 
the  rate  of  3o>£  miles  an  hour,  carrying 
nine  stone  two  pounds.  He  died  in  1741, 
aged  26  years. 


Eclipse  was  the  fleetest  horse  that  ran  in 
England  since  the  tim.e  of  Childers ;  he 
was  never  beaten,  and  died  in  February, 
1759,  aged  25  years.  His  heart  weighed 
14  Ib.  which  accounted  for  his  wonderful 
spirit  and  courage. — Christie  White t 
Hist,  of  the  Turf. 


"RAGGED  SCHOOLS.  Free  schools  for  outcast  destitute  ragged  children,  sot  up 
in  large  towns.  In  these  schools  the  instruction  is  based  on  the  Scriptures, 
and  most  of  the  teachers  are  voluntary  and  unpaid.  They  existed  in  some 
parts  of  London  previous  to  1844.  but  did  not  receive  their  name  till  that 
year,  when  the  "Ragged  School  Union"  was  formed,  principally  by  Mr.  >. 
Stacy,  and  Mr.  Win.  Locke  (since  Hon.  Secretary).  The  earl  of  Shaftesburv 
is  chairman  In  1856,  there  were  150  Ragored-schonl  institutions: — 


788 


THE  WORLD'S  PROGRESS. 


123  Sunday  schools  with  16.937  scholars. 

93  Day  schools  with  13,057  scholars. 
117  Evening  schools  with  8,085  scholars. 

84  Industrial  classes  with  3,224  scholars. 


163  Paid  teachers  in  day  schools. 
126  Paid  teachers  in  week  night  schools. 
43  Paid  refuge  and  industrial  masters. 
21o9  Voluntary  teachers. 


There  were  in  1856,  16  refuges,  where  500  inmates  are  fed,  lodged,  clothed, 
and  educated.  Upwards  of  500  boys  and  girls  have  emigrated  to  the  colo- 
nies. In  New  York  and  other  large  cities  of  the  U.  S.  "  Ragged  Schools  " 
have  been  established  by  benevolent  individuals,  to  the  great  benefit  of  many 
thousand  destitute  children,  who  would  otherwise  have  received  no  instruc- 
tion. "Mission  Schools"  also  have  gathered  in  thousands  from  the  cellars 
and  gutters,  who  have  been  provided  not  only  with  oral  teaching,  but  with 
lodging,  food,  and  raiment.  The  "Fourth  Ward"  and  "Five  Points"  Mis- 
sions are  of  this  character. 

RAILWAYS,  (p.  502.)  In  England,  the  capital  invested  in  railway  undertakings 
has  reached  a  most  astonishing  amount.  Up  to  1840  it  was  69  millions ; 
and,  according  to  the  acts  of  parliament  which  sanctioned  railways,  the  share 
capital  and  borrowing  powers  of  all  the  British  railway  companies  amounted, 
on  March  1,  1853,  to  363  millions  sterling.  The  railway  mania  and  panic 
year  was  1846,  when  270  railway  acts  passed.  Up  to  1858  the  sum  of 
£308,824,851  had  been  invested  in  railways.  An  act  for  the  better  regula- 
tion of  railways,  17  &  18  Viet.  c.  31,  was  passed  July  10,  1854.  In  1859  an 
act  was  passed  to  enable  railway  companies  to  settle  their  differences  with 
other  companies  by  arbitration. 

RAILWAYS,  EXTENT  OF.     June  1858  (from  Captain  Galton's  Report). 


Miles. 

Austria 2086 

Belgium 813 

Denmark 220 

France 4509 

Germany  (without  Aus- 
tria and  Prussia) 2930 

Great  Britain: 

England 6706 

Scotland..  ..1243 


Miles. 

Ireland 1070 

Holland 182 

Naples 64 

Portugal 29 

Prussia 2544 

Eussia 715 

Sardinia 390 

Spain 456 

States  of  the  Church . .      12 


Miles. 
Sweden  and  Norway. . .     88 

Switzerland 810 

Tuscany 150 

Total 24,592 

U.  S.  of  America 17,481 

Grand  Total 42,073 


TTNITED   KINGDOM — LENGTH   OF  RAILWAY  OPENED,  NUMBER   Of  PASSENGERS,  AND  TOTAL 

RECEIPTS. 


I 

Year. 

Miles 
opened. 

Travellers. 

Receipts. 

Year. 

Miles 
opened. 

Travellers. 

Receipts. 

1845... 

2343 

83,791,258 

1854.... 

5692 

111.206,707 

£9.174,945 

1849... 

4355 

68,841,539 

£6,277,892 

1858(iy) 

9540 

76,529,202 

12,825,826 

PERSONS   KILLED    BY   RAILWAY    ACCIDENTS — ENGLAND. 


Total 

By  causes  beyond  their  own  control 


1854. 

222 

12 


1S55. 


246 
10 


1856. 

1857 

1858. 

281 

128 

123 

27 

12 

1 

It  has  been  calculated  that  out  of  16,168,459  travellers  by  railway  one  person  is  killed ; 
and  out  of  458,370  one  is  injured  by  causes  beyond  their  own  control. 

RAILWAYS,  U.  S.  (p.  502.)  In  June,  1859,  the  length  of  railways  in  operation 
in  the  U.  S.  was  stated  to  be  27.857  miles;  cost,  $961,047.364.  Increase 
since  1847,  24,057  miles. 


ADDENDA. 


789 


RAILWAY  TRAVELLERS.  The  statistics  on  this  subject  prove  that  this 
mode  of  travelling  is  much  safer  than  the  old  modes.  Thus  in  the  French 
post  system  there  were  nearly  seven  times  as  many  deaths  as  in  an  equal 
number  of  miles  by  railroad.  Yet  the  number  of  accidents  is  inexcusably 
great,  especially  in  the  United  States.  The  summary  of  several  years  shows 


Passengers. 

In  Prussia,  killed  or  wounded  1  in  1.294,075 
In  Belgium,        "  u 

In  France,          "  " 


1,611,237 
"       375,092 


Passengers. 
In  England  killed  or  wounded  1  in  311.340 


In  United  States, 


188,459 


The  railroad  travelling  is  more  than  six  times  as  dangerous  here  as  in  Prus- 
sia, probably  because  the  responsibility  here  exacted  is  less  in  nearly  that 
proportion. 

RAILWAY  DISASTERS.  On  Great  Western  (Canada)  R  R.,  42  killed,  Oct. 
27,  1854;  Chicago  and  Rock  Island,  40  k.  and  w.,  Nov.  1,  1854;  Camden 
and  Amboy,  at  Burlington,  N  J.,  23  k.,  60  w.,  Aug.  29,  1855  ;  Pacific  R.  R., 
near  St.  Louis,  25  k.,  50  w.,  Nov.  1,  1855  ;  Panama  R.  R.,  43  k.,  60  w.,  May 
6,  1856  ;  N.  Penn.  R.  R,,  60  k.,  78  w.,  July  17,  1856;  Crank  Trunk  R.  R., 
Canada,  70  k.,  March  12,  1857;  Central  R.  R.,  Utica,  8  k.,  30  w.,  May  11, 
1858  ;  Michigan  Southern,  near  South  Bend,  38  k.,  50  w.,  June  27,  1859. 

RAILWAY  ACCIDENTS,  79  in.  number  occurred  in  the  United  States  during  the 
year  1859,  at  which  129  persons  were  killed  and  411  injured.  Total  in  7 
years,  903  accidents,  1,109  killed,  3,611  injured. 

REBELLIONS  IN  U  S.  Shay's  Rebellion  in  Western  Massachusetts,  1786.  The 
"  Whiskey  Rebellion  "  in  Pennsylvania,  1794.  South  Carolina  troops  fire 
on  the  steamer  Star  of  the  West,  having  U.  S.  troops  on  board,  bound  for  fort 
Sumter,  Charleston  Harbor,  Jan.  9th,  1861.  See  Secession,  Treason. 

REBELLIONS  IN  BRITISH  HISTORY.     The  most  important  were : 


Of  the  Barons,  April,  1215.  Compro- 
mised by  the  grant  of  Magna  Charta, 
June  15  following.  See  Magna 
Charta. 

Of  Walter  the  Tyler,  of  Deptford,  vulgarly 
called  Wat  Tyler,  occasioned  by  the 
brutal  rudeness  of  a  tax-collector  to  his 
daughter.  Having  killed  the  collector 
in  his  rage,  he  raised  a  party  to  oppose 
the  tax  itself,  which  was  a  grievous  poll- 
tax,  1381. 

Of  Jack  Cade  in  favor  of  the  duke  of  York, 
against  Henry  VI.,  1450. 

Under  Perkin  Warbeck,  1492,  which  ended 
in  the  execution  of  Warbeck. 

Under  the  duke  of  Monmouth,  1685  ;  it 
ended  in  his  death. 


Of  the  Scots  in  favor  of  the  Old  Pretender 
1715;  quelled  in  1716. 

Of  the  Scots,  under  the  Young  Pretender, 
1745 ;  suppressed  in  1746,  when  lords 
Lovat,  Balmerino,  and  Kilmarnock  were 
beheaded. 

Of  the  Americans,  on  account  of  taxation, 
1774.  This  rebellion  led  to  a  disastrous 
war,  to  the  loss  of  the  chief  North  Ame- 
rican colonies,  and  to  the  independence 
of  the  United  States,  1782. 

Canadian  Insurrection,  December,  1837,  to 
Nov.  1838. 

Of  Chartists,  Nov.  8,  1839. 

Smith  O'Brien's  Irish  rebellion ;  termi- 
nated in  his  defeat,  Tipperary,  July  29, 
1848. 


RECORDER,  the  first  judicial  officer  of  great  corporations.  The  first  recorder  of 
the  city  of  London  was,  Jeffrey  de  Norton,  alderman,  26  Edw.  I.,  1298.  The 
salary,  originally  £10  per  annum,  is  at  present  £2.500,  enjoyed  for  life. 

RECORDS,  PUBLIC,  IN  ENGLAND,  began  to  be  regularly  preserved  A.D.  1100,  by 
order  of  Henry  I.  The  repositories  which  possess  materials  the  most  ancient 
and  interesting  to  the  historian  are,  the  Chapter-house  of  Westminster  Abbey, 
the  Tower  of  London,  and  the  Queen's  Remembrancer's  offices  of  the 
Exchequer.  The  early  records  of  Scotland,  going  from  London,  were  lost  by 
shipwreck  in  1298.  In  Ireland  the  council-chamber  and  most  of  the  recorda 
were  burned,  1711. 


790  THE  WORLD'S  PROGRESS. 

REFORM  IN  PARLIAMENT  (ENGLAND),  (p.  504  )  A  new  Reform  bill,  introduced 
by  Lord  J.  Russell,  1854,  but  withdrawn.  Another  by  Mr.  D'Israeli,  rejected 
March  31,  1859. 

REGENT'S  PARK,  LONDON.  It  originally  formed  part  of  the  grounds  belonging 
to  a  palace  of  queen  Elizabeth.  Since  1600,  the  property  has  been  let  to 
various  persons,  but  the  leases  having  expired  it  reverted  to  the  crown  ;  and 
in  1814  improvements  were  commenced  under  the  direction  of  Mr.  Nash, 
which  have  rendered  this  park  the  most  beautiful  part  of  London.  It  is 
nearly  circular,  and  consists  of  about  450  acres,  laid  out  in  shrubberies, 
adorned  with  a  fine  piece  of  water,  and  intersected  by  roads  which  are  much 
frequented  as  promenades.  In  the  inclosure  are  several  villas,  and  round  the 
park  noble  ranges  of  building  in  various  styles  of  architecture. 

RENTS  IN  ENGLAND,  were  first  made  payable  in  money,  instead  of  in  kind,  A.D. 
1135.  Numerous  statutes  have  been  enacted  in  various  reigns  to  define  the 
relations  and  regulate  the  dealings  between  landlord  and  tenant.  By  the 
act  8  Anne,  no  goods  are  removable  from  tenements  under  an  execution  until 
the  rent  shall  have  been  paid  to  the  landlord  by  the  sheriff,  1709.  In  Eng- 
land, the  duke  of  Sutherland  received  his  rents  in  the  value  of  corn,  and  in 
Scotland  in  the  value  of  wool  and  sheep.  The  rental  of  England,  including 
land,  houses,  and  mines,  was  six  millions  about  the  year  1600,  and  twelve 
years'  purchase  the  value  of  land.  About  1690,  the  rental  amounted 
to  fourteen  millions,  and  the  land  was  worth  eighteen  years'  purchase.  Dave- 
mint  on  the  Revenues.  The  present  rental  of  the  United  Kingdom  has  been 
estimated  lately  in  parliament  at  127  millions.  See  Land,  &c. 

RESTORATION,  THE,  emphatically  so  called,  being  that  of  king  Charles  II.  to 
the  crown  of  England,  after  an  interregnum  of  eleven  years  and  four  months, 
between  Jan.  30,  1649,  when  Charles  I.  was  beheaded,  and  May  29,  1660, 
on  which  latter  day  the  exiled  monarch  was  restored,  and  entered  London, 
amidst  the  enthusiastic  acclamations  of  the  people.  See  England. 

REVENUE,  PUBLIC,  OF  ENGLAND.     In  1859  the  revenue  was  £66,070,469. 
REVENUE  AND  EXPENDITURE  OP  THE  U.  S.,  for  years  ending  June  30, 

1849.  1850.  1851.  1852.  1853.  1854.  1855.  1856.  1S57.  1858.  1859. 

Revenue* 31  m.  43  m.  52  m.  49  m.  61  m.  73  m.  65  m.  73  m.  68  m.  46  m.  53  m. 

Expenditures*  .  57  m.  43  m.  48  m.  46  m.  43  in.  75  m.  66  m.  60  m.  64  m.  81  m.  83  m. 

REVIEWS  AXD  MAGAZINES,  (p.  508.)  Putnam's  Monthly  (N.  T.),  commenced 
Jan.  1853 ;  sold  to  new  publishers,  1855,  ceased  Sept.  1857.  Atlantic 
Monthly  (Boston),  commenced  1857  (Dec.).  Russell's  Magazine  (Charleston), 
commenced  1858,  ceased  1860. 

REVIEWS  AND  MAGAZINES,  BRITISH,  (p.  507.) 


Tail's  Magaz.,  founded.  1833 

Dublin  University 

North  British  Review.  1844 
New  Quarterly  Review 


Household  Words  (Dic- 
kens)   1S52 

All    the    Year    Round 


Once  a  Week 1859 

Cornhill  Mag.  (Thacke- 
ray)  1860 

Temple  Bar  Mag.  (Sala)  1860 


(Dickens) 1S58 

REVIVALS  OP  RELIGION.  Remarkable  interest  and  excitement  on  religious  sub- 
jects in  the  United  States  in  1858  and  1859,  extended  in  the  latter  year  to 
Scotland  and  Ireland. 

RICE.  In  1696,  a  Dutch  brig,  from  Bombay  to  Charleston,  S.  C.,  touched  at 
Madagascar  for  supplies.  The  rice  there  obtained  was  very  large  and  full ; 
and  the  captain  gave  half  a  bushel  of  it  to  Governor  Thomas  Smith,  of  South 
Carolina,  who  divided  it  for  seed  among  his  friends.  The  rice  thus  introduced 

*  Stated  in  round  numbers  of  millions  of  dollars,  omitting  fractions. 


ADDENDA. 


791 


into  the  Carolinas  and  Georgia  still  retains  its  superiority  in  all  the  markets 
of  the  world.  From  1821  to  1859  the  U.  S.  exported  rice  to  the  value  of 
$85,287,112 

RHODE  ISLAND,  (p.  509.)     Population  1860,  174,621. 

ROADS  AND  PAY  KM  KNTS.  The  first  general  repair  of  the  highways  of  England 
was  directed  in  1288.  Acts  were  passed  for  the  purpose  in  1524  and  1555, 
followed  by  others  in  Elizabeth's  and  the  succeeding  reigns.  Roads  through 
the  Highlands  of  Scotland  were  begun  by  general  Wade  in  1746.  Loudon 
M' Adam's  roads  were  introduced  about  1818  ;  he  prescribes  the  breaking  of 
stones  to  six  ounces  weight  and  calculates  the  expense  of  breaking  stones  at 
a  shilling  a  ton ;  clean  flint  and  granite  clippings  answer  best  Wooden 
pavements  were  tried  with  partial  success  in  the  streets  of  London;  at 
Whitehall  in  1839,  and  in  other  streets  in  1840.  Asphalt  pavement  soon 
after.  In  New  York  and  sorn-e  other  American  cities  the  best  pavements 
have  been  those  of  square  blocks  of  granite  on  a  cement  foundation  ;  parti- 
cularly that  known  as  the  Russ  pavement.  In  1855,  an  iron  pavement  was 
introduced  which  has  proved  satisfactory. 

ROBBERS.  First  punished  in  England  with  death  by  Edward  I.'s  laws,  which 
directed  that  the  eldest  robber  should  be  hanged.  The  punishment  was 
pecuniary  till  that  time.  The  most  remarkable  robbers  were  Robin  Hood, 
in  England,  A.D.  1189,  and  Claud  Du  Val,  "executed  at  Tyburn,"  says  an 
historian,  quaintly,  "to  the  great  grief  of  the  women,"  Jan.  1670.  In  Ireland, 
the  famous  Mac  Cabe  was  hanged  at  Naas,  Aug.  19,  1691.  Galloping  Hogan, 
the  rapparee,  flourishing  at  this  period  Freney,  the  celebrated  highwayman, 
surrendered  himself,  May  10,  1749.  In  later  times  the  accomplished  Bar- 
rington  was  transported,  Sept.  22,  1790. 

ROCHELLE  (W.  France),  a  sea-port  on  the  Atlantic.  It  belonged  to  the  English 
for  some  time,  but  finally  surrendered  to  the  French  leader,  Du  Guesclin,  in 
1372.  It  became  a  stronghold  of  the  Calvinist  party  in  France;  and  was 
vainly  besieged  by  the  Duke  of  Anjou,  in  1573  It  was  taken  after  a 
remarkable  siege  of  thirteen  months  by  Cardinal  Richelieu  in  1628.  The 
Duke  of  Buckingham  was  sent  with  a  fleet  and  army  to  relieve  the  besieged ; 
but  they,  from  distrust,  declined  to  admit  him. 

ROMAGNA,  a  province  of  the  Papal  States,  comprised  in  the  legations  of  Forli 
and  Ravenna.  It  was  conquered  by  the  Lombards ;  but  taken  from  them  by 
Pepin,  and  given  to  the  pope,  A.D.  753.  Ca?sar  Borgia  held  it  as  a  duchy  in 
1501,  but  lost  it  in  1503.  In  1859  the  Romagna  threw  off  the  temporal 
authority  of  the  pope,  and  annexed  itself  to  Piedmont.  Its  fate  awaits  the 
decision  of  a  Congress  of  European  Powers  in  1861. 

ROME.  (p.  511.) 


The  pope  Issues  the  bull  establishing 
a  Roman  Catholic  hierarchy  in 
England  (see  Papal  Aggre^idon) 

Sept.  24,  1850 
Important    concordat  with  Austria 

Aug.,  1855 

The  pope  visits  different  parts  of  his 
dominions June,  1857 


Insurrection  in  the  Romagna,  at  Bo- 
logna and  Ferrara June,  1S59 

They  declare  for  adhesion  to  Pied- 
mont  Sept.,  1859 

Accept  Buoncompagni  as  Governor- 
General  Nov.  1859 


ROMAN-CATHOLICS  ix  THE  UNITED  STATES,  in  1839,  1849,  and  1859;  from 
the  Metropolitan  Catholic  Almanac  for  1859. 


1S89  1849  1859 

Provinces    1  8  7 

Dioceses 16  80  48 

Bishops 18  26  45 


1839     1849      1859 

Priests 478      1000      2108 

Churches..  418       966      2884 


792  THE  WORLD'S  PROGRESS. 

RONCES\rALLE  (in  the  Pyrenees),  where,  it  is  said,  Charlemagne  was  surprised 
and  defeated  by  the  Gascons,  and  his  renowned  paladin,  Roland  or  Orlando, 
slain,  A.D.  778. 

ROSKTTA  STONE,  discovered  by  the  French  in  1799,  and  brought  from  Rosetta 
in  a  French  vessel,  from  whence  it  was  taken  by  Mr.  Wm.  R.  Hamilton,  who 
deposited  it  in  the  British  Museum.  In  1841,  Mr.  Letronne  published  the 
text  and  a  translation  of  the  Greek  inscription.  It  is  a  piece  of  black  basalt, 
about  three  feet  long,  and  2^  feet  wide,  with  an  inscription  in  three  languages, 
viz.  hieroglyphics,  modified  hieroglyphics  (enchorial),  and  Greek,  setting  forth 
the  praises  of  Ptolemy  Epiphanes  (about  194  B.C.).  It  has  been  subjected  to 
the  investigation  of  Dr.  T.  Young  and  Champollion. 

ROTTERDAM,  the  second  city  in  Holland.  Its  importance  dates  from  the  thir- 
teenth century.  The  commerce  of  Antwerp  was  transferred  to  it  in  1509. 
It  suffered  much  from  the  French  revolutionary  wars,  and  from  inundations 
in  1775  and  1825.  Desiderius  Erasmus  was  born  here  in  1467. 

ROUEN,  an  ancient  city  (N.  France),  became  the  capital  of  Normandy  in  the 
tenth  century.  It  was  held  by  the  English  king  till  1204;  and  was  retaken 
by  Henry  V.  Jan.  19,  1419 ;  Joan  of  Arc,  the  maid  of  Orleans,  was  burnt 
here  May  30,  1431.  With  Normandy,  it  was  subdued  by  the  King  of  France 
in  1449.  It  was  besieged  1562,  and  1591.  The  archbishopric  was  founded 
A.D.  260. 

ROYAL  ACADEMY,  England,  (p.  512.) 

PRESIDENTS. 


176S.  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds. 
1792.  Benjamin  West. 
1820.  Sir  Thomas  Lawrence. 


1830.  Sir  Martin  A.  Shee. 
1850.  Sir  Charles  Eastlake,    now  PRESI- 
DENT (1861). 


ROYAL  EXCHANGE,  LONDON.  The  foundation  of  the  original  edifice  was 
laid  by  sir  Thomas  Gresham,  June  7,  1566,  on  the  site  of  the  ancient  Tun 
prison.  Queen  Elizabeth  visited  this  Exchange  in  January,  1571,  and  by 
the  sound  of  trumpets  her  herald  named  it  the  Koyal  Exchange.  Hume.  This 
grand  fabric  was  totally  destroyed  by  the  great  fire  in  1666,  precisely  a  cen- 
tury after  its  erection.  Charles  II.  laid  the  foundation  of  the  next  edifice, 
Oct.  23,  1667,  which  was  completed  by  Mr.  Hawkesmoor,  a  pupil  of  Sir 
Christopher  Wren's,  in  about  three  years ;  it  was  repaired  and  beautified  in 
1769.  This  last  also  became  a  prey  to  a  destructive  fire,  Jan.  10,  1838,  and 
was  burned  to  the  ground  with  a  number  of  public  offices  and  adjoining 
houses.  The  new  Royal  Exchange,  commenced  in  1842  under  the  direction 
of  Mr.  Tite,  was  opened  by  the  queen,  in  state,  accompanied  by  her  ministers 
and  a  grand  civic  procession,  Oct.  28,  1844. 

ROYAL  SOCIETY,  (p.  512.) 

PRESIDENTS. 


1660-8.    Sir  Robert  Moray. 

1663-77.  Lord  Brouncker  (the  first  under 

the  charter). 
1680-2.     Sir  C.  Wren. 
1684-6.     Samuel  Pepys. 
1698-1708.  John  Lord  Somers. 
1708-27.  Sir  I.  Newton 
1727-41.  Sir  Hans  Sloane. 
1778-1820.   Sir  Joseph  Banks. 


1S20.  Dr.  W.  H.  Wollaston. 
1820.  Sir  H.  Davy. 
1827.  Davies  Gilbert. 
1830.  Duke  of  Sussex. 
1S88.  Marquess  of  Northampton. 
1848.  Earl  of  Eosse. 
1854.  Lord  Wrottesley. 
1858.  Sir  Benjamin  C.  Brodie  (NOW  PM- 
BIDKNT,  1860). 


ADDEND  A.  793 

RUSSELL  administrations  and  history.  England.  Lord  Jolin  Russell,  3rd  son  of 
John,  Duke  of  Bedford,  was  born  Aug.  19,  1792;  M.  P.  for  Tavistock.  1813; 
for  London,  since  1841  ;  was  paymaster  of  the  forces,  1830-34;  secretary  for 
home  department,  1835-9;  for  the  Colonies.  1839-41;  first  minister,  July 
1846  to  March  1852  ;  secretary  for  Foreign  affairs.  Dec.  1852  to  Feb.  1853  , 
president  of  the  council,  June  1854  till  Feb.  1855  ;  secretary  for  the  Colonies, 
March  to  Nov.  1855.  His  motion  for  Reform  in  Parliament  was  negatived  in 
1822;  adopted  March  1,  1831;  he  introduced  the  Registration  bill,  and  a 
New  Marriage  bill  in  1836. 

RUSSIA,  (p.  513.) 

Russia  demands  the  expulsion  of  the  !  The  czar  meets  the  Emperor  Napo- 

Hungarian  and  Polish  refugees  leon  at  Stutgardt,  Sept.  25 ;  and 

from  Turkey  (see  7'?t/-fo>y)  Nov.  5.  1849  ]  the  Emperor  of  Austria  at  Wci- 

They  are   sent  to   Koniab,  in  Asia  mar Oct.  1,  1857 


Minor Jan.,  1 850 

Harbor  of  Sebastopol  completed.Ft- b.  1S50 
The  czar  concentrates  his  forces  on 

the  frontiers  of  Turkey Feb.  1853 

Origin  of  the  Russo-Turkish  war, 


Emancipation  of  the  serfs  decreed, 


July  2,  1858 


A  Russian  naval  station  established 
at  Villa  Franca,  on  the  Mediterra- 
nean, creates  some  political  excite- 


(which  see) March.  1858  |      ment Aug.  1858 

The   czar   issues  a  manifesto   to  his  i  New  Commercial  treaty  with  Great 

subjects  :  he  will  only  combat  for  Britain Jan.  12,  1859 

the  faith  and  Christianity,  April  23.  1854    Russia  reproves  the  warlike  move- 


Death  of  the  Czar  Nicholas;  no 
change  of  policy March  2,  1855 

Most  extensive  levy  ordered  by  the 
czar  (at  Nicolaieff ) Nov.  3,  1S55 

He  visits  his  army  at  Sebastopol, 

Nov.  10,  ia55 

Amnesty  granted  to  the  Poles,  May 
27;  political  offenders.  &c.. Sept.  7,  1856 

Alexander  II.  crowned  at  Moscow, 

Sept.  2,  1856 


ments  of  the  German  confederation 
during  the  Italian  war May  27,  1859 

Alexander  II.,  son  of  Nicholas,  born 
April  29.  1818;  succeeded  at  his 
father's  death.  March  2.  1^55;  mar- 
ried April  28,  1841,  Mary,  Princess 
of  Hesse  ;  the  PRESENT  emperor  of 
Russia 1860 

Heir :  his  son  Nicholas,  born  Sept.  20,  1843 


RUSSO-TURKISH  WAR  with  France  and  England.  The  Russian  and  French 
governments  having  each  taken  a  side  in  the  dispute  between  the  Greek  and 
Latin  Churches  as  to  the  exclusive  possession  of  the  Holy  Places  in  Palestine, 
the  Porte  advised  the  formation  of  a  mixed  commission,  which  decided  in 
favor  of  the  Greeks,  and  a  firman  was  promulgated  accordingly.  March  9, 
1853:  to  this  decision  the  French  acceded,  although  dissatisfied.  The  Rus- 
sians now  made  further  claims,  and  Prince  Menschikoff  (who  arrived  at  Con- 
stantinople, Feb.  28,  1853),  by  various  notes  (between  March  22  arid  May 
18),  demanded  that  a  convention  should  be  signed  by  the  sultan  granting  to 
the  czar  such  a  protectorate  over  the  Greek  Christians  in  Turkey,  as  the 
sultan  considered  inimical  to  his  own  authority.  Menschikoff's  ultimatum 
was  rejected,  and  he  quitted  Constantinople,  May  21.  On  June  6,  the  sultan 
issued  a  hattischeriff  confirming  all  the  rights  and  privileges  of  the  Greek 
Christians,  and  appealed  to  his  allies.  On  June  13,  the  English  and  French 
fleets  anchored  in  Besika  bay.  On  June  26,  the  czar  published  his  manifesto, 
and  his  troops  crossed  the  Pruth  and  entered  Moldavia,  July  2.  Negotia- 
tions to  preserve  peace  were  commenced  at  Vienna,  July  24,  by  England, 
France,  Austria,  and  Prussia,  without  effect.  The  sultan,  with  the  advice 
and  consent  of  a  grand  national  council,  after  demanding  the  evacuation  of 
the  principalities,  Oct.  3,  declared  war  against  Russia,  Oct.  5.  The  Russian 
declaration  followed  Nov.  1,  1853.  France  and  England  declared  war  against 
Russia,  March  27  and  28.  1854.  Hostilities  ceased,  Feb.  29,  1856,  and  peace 
was  proclaimed  in  April  following. 

34 


794 


THE  WORLD'S  PROGRESS. 


RUSSO-TURKISH  WAR,  continued. 

Two  English  and  two  French  ships 
enter  the  Dardanelles Sept.  14,  1853 

The  Sultan  declares  war  against 
Kussia Oct.  5,  1853 

Turks  (in  Asia)  defeated  at  Bayan- 
dur,  Atskur,  and  Achaltzik. 

Nov.  14,  18,  26,  1853 

Turkish  fleet  destroyed  at  Sinope, 

Nov.  30,  1853 

At  the  request  of  the  Porte  (Dec.  5.) 
the  allied  fleets  enter  the  Black 
Sea Jan.  4,  1854 

Keply  of  the  Porte  to  the  note  of 
Dec.  5,  containing 4  points  as  bases 
of  negotiation  :  viz.  1.  The  prompt- 
est possible  evacuation  of  the  prin- 
cipalities. 2.  Revision  of  the  trea- 
ties. 3.  Maintenance  of  religious 
privileges  to  the  communities  of  all 
confessions.  4.  A  definitive  settle- 
ment of  the  convention  respecting 
the  Holy  Places  (dated  Dec.  31),— 
approved  by  the  four  powers, Jan.  13, 1854 

Ultimatum  of  England  and  France 
Sent  to  St.  Petersburg Feb.  27,  1854 

The  czar  "did  not  judge  it  suitable 

to  give  an  answer' March  19  1854 

Baltic  fleet  sails,  under  Sir  C.  Napier 

March  11,  1854 

Treaty  betw-een  England,  France, 
and  Turkey March  12,  1854 

France  and  England  declare  war 
against  Kussia March  27.  28,  1854 

Gen.  Canrobert  and  French  troops 
arrive  at  Gallipoli.  soon  after  fol- 
lowed by  the  English. .  .March  31,  1854 

Russians  defeated  by  the  Turks  at 
Karakui May  30,  1854 

Bombardment  of  Odessa  by  allied 
fleet April  22,  1854 

Severe  conflict  before  Silistria,  the 
siege  raised June  18-26,  1854 

Bombardment  and  surrender  of  Bo- 
marsu  nd Aug.  1 6,  1854 

The  Russians  defeated  by  Schainyl 
in  Georgia about  Aug.  28,  1854 

They  begin  to  evacuate  the  princi- 
palities  Aug.  and  Sept.  1854 

Battle  of  the  Alma Sept.  20,  1854 

Russians  sink  part  of  their  fleet  at 
Sebastopol Sept.  23,  1 854 

Death  of  Marshal  St.  Arnaud,  Sept.29   1854 

General  Canrobert  appointed  his 
successor Nov.  24  1854 

Siege  of  Sebastopol  commenced — 
grand  attack  (without  success) 

Oct.  17,  1854 


s. 


Battle  of  Balnklava — galm/t  charge 
of  the  light  cavalry  under  Lord 
Cardigan,  with  seveie  loss,  Oct.  25.  1854 

Battle  of  liikerin.-m  ;  defeat  of  th« 
Russians Nov.  5,  1854 

Miss  Nightingale  and  nurses  arrive 
at  Scutari Nov.  6.  1854 

Great  tempest  in  the  Black  Sea.  loss 
of  the  Prince,  and  many  other 
vessels  with  stores. ..  Nov.  14-16,  1854 

Omar  Pacha  arrives  in  the  Crimea 
(followed  by  the  Turkish  army 
from  Varna) Jan  5.  1855 

Sardinia  joins  England  and  France, 

Jan.  26.  1855 

Death  of  Emperor  Nicho  as.  and  ac- 
cession of  Alexander  II.  (no 
change  of  war  policy ....  March  2.  1855 

Sortie  from  the  Malakhoff  tower 
(15,000  men)  repulsed..  ..March  22.  1855 

Resignation  of  Gen.  Canrobert,  suc- 
ceeded by  Gen  Pelissier.  .May  16,  1855 

Expedition  into  the  sea  of  Azoff  (un- 
der Sir  E.  Lyons  and  Sir  G. 
Brown) :  destruction  of  Kertch 
and  large  amount  of  stores,  May 

24  to  June  3.  1855 

Unsuccessful  attack  ou  the  Malakhoff 
tower  and  Kedan June  18,  1855 

Death  of  Lord  Uaglan  ;  succeeded  by 
Gen.  Simpson June  23,  1855 

Russians  invest  Kars  in  Armenia, 
defended  by  Gen.Williams.July  15.  1855 

The  French  take  the  Malakhoff 
(which  see)  by  assault;  the  Eng- 
lish assault  the  Kedan  without 
success  ;  the  Russians  retire  from 
Sebastopol  to  the  North  Forts,  and 
the  allies  enter  the  city  ;  the  Rus- 
sians destroy  or  sink  the  remainder 
of  their  fleet Sept.  8,  &c.,  1855 

Explosion  of  100,000  Ibs.  of  powder  in 
the  French  siege-train  at  Inker- 
man,  with  great  loss  of  life,  Nov.  15,  1S55 

Capitulation  of  Kars  to  Gen.  Moura- 
vieff,  after  a  gallant  defence  by 
Gen.  Williams  Nov.  26,  1855 

Council  of  war  at  Paris  ..    .  Jan.  11,  1856 

Destruction  of  Sebastopol  docks 
com  pleted Feb.  1,  1856 

Peace  conferences  open  at  Paris,  an 
armistice  till  March  31,  asreed  on 

^Feb.  25,  1856 

Proclamation  of  peace  in  the  Crimea, 
April  2  ;  in  London April  29,  1856 

The  Crimea  evacuated July  9,  1856 


SABBATH  SCHOOLS.  The  first  "Sabbath  school"  was  founded  by  Ludwig 
Hacker  between  the  years  1740  and  1747  at  Ephrata,  Lancaster  county,  Pa., 
among  the  German  Seven-day  Baptists  there.  The  school-room  was  used  as 
an  hospital  after  the  battle  of  Brandy  wine,  fought  in  1777.  This  event  occa- 
sioned the  breaking  up  of  the  schools  about  five  years  before  the  first  Sunday- 
school  was  instituted  in  England,  at  Gloucester,  by  Robert  Raikes,  about 
1782. 


ADDENDA.  795 

SACRAMENT  (from  sacramentum,  an  oath,  obligation,  also  mystery),  a  name 
given  to  the  ordinance  of  the  Lord's  Supper  by  the  Latin  fathers.  The  wine 
was  laid  aside,  and  communion  by  the  laity  under  one  form  alone,  that  of 
bread,  took  its  rise  in  the  West,  under  Pope  Urban  II.,  1096.  M.  de  Jlarca. 
Communion  in  one  kind  only  was  authoritatively  sanctioned  by  the  council 
of  Constance,  in  1414.  Dr.  Hook.  Henry  VIII.  of  Germany  was  poisoned 
by  a  priest  in  the  consecrated  wafer,  1314.  The  sacramental  wine  was  poi- 
soned by  the  grave-digger  of  the  church  at  Zurich,  by  which  sacrilegious  deed 
a  number  of  persons  lost  their  lives,  Sept.  4,  1776.  In  1614,  by  the  Test  Act, 
all  members  of  both  houses  of  Parliament  were  ordered  to  take  the  sacrament, 
as  a  guard  against  the  introduction  of  Roman  Catholics. 

ST.  DOMINGO,  a  city  of  Hayti  The  Republic  of  St.  Domingo  was  established 
in  1801.  It  has  been  frequently  assailed  by  the  rulers  of  Hayti,  particularly 
by  Faustin  I.,  dethroned  in  1858. 

ST.  GEORGE.  This  patron  saint  of  England  was  a  tribune  in  the  reign  of 
Diocletian,  and  being  a  man  of  great  courage,  was  a  favorite  with  the  empe- 
ror ;  but  complaining  to  the  emperor  of  his  seventies  towards  the  Christians, 
and  arguing  iu  their  defence,  he  was  put  in  prison,  and  beheaded,  April  23, 
290. 

ST.  HELENA  (an  island  in  the  South  Atlantic  Ocean)  was  discovered  by  the 
Portuguese,  under  Juan  de  Nova  Castilla,  on  the  festival  of  St.  Helena,  May 
21,  1502.  The  Dutch  were  afterwards  in  possession  of  it  until  1600,  when 
they  were  expelled  by  the  English.  The  British  East  India  Company  settled 
here  in  1651 ;  and  the  island  was  alternately  possessed  by  the  English  and 
Dutch,  until  1673,  when  Charles  II.,  on  Dec.  12,  assigned  it  to  the  company 
once  more.  St.  Helena  was  made  the  place  of  Napoleon's  captivity,  Oct.  16, 
1815  ;  and  it  became  the  scene  of  his  death,  May  5,  1821. 

ST.  LUCIA  (West  Indies).  First  settled  by  the  French  in  1350.  Taken  by  the 
British  several  times  in  the  subsequent  wars.  Memorable  insurrection  of  the 
French  negroes,  April  1795.  In  this  year  Guadaloupe,  St  Vincent's,  Gre- 
nada, Dominica,  St.  Eustatia,  and  St.  Lucia,  were  taken  by  the  British.  St. 
Lucia  WHS  restored  to  France  at  the  peace  of  1802  ;  but  was  again  seized  by 
England  the  next  year,  and  confirmed  to  her  by  the  treaty  of  Paris  in  1814. 

ST.  MARK'S  CHURCH  at  Venice  erected  829 ;  St.  Mark's  Place,  1592. 

ST.  PAUL'S  CATHEDRAL  (London).  The  noblest  Protestant  church  in  the 
world.  The  best  authority  that  exists  illustrative  of  the  origin  of  this  church, 
is  its  great  restorer,  Sir  Christopher  Wren.  His  opinion,  that  there  had  been 
a  church  on  this  spot,  built  by  the  Christians  in  the  time  of  the  Romans,  was 
confirmed  when  he  searched  for  the  foundations  for  his  own  design.  He 
explodes  the  notion  of  there  having  been  a  temple  of  Diana.  The  first  church 
is  supposed  to  have  been  destroyed  during  the  Diocletian  persecution,  and  to 
have  been  rebuilt  in  the  reign  of  Constantine.  This  was  demolished  by  the 
pagan  Saxons,  and  restored  by  Severt  in  603.  It  was  destroyed  by  the  great 
conflagration  in  1086,  after  which  Mauritius,  then  bishop  of  London,  com- 
menced the  magnificent  edifice  which  immediately  preceded  the  present 
cathedral.  On  April  2,  1631,  a  commission  was  granted  to  Laud,  then  bishop 
of  London,  to  restore  the  cathedral;  which  was  totally  destroyed  by  the 
memorable  fire  of  1666.  The  first  stone  of  the  present  edifice  was  hud  June 
21,  1675.  and  the  choir  was  opened  for  divine  worship,  Dec.  2,  1697.  The 
whole  edifice  was  completed  in  1710.  Money  having  been  subscribed  to 
adapt  St.  Paul's  for  the  purpose,  evening  services  began  on  Sunday,  Nov.  28, 


796  THE  WOT?T.T>'S  PROC.RFSS. 

1858.  wlien  above  4000  persons  were  present       The  total   cost  (including 
200  tons  weight  of  iron  railing)  was  !.511,202/. 

The  k-ngth  of  St.  Paul's  from  the  |  The  exterior  diameter  of  the  d»me  145  fret 


grand  portico  to  the  cast  end  is  510  feet 
The  breadth,  from   the  north   to 


The   height   from  the  ground  to 
the  top  of  the  cross 404 


the  south  portico 282  " 

ST.  PETERSBURG-.  The  new  capital  of  Russia.  Peter  the  Great  first  began 
this  city  in  May  27,  1703.  He  built  a  small  hut  fur  himself,  and  some 
wretched  wooden  hovels  In  1710,  the  Count  Golovkin  built  the  first  house 
of  brick;  and  the  next  year,  the  emperor,  with  his  own  hand,  laid  the  foun- 
dation of  a  house  of  the  same  material.  From  these  small  beginnings  rose 
the  imperial  city  of  St.  Petersburg;  and  in  less  than  nine  years  after  the 
hovels  had  been  erected,  the  seat  of  empire  was  transferred  from  Moscow  to 
this  place  Here,  in  1736,  a  fire  consumed  2000  houses;  and  in  1780,  another 
fire  consumed  11,000  houses;  this  last  fire  was  occasioned  by  lightning. 
Again  in  June,  1796,  a  large  magazine  of  naval  stores  and  100  vessels  were 
destroyed  The  winter  palace  was  burnt  to  the  ground,  Dec.  29,  1837.  The 
railway  to  Moscow  was  finished  in  1851. 

ST.  PETER'S  CHURCH,  Rome.  Originally  erected  by  Constantino,  A.D.  306. 
About  the  middle  of  the  fifteenth  century,  Pope  Nicholas  V.  commenced  a 
uew  church.  The  present  magnificent  pile  was  designed  by  Bramante ;  the 
first  stone  was  laid  by  Pope  Julius  II.  in  1506.  In  1514  Leo  X.  employed 
Raphael  and  two  others  to  superintend  the  building.  Paul  III.  committed 
the  work  to  Michael  Angelo,  who  devised  the  dome,  in  the  construction  of 
which  30,000  Ibs.  of  iron  was  used.  The  church  was  consecrated  Nov.  18, 
1626,  the  building  having  occupied  176  years.  The  front  is  400  feet  broad, 
rising  to  a  height  of  180  feet,  and  the  majestic  dome  ascends  from  the  centre 
of  the  church  to  a  height  of  324  feet:  the  length  of  the  interior  is  600  feet, 
forming  one  of  the  most  spacious  halls  ever  constructed.  The  length  of  the 
exterior  is  669  feet ;  its  greatest  breadth  within  is  442  feet ;  and  the  entire 
height  from  the  ground  432  feet.  St.  Peter's  is  the  most  sumptuous  Roman 
Catholic  church  in  the  world. 

SANDWICH  ISLANDS,  (p.  517.)  Karnehameha  IV.  (or  Tamehameha)  when 
20  years  old,  succeeded  his  uncle,  Dec.  15,  1854. 

SANITARY  REFORM,  U.  S.  (p.  517.)  The  ventilation  of  buildings  has  been 
greatly  improved  since  the  publication  of  Perry's  Essay  on  School  Houses, 
1833.  and  Barnard's  School  Architecture,  1838.  This  reform  was  specially 
needed  in  printing  offices,  bookbinderies,  and  manufactories  generally. 

SANITARY  LEGISLATION,  England.  To  Dr.  Southwood  Smith  is  mainly 
attributable  the  honor  of  commencing  the  agitation  on  the  subject  of  public 
health,  about  1832  ;  his  "  Philosophy  of  Health"  having  excited  much  atten- 
tion. Since  1838  he  has  published  numerous  sanitary  reports,  having  been 
much  employed  by  the  government. 

SARDINIA,  (p.  518.) 


Bill  for  suppression  of  convents 
passed March  2.  1855 

Convention  with  England  and 
France  signed,  a  contingent  of 
15.000  troops  to  be  supplied  against 
Kussia April  10,  1855 

10,000  troops  under  General  La  Mar- 
mora, arrive  in  the  Crimea. May  8.  1S55 

Who  distingui>h  themselves  in  the 
battle  of  the  Tchernaya..  Auir.  16,  1855 

The  king  visits  London,  &.c.  Nov. 

30,  &c.  1855 


Important  note  on  Italy  from  Count 
Cavour  to  England  April  16,  1856 

Count  Cavour  declares  in  favor  of 
free-trade June,  1857 

Preliminaries  of  peace  signed  at 
Villa  Franca;  Count  Cavour  re- 
signs   July.  1859 

Treaty  of  peace  signed  at  Zurich. Nov.  18o9 

Sardinian  troops  besiege  the  King  of 
Naples  at  Oaeta  Sept.  1800 

Gaeta  capitulates  to  Victor  Emma- 
nuel   Feb  13,  1861 


ADDENDA.  797 

SAVOY,  (p.  520.)  Annexation  to  France  voted  for  by  130.533  against  235, 
April  ±2,  1860.  The  annexation  completed,  1860. 

SAXB-WEIMAR.  Saxe- Weimar  became  a  grand  duchy  in  1815.  The  dukes 
have  greatly  favored  literature,  and  their  capital,  AVeimur.  has  been  called  the 
Athens  of  Germany.  Population  of  the  duchy  in  1858,  267.112. 

GEAND-DUKE8. 


1815.  Charles  Augustus. 
1828.  Charles  Frederic. 
1858.  Charles  Alexander,  born  July  8,  the 
(1861)  grand-duke. 


Heir :  Charles  Augustus,  born  July 
81,  1844. 


SAXONY,  (p.  520.) 


1854.  John,  Aug.  9.  (born  Dec.  12,  1801),    Heir:  His  son,  Frederic  Augustus  Albert, 


the  PRESENT  (1861)  king. 


born  April  23, 1828. 


SCANDINAVIA.  The  ancient  name  of  Sweden,  Norway,  and  great  part  of  Den- 
mark, whence  proceeded  the  Northmen  or  Normans,  who  conquered  Nor- 
mandy (about  A.D.  900),  and  eventually  England  (1066).  They  were  also 
called  Sea-Kings  or  Vikings.  They  settled  Iceland  and  Greenland,  and,  it  is 
thought,  the  northern  regions  of  America,  about  the  ninth  century. 

SCANDINAVIANS.  The  Scandinavian  population  of  the  United  States  is  esti- 
mated at  180.000:  namely,  150,000  Norwegians,  25,000  Swedes,  and  5000 
Danes  (I860).' 

SCHOOLS,  PUBLIC,  IN  ENGLAND.  In  1851,  there  were  2310  schools  in  con- 
nexion with  the  Education  Committee  actually  inspected  in  England  and 
Scotland.  They  included:  1713  Church  of  England  schools  in  England  and 
"Wales;  282  Protestant  Dissenting  schools  in  England  and  Wales;  98  Roman 
Catholic  schools  in  Great  Britain;  and  217  Presbyterian  schools  in  Scotland, 
whereof  91  were  of  the  Free  Church  ;  the  whole  affording  accommodation  for 
299,425  scholars.  In  the  same  year  (1851)  the  estimated  sums  voted  for 
education  were:  for  Great  Britain,  150,OOOZ.,  for  Ireland,  134,560^. 

SCHOOLS,  PUBLIC,  in  UNITED  STATES,  (p.  520.)  Schools  both  English  and  clas- 
sical were  almost  instantly  established  by  the  first  settlers  of  New  England 
on  their  arrival ;  were  soon  made  obligatory  by  law,  and  have  since  grown 
with  the  population,  being,  however,  fewer  and  worse  in  the  southern  states. 
The  present  era  of  public  schools  commenced  about  1800.  Its  important 
dates  are:  Connecticut  school  fund,  established  1795;  first  state  school 
sup't.,  New  York,  1812;  first  state  school  system,  Ky.,  1821;  ColburrTs 
arithmetic,  1821;  school  movement  of  1825-40,  commenced  by  publications 
of  Carter,  Gallaudet,  and  Johnson ;  Cousin's  report  on  Prussian  schools, 
published  here  1835 ;  Horace  Mann,  sec'y  of  Board  of  Education  in  Mass.,  1 837  ; 
Stowe's  report  on  European  schools,  1837;  first  normal  school,  at  Lexing- 
ton, Mass.,  1839.  From  1840  to  1860,  the  improved  principles  and  methods 
thus  introduced  have  been  increasingly  put  into  practice.  The  following 
totals  for  the  United  States  are  approximate  for  1858  :  children  of  school  age, 
6,933,441 ;  public  schools,  97.621 ;  school  funds.  $49,324.384;  expended  for 
public  schools  ia  the  year,  $20,159,268. 

PUBLIC  SCHOOLS  IN  UNITED  6TATE8. 

[Estim.  in  (  )  ] 
Annual  exp.      No.  children     No.  schools      School  fund 

Alabama 1859-60  $271,580  178,095  2,597  1,425,000 

Arkansas no  returns. 

California 185S-9  427.004  48,676  523  10,000,000 

Connecticut 185^-9  479.081  105,464  1,785  2,046,397 

Delaware 1856  78.253  11.468  233  440,505 

Florida 1858  6,542  20,£85  (300) 

Georgia 1859  179.0?0  107,826  1,777  290,900 


798 


THE    WORLDS    PROGRESS. 


PUBLIC  SCHOOLS,  continued. 

Annual  exp.        No.  children    No.  schools  School  fund 

Illinois 1S5S  2,705,052  457,113  10,238  4,6fi6.P19 

Indiana 1859  335,736  495.019  6,548  4.<:29,S66 

Iowa 1857  364.053  233,927  2,200  2,303,6.76 

Kansas no  returns. 

Kentucky 1857  304.933  267.712  (4.000)  1,455,3-2 

Louisiana 1860  650.000  96,125  (1,400)  1,106,113 

Maine 1859  617,S>9  239,796  (8,400)  149,OS5 

Maryland 1859  24.450 

Massachusetts..  1859  1.567.171  220,379  4,444  1,523.319 

Michigan 1860  467,286  206,014  (3,000)  1,183,580 

Minnesota no  returns. 

Mississippi no  returns. 

Missouri 1-57  628.046  341.121  8,382  678,967 

New  Hampshire  1859  282.842  86.708  8,362 

New  Jersey....  1859  539,532  187.799  1,690  460.804 

New  York 1859  3.664.617  1,272.486  11.576  5,752917 

North  Carolina.  1-59  240.000  186.175  2,758  2,181,850 

Ohio 1859  3.225,129  865.914  9,762 

Oregon 17,828 

Pennsylvania..  Is59  2,103.293  575.251  11,485 

Ebode  Island  ..  1859  162.687  52.452  400  245,100 

South  Carolina  .  lsf>9  74.400  16,841  1.414 

Tennessee 1859  230,430  294.497  (4.500)  1,500,000 

Texas 1858  110,000  86,782  (1.000)  2,192,000 

Vermont no  returns.  8,847 

Virginia 1858  1,833,420 

Wisconsin 1859  419,172  278,871  (1,000)  3,001,297 

SCREW-PRO  FELLER  consists  of  two  or  more  twisted  blades,  like  the  vanes 
of  a  wind-mill,  set  on  an  axis,  running  parallel  with  the  keel  of  a  vessel,  and 
revolving  beneath  the  water  at  the  stern.  It  is  driven  by  a  steam-engine. 
The  principle  is  as  old  as  the  wind-mill.  It  was  shown  by  Hooke  in  1681, 
and  since  by  Du  Quet,  Bernouilli,  and  others.  Patents  for  propellers  were 
taken  out  by  Joseph  Bramah  in  1784;  by  Wm.  Lyttelton  in  1794;  and  by 
Edward  Shorter  in  1799.  But  these  led  to  no  useful  result.  However,  in 
1836  patents  were  obtained  by  F.  P.  Smith  and  Captain  John  Ericson,  and 
to  them  the  successful  application  of  the  screw-propeller  must  be  attributed. 
The  first  vessels  with  the  screw,  the  Archimedes  and  the  Rattler,  were  con- 
structed in  the  U.  States.  The  latter  was  tried  in  England  in  1845.  Since  then 
the  screw-propeller  lias  been  largely  employed  in  this  country  and  in  Europe. 

SEBASTOPOL,  or  SEVASTOPOL,  a  town  and  once  a  naval  arsenal,  at  S.  W.  point 
of  the  Crimea,  formerly  the  little  village  of  Aktiar.  The  buildings  were  com- 
menced in  1 784.  by  Catharine  II.,  after  the  conquest  of  the  country.  The 
town  is  built  in  the  shape  of  an  amphitheatre  on  the  rise  of  a  large  hill  flat- 
tened on  its  summit,  according  to  a  plan  laid  down  before  1794,  which  has 
been  since  adhered  to.  The  fortifications  and  harbor  were  constructed  by  an 
English  engineer,  Colonel  Upton,  and  his  sons,  since  1830.  The  population 
in  1834  was  15,000.  This  place  will  be  memorable  hereafter  for  its  eleven 
months'  SIEGE,  by  the  English  and  French  in  1854  and  1855.  Immediately 
after  the  battle  of  the  Alma,  Sept.  20,  1854,  the  allied  army  marched  to 
Sebastopol,  and  took  up  its  position  on  the  plateau  between  it  and  Balaklava, 
and  the  grand  attack  and  bombardment  commenced  Oct.  17,  1854,  without 
success.  After  many  sanguinary  encounters  by  day  and  night,  and  repeated 
bombardments,  a  grand  assault  was  made  on  Sept.  8,  1855,  upon  the  Malak- 
hoff  tower  and  the  Redans,  the  most  important  fortifications  to  the  south  of 
the  town.  The  French  succeeded  in  capturing  and  retaining  the  Malakhpff. 
The  attacks  of  the  English  on  the  great  Redan  and  of  the  French  upon  the 
little  Redan  were  successful,  but  the  assailants  were  compelled  to  retire  after 
a  desperate  struggle  with  great  loss  of  life.  The  French  lost  1646  killed,  of 


ADDENDA. 


799 


whom  5  were  generals,  24  superior,  and  11G  inferior  officers;  4500  wounded, 
and  1400  mining.  The  English  lost  385  killed  (29  being  commissioned  and 
42  non-commissioned  officers);  1886  wounded;  and  176  missing.  In  the 
night  the  Russians  abandoned  the  southern  and  principal  part  of  the  town 
and  fortifications,  after  destroying  as  much  as  possible,  and  crossed  to  the 
northern  forts.  They  also  sank  or  burnt  the  remainder  of  their  fleet.  The 
allies  found  a  very  great  amount  of  stores  when  they  entered  the  place.  The 
works  were  utterly  destroyed  by  April  1856. 

"  SECESSION,1'  U  STATES.  The  election  of  Lincoln,  the  "Republican"  candidate 
for  president,  Nov.  6,  I860,  was  made  the  pretext  for  the  secession  of  several 
southern  states  for  another  Union  ;  the  resignation  of  Federal  officers  in  those 
states,  and  of  members  of  the  cabinet  at  Washington,  and  of  several  officers 
of  the  army  and  navy ;  and  the  seizure  of  Government  moneys,  forts,  and  arse- 
nals. The  chief  incidents  ot  these  treasonable  or  revolutionary  proceedings 
were  the  following: 

Resignation  of  S.  Ca,  senators  of  the 
U.  States Nov.  9-11,  I860 

U.  S.  H.  of  Rep.  appoints  a  com.  of 
83  on  the  state  of  the  Union,  Dec.  6.  I860 

Resignation  of  Howell  Cobb,  Sec.  of 
Treas.,  U.  S Dec.  10,  1860 

U.  S.  stocks  (5  per  cent)  sold  for  89, 

Dec.  10,  1860 

Resignation  of  Mr.  Cass,  Sec.  of 
State Dec.  14,  1860 

South  Carolina  Ordinance  of  Seces- 
sion passed Dec.  20,  I860 

Maj.  Anderson  transfers  the  U.  States 
garrison  at  Fort  Moultrie  to  Fort 
Sumpter,  in  Charleston  harbor, 

Dec.  26,  I860 

S.  Carolina  authorities  seize  Fort 
Moultrie  and  other  U.  States  pro- 
perty   Dec.  28,  1860 

J.  B.  Floyd,  U.  S.  Sec.  of  War,  re- 
signs  Dec.  29,  1860 

Forts  Pulaski  and  Jackson,  in  harbor 
of  Savan  nah,  seized  by  Go  v.  Brown 
of  Geo Jan.  3,  1861 

S.  Ca.  commissioners1  demands  re- 
fused by  the  President Jan.  3,  1861 

Fast-day  observed  in  the  U.  S.  Jan.4,  1861 

Fort  Morgan,  Mobile,  seized  by  the 
state Ian.  4,  1861 

Steamer  Star  of  the  West  with  U.  S. 
troops  for  Fort  Sumpter,  fired  into 
by  the  rebels Jan.  9,  1S61 

Mississippi  secession  passed,  Jan.  9  ; 
and  U.  S.  forts  and  property  seized 
there Jan.  10,  1861 

Alabama  secession  passed. . .  Jan.  II,  1861 

Florida  secession  passed,  and  U.  S. 
forts  at  Pensacola  seized. .  Jan.  12,  1861 

SEPOYS  (a  corruption  of  Sipdlii,  Hindostanee  for  a  soldier),  the  term  applied  to 
the  native  troops  in  India.  Under  able  generals  they  greatly  aided  in  esta- 
blishing British  rule  in  India.  For  their  mutinies,  see  India,  1857. 

SEPTENNIAL  PARLIAMENTS  in  England  commenced  1716.  Parliaments 
had  been  triennial  from  1688  to  that  date. 

SERVIA,  a  principality  nominally  subject  to  Turkey,  south  of  Hungary.  The 
Servians  are  of  Slavonic  origin.  They  embraced  Christianity  about  A.D.  640. 
The  Emperor  Manuel  subjugated  them  in  1150;  but  they  recovered  their 
independence  in  1180,  and  were  ruled  by  princes,  generally  named  Stephen, 


Georgia  secession  passed. . .  Jan.  19,  1861 

Mississippi,  Alabama,  and  Floiida 
senators  of  the  U.  States,  resigned 

Jan.  21,  1861 

Louisiana  secession  passed. .  Jan.  2S,  1861 

Texas  secession  passed Feb.  1.  It61 

"  Peace  Conference"  at  Washington, 

Feb.  4,  1861 

Louisiana  delegation  excepting  Mr. 
Bouligny  withdraws  from  Con- 
gress..."  Feb.  5,  1861 

Congress  of  seceding  states  at  Mont- 
gomery. Ala.,  Feb.  6;  elects  Jeffer- 
son Davis  of  Miss.  Pres.,  and  Alex- 
H.  Stephens  of  Ga.  Vice-pres. 

Feb.  9,  1861 

Tennessee  votes  against  secession 

Feb.  9,  1861 

Resolution  guaranteeing  non-inter- 
ference with  slavery  in  any  state 
passed  unanimously  in  H.  of  Reps. 

Feb.  11,  1861 

Jefferson  Davis  inaugurated  Pres. 
of  Southern  Confederacy .  .Feb.  18,  1861 

The  u  Peace  Conference"  at  Wash- 
ington agrees  on  proposition  fur 


compromise, 


and  adjourns 

March  1,  1861 

Gen.  Twiggs,  having  surrendered 
the  U.  States  forces  and  property 
in  Texas,  is  dismissed  from  the 
U.  S.  army  as  a  traitor. . .  .March  1,  1861 

Missouri  votes  against  secession,  in 
convention March  1.  1861 

Lincoln  inaugurated  Pres.  of  United 
States March  4,  1S61 


800  THE  -WORLD'S  PROGRESS. 

till  their  country  was  linally  subdued  by  the  Sultan  Mahomet  II.  in  1459. 
Population  in  1854.  1)85,000." 

KX  CHURCHES  OF  ASIA,  to  the  angels  (ministers)  of  which  the  Apostle 
John  was  commanded  to  write  the  epistles  contained  in  the  2d  and  3d 
chapters  of  his  Revelation,  viz  Ephesus,  Smyrna,  Pergamos,  Thyatira,  Sardis. 
Philadelphia,  and  Laodicea,  A.D.  96. 


1.  Epheavs.      Paul  founded    the    church 
here,   A  D.  57,  and  in  A.D.  £9,  was  in 
great  dangi-r  from  a  tumult  created  by 
Demetrius.       To    the    elders  of    this 
church   lie  delivered  his  warning  ad- 
dress, A.D.  60  (Acts  xix.,  xx.).    Ephesus 
was  in  a  ruinous  state  even  in  the  time 
of  Justinian    (A.D.  521).   and   still  re- 
mains so. 

2.  Sniyrnd,     Now  an  important  commer- 
cial city  and  seaport  of  Ionia.     Poly- 
carp,  its  first  bi.^hop.  suff.-red  martyr- 
dom. A.D.  175. 

8.  PergnmoK.  Capital  of  the  kingdom  of 
the  saim*  natne.  founded  by  Pliiletse- 
rus,  B.C.  283,  and  part  of  Bithynia,  It 
was  renowmd  for  its  library.  Attalus 
III.,  the  last  king,  bequeathed  his 
kingdom  to  the  Roman  people,  B.C.  133. 


It  is  still  an  important  place  called 
Bergamo.  Parchment  is  >aid  to  have 
been  invented  here. 

4.  TliytTtira.     Now  a  mean  town  of  2000 
houses,      called     Ak  hissar,     ••  White 
Castle." 

5.  iSurdis.     Formerly  the  capital  of  Ly- 
dia,  the  kingdom  of  Croesus  (.B  c  560), 
is  now  a  miserable  village,  named  S-irt. 

6.  Philadelphia.     Was  built  by  Attains 

Philadelphus,  king  of  Pergamos  (about 
B.C.  159-138) :  was  taken  by  Bajazet  I. 
A.D.  1390.  It  is  now  called  Allah 
Shehr,  '•  The  city  of  God,"  and  is  a 
miserable  town  oi'3000  houses. 

7.  Laodicea.     In    Phrygia,    near    Lynja, 
has  suffered  much  from  earthquakes. 
It  is  now  a  deserted  place  called  Eske- 
hissar,  "The  old  Castle." 


SEWING-MACHINE.  The  tirst  practical  sewing-machine  was  the  invention  of 
Elias  Howe,  ;ui  American  mechanic.  It  is  now  known  under  an  improved 
form  as  Thomas'  shuttle  machine,  by  whom  it  was  introduced  into  England 
in  1846.  Two  threads  are  wrought  into  the  fabric  to  be  sewn,  by  a  needle 
and  shuttle,  which  interlace  the  threads  and  Ibrm  a  strong  seam.  In  some 
machines  now  in  extensive  use,  two  needles  are  employed  to  make  with  two 
threads  a  double  chain  stitch,  and  a  more  simple  machine  makes  by  the  aid 
of  one  needle  and  a  hook,  the  common  single  chain  stitch  with  one  thread. 
These  machines  are  all  of  American  origin.  Haydn.  To  America  unques- 
tionably belongs  the  honor  of  giving  to  the  world  the  tirst  practical  sewing 
machine.  Here  also,  it  has  received  its  fullest  development.  Mr.  Howe's 
patent  was  granted  in  1846.  Very  little  advance  was  made  for  the  next  six 
years.  Since  that  period  the  sales  of  reliable  machines  have  been  as  follows: 
1853,  2509:  1854,  4469;  1855,  3515;  1856,  7225;  1857,12,715;  1858, 
17,589  ;  1859,  46,245.  The  machine  has  been  improved,  and  adapted  to  all 
branches  of  sewing.  Indeed  it  has  revolutionized,  and  developed,  every 
department  of  needlework;  introduced  new  branches  of  industry ;  rendered 
healthful,  pleasant,  and  profitable  an  employment  hitherto  proverbially 
unhealthful,  and  proved  itself  the  most  beneficial  invention  of  the  age.  In 
the  domestic  world  it  ranks  as  do  railroads  and  telegraphs  in  the  commercial. 
The  importance  of  this  invention  to  the  manufacturing  interests  of  the 
U.  States  is  estimated  at  $342,000.000  annually.  The  annual  sewing  of  the 
machine  in  the  city  of  New  York  on  men's  and  boys'  clothing  alone,  is 
$7,500,000;  on  hats  and  caps,  $462,500;  on  shirt  bosoms,  $832,750;  on 
boots  and  shoes  in  Massachusetts  alone,  $7,500,000.  The  following  table 
exhibits  the  economy  of  the  sewing  machine  in  stitching  the  various  parts 
of  the  following  garments. 

BT  MACHINE  BY   HAND 

Hours  Minutes  Hours  Minutes 

Gentlemen's  shirts 1                      16  14                     26 

Frock  coats 2                     38  16                     85 

Satin  vests 1                     14  7                     19 

Bilk  dress , . . .  1                      13  8                     2T 

Merino  dress : . . .  1                       4  8                     JT 


ADDENDA.  801 

Seams  of  considerable  length  are  ordinarily  sewed  with  the  best  machines  at 
the  rate  of  a  yard  a  minute,  and  that,  too.  in  a  manner  far  superior  to  hand- 
sewing.  The  Manufacture  of  sewing  machines  has  become  a  \vell  established 
branch  of  industry.  The  capital  invested  is  immense,  employing  an  army  of 
mechanics,  and  extending  the  reputation  of  American  science  and  mechanical 
skill  over  the  globe. 

SHIPPING  AND  SHIP  BUILDING  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES,  (p.  524.)  The 
total  tonnage  of  the  United  States,  June  30,  1858,  was  5,049,808  tons;  of 
which  registered  for  foreign  trade,  2,499,741 ;  enrolled  and  licensed,  2,502,086 ; 
steam  navigation,  729,390.  Increase  for  the  year,  108,965  tons. 

SHAKSPEARE'S  NATIVE  PLACE,  Stratfbrd-upon-Avon,  Warwick.  Shak- 
speare  was  born  at  Stratford,  April  23,  1564,  and  died  there  on  his  natal  day, 
1616.  A  project  was  originated  in  1820  for  the  erection  of  an  edifice  to  hia 
memory  in  the  nature  of  a  museum,  cenotaph,  or  temple,  but  it  failed ;  another 
attempt  to  honor  Shakspeare  was  made  with  better  success  in  1835,  and  a 
Shakspeare  festival  was  held  at  Stratford,  April  23,  1836.  In  1847,  a  num- 
ber of  persons  of  distinction  interested  themselves  for  the  preservation  of  the 
house  in  which  Shakspeare  was  born,  then  actually  set  up  for  sale.  In  the 
end  Shakspeare's  house  was  sold  at  the  Auction  Mart  in  the  city  of  London, 
where  it  was  "  knocked  down"  to  the  United  Committee  of  London  and 
Stratford  for  the  large  sum  of  3000i,  Sept.  16,  1847.  In  1856,  a  learned 
oriental  scholar,  John  Shakspeare,  no  relation  to  the  poet,  gave  2500Z.  to  pur- 
chase the  adjoining  house,  that  it  might  be  pulled  down,  in  order  to  insure 
the  poet's  house  from  the  risk  of  fire. 

SHIBBOLETH.  The  word  by  which  the  followers  of  Jephthah  tested  their  oppo- 
nents the  Ephraimites,  on  passing  the  Jordan,  about  1143  B.C.  Judges,  ch.  xii. 
The  term  is  now  applied  to  any  party  watchword  or  dogma. 

SIAM,  a  kingdom  in  India,  bordering  on  the  Burmese  empire.  Siam  was  re-dis 
covered  by  the  Portuguese  in  1511,  and  a  trade  established,  in  which  the 
Dutch  joined  about  1604.  A  British  ship  arrived  about  1613.  In  1683,  a 
Cephalouian  Greek,  Constantine  Phaulcon,  became  foreign  minister  of  Siam, 
and  opened  a  communication  with  France;  Louis  XIV.  sent  an  embassy  in 
1685  with  a  view  of  converting  the  king,  without  effect.  After  several 
ineffectual  attempts,  Sir  John  Bowring  succeeded  in  obtaining  a  treaty  of 
friendship  and  commerce  between  England  and  Siam,  which  was  signed 
April  30,  1855,  and  ratified  April  5,  1856;  and  one  with  France  in  August 
following.  Two  ambassadors  from  Siam  arrived  in  England,  Oct.  1857,  and 
had  an  audience  with  the  queen  to  deliver  magnificent  presents  on  Nov.  16 
A  treaty  with  the  U.  States  negotiated  by  Townsend  Harris,  1859. 

SIAMESE  TWIN'S.  The  two  persons  known  under  this  name,  are  twins,  born 
about  1811,  enjoying  all  the  faculties  and  powers  usually  possessed  by  sepa- 
rate and  distinct  individuals,  although  united  together  by  a  short  cartilaginous 
band  at  the  pit  of  the  stomach.  They  are  named  Chang  and  Eng,  and  were 
first  discovered  on  the  banks  of  the  Siam  river  by  an  American,,  Mr.  Robert 
Hunter,  by  whom  they  were  taken  to  New  York,  where  they  were  exhibited, 
and  were  afterwards  consigned  to  the  care  of  Captain  Coffin,  by  whom  they 
were  brought  to  England,  and  publicly  shown.  No  connexion  exists  between 
them  but  this  band,  and  their  proximity  seems  in  no  way  to  inconvenience 
either.  They  are  perfectly  straight  and  well-made,  and  walk  with  a  gait  like 
other  people:  being  perfect  in  all  their  parts,  and  having  all  their  functions 
distinct.  After  having  been  exhibited  for  several  years  in  England  and  the 
United  States,  the  Siamese  Twins  went  to  Georgia,  where  they  settled  on  i\ 
farm,  married  sisters,  and  now  'I860)  have  sevetal  children. 

34* 


802  THE  WORLD'S  PROGRESS. 

SICILY.     See  Italy 

SIC  VOX,  an  ancient  Grecian  kingdom  in  the  Peloponnesus,  founded  it  is  said 
about  2080  B  c.  In  252  it  became  a  republic  and  joined  the  Achaean  league 
formed  by  Aiatus.  Jt  was  the  country  of  Polycletes  (48(5)  and  Lysippus 
(238),  the  sculptors. 

SI  DON  (Syria),  a  city  of  Phoenicia,  to  the  north  of  Tyre.  Jt  was  conquered  by 
Cyrus 'about  537  :  and  surrendered  to  Alexander,  332.  See  P/iceuicin.  The 
town  was  taken  from  the  pacha  of  Egypt  by  the  troops  of  the  sultan  and  of 
his  allies,  assisted  by  some  ships  of  the  British  squadron,  under  Admiral  the 
Hon.  Sir  Robert  stopford  and  Commodore  Charles  Napier,  Sept.  27,  1840. 

SIEGES  (p.  529)  of  Koine,  1849;  of  Sebastopol,  1854-5;  of  Kars?  1855;  Delhi, 
1857  ;  Gaeta,  Oct.  1860  to  Feb.  13,  1861. 

SIKHS.  See  Punjab  and  India. 

SILISTRIA,  a  strong  military  town  in  Bulgaria,  European  Turkey.  It  was  taken 
by  the  Russians,  Sept.  26,  1829T  after  nine  months'  siege,  and  held  some 
years  by  them  as  a  pledge  for  the  payment  of  a  large  sum  by  the  Porte ;  but 
was  eventually  returned.  In  1854,  it  was  again  besieged  by  the  Russians, 
30,000  strong,  under  Prince  Paskiewitch,  and  many  assaults  were  made. 
Russians  commenced  their  retreat,  as  Omar  Pacha  was  drawing  near. 

SILVER  COIN,  U.  S.  (p.  529.)  The  silver  coinage  of  the  IT.  S.  mint,  for  one 
year,  ending  June  30,  1859,  was  $7,336,609.  From  1793  to  1859  inclusive, 
it  amounted"  to  $122,694,836.  In  England,  in  the  first  ten  years  of  Victoria, 
the  amount  of  silver  coined  was  $2,440.614.  It  is  supposed  that  the  silver 
coinage  of  the  world  amounts  to  1200  millions  of  dollars. 

SIMPLON.  A  mountain  road  leading  from  Switzerland  into  Italy,  constructed 
by  Napoleon  in  1801-7.  It  winds  up  passes,  crosses  cataracts,  and  passes  by 
galleries  through  solid  rock.  It  has  eight  principal  bridges.  The  number  of 
workmen  employed  at  one  time  varied  from  thirty  to  forty  thousand. 

SINKING  FUND,  IN  ENGLAND.  First  projected  by  Sir  Robert  Walpole,  whose 
act  was  passed  in  1716.  The  act  establishing  the  sinking  fund  of  Mr.  Pitt 
was  passed  in  March.  1786.  A  then  estimated  surplus  of  £900,000  in  the 
revenue  was  augmented  by  new  taxes  to  make  up  the  sum  of  one  million, 
which  was  to  be  invariably  applied  to  the  reduction  of  the  national  debt. 
In  July  1828  the  sinking  fund  was  limited  to  the  actual  surplus  of  revenue. 

SINOPE  (SixouB)  An  ancient  seaport  of  Asia  Minor,  formerly  capital  of  the 
kingdom  of  Pontus.  said  to  have  been  the  birth-place  of  Diogenes,  the  cynic 
philosopher.  On  Nov.  30,  1853,  a  Turkish  fleet  of  7  frigates,  3  corvettes, 
and  2  smaller  vessels,  was  attacked  by  a  Russian  fleet  of  6  sail  of  the  line,  2 
sailing  vessels,  and  3  steamers,  under  Admiral  Nachimoff,  and  totally 
destroyed,  except  one  vessel,  which  conveyed  the  tidings  to  Constantinople. 
Four  thousand  lives  were  lost  by  lire  or  drowning,  and  Osman  Pacha,  the 
Turkish  Admiral,  died  at  Sebastopol  of  his  wounds.  In  consequence  of  this 
event,  the  Anglo-French  fleet  entered  the  Black  sea,  Jan.  3,  1854. 

SKATING.  Invented  probably  by  the  Scandinavians,  who  used  the  sharp-edged 
shank  bones  of  sheep  or  deer,  or  strips  of  fir  wood,  though  Olaus  Magnus 
(d.  1555)  mentions  the  use  of  iron.  At  first  the  skater  pushed  himself  about 
by  an  iron  shod  pole.  Wooden  skates  with  iron  blades  were  invented  in 
Holland.  From  1855  to  1861  various  means  were  contrived  to  improve 
skates,  by  attaching  a  shoe  to  the  wood,  making  it  wholly  of  steel,  jointing 
the  wood,  setting  it  on  springs,  &c.  A  skate  ibr  floors  has  been  invented, 
running  on  small  wheels  of  India  rubber. 


ADDENDA.  803 

SLAVERY,  (p.  530.)  There  were  400,000  slaves  in  Attica,  317  B.C.  In  Rome 
slaves  were  often  chained  to  the  gate  of  a  great  man's  house,  to  give  admit- 
tance to  the  guests  invited  to  the  feast.  By  one  of  the  laws  of  the  XII. 
Tubles,  creditors  could  seize  their  insolvent  debtors,  and  keep  them  in  their 
house?,  till  by  their  services  or  labor  they  had  discharged  the  sum  they  owed. 
C.  Pollio  threw  such  slaves  as  gave  him  the  slightest  offence  into  his  tish 
ponds,  to  fatten  his  lampreys,  42  B.C.  Ca?cilius  Isodorus  left  to  his  heir  41 1C 
slaves,  12  B.C.  The  first  Janissaries  were  Christian  slaves.  1329. — Serfdom, 
a  modified  form  of  slavery,  was  abolished  by  Frederic  I.  of  Prussia,  in  1702  ; 
by  Christian  VII.  of  Denmark,  in  1766,  by  the  emperor  Joseph  II.  in  his 
hereditary  states  in  1781;  and  by  Nicholas  I.  of  Russia,  on  the  imperial 
domains,  in  1842  :  whose  successor,  Alexander  II.,  is  effecting  its  total  aboli- 
tion throughout  his  empire,  amid  much  opposition  (1860-1). 

SLAVE  TRADE,  U.  S.  Since  1855  the  proposition  to  re-open  the  slave  trade 
has  been  discussed  in  several  conventions  and  public  assemblies  in  the 
southern  states.  This  infamous  traffic  is  denounced  in  the  "  Republican  plat- 
form" (Chicago,  June  1860),  and  is  repudiated  also  by  the  congress  of  the 
"Southern  Confederacy"  (Feb.  1861),  but  the  latter' abolished  the  death 
penalty  affixed  to  its  prohibition  by  the  laws  of  the  U.  S.  In  defiance  of 
these  laws  a  large  number  of  slavers  have  been  fitted  out,  chiefly  in  N.  Y. 
and  other  northern  ports,  during  the  years  1858,  '59,  '60;  several  have  been 
seized  before  sailing,  and  many  others  captured  with  slaves. 

SLAVERY  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES,  (p.  532.)  Before  the  war  of  independence  all 
the  states  contained  slaves.  In  1783  the  statement  in  the  Massachusetts 
Bill  of  Rights,  "All  men  are  born  free  and  equal,"  was  declared  in  the 
supreme  court  at  Boston  to  bar  slave-holding  in  that  state.  Before  1790  the 
further  introduction  of  slaves  had  been  prohibited  in  five  other  states.  In 
July  13,  1787,  Congress  passes  unanimously  the  celebrated  ordinance  "for 
the  government  of  the  territory  to  the  N.  W.  of  the  Ohio,"  which  contained 
an  "  unalterable  "  article  forbidding  slavery  or  involuntary  servitude  in  the 
said  territory.  After  1800,  several  of  the  states  prayed  without  effect  to  be 
relieved  of  this  prohibition.  In  1803  Louisiana  was  purchased,  which  act 
was  considered  by  many  as  fatal  to  the  constitution.  In  Feb.  1820,  the  cele- 
brated Ifissouri  Compromise,  drawn  up  by  Mr.  Clay,  was  carried,  by  which 
slavery  was  permitted  in  that  state,  but  was  prohibited  in  all  that  part  of  it 
to  the  north  of  36°  30'  N.  Lat.  In  1845  a  fresh  contest  arose  between  the 
slave-holders  and  their  opponents  at  the  annexation  of  Texas.  The  utmost 
the  advocates  of  freedom  could  obtain  was  a  similar  division  to  that  of  Mis- 
souri, Dec.  25.  1845.  In  1850  another  compromise  was  effected:  California 
was  admitted  as  a  free  state ;  but  the  Fugitive  Slave  Act  wras  passed  (which 
see).  In  1854  the  Missouri  compromise  was  abrogated  with  the  admission  of 
Nebraska  and  Kansas  as  slave-holding  states ;  in  the  latter  of  which  civil 
war  ensued.  See  Kansas ;  United  States.  An  insane  attempt  to  create  a 
slave  rebellion  took  place  in  Virginia,  headed  by  John  Brown,  and  failed,  in 
Oct.  1859.  Number  of  slaves  in  1850,  3,204,313  ;  in  1860,  3,999,283. 

SNUFF-TAKING,  (p.  623.)  In  England,  in  1858,  2,573,925  Ibs.  of  snuff  and 
cigars  were  imported.  See  Tobacco. 

SOCIETIES  AND  INSTITUTIONS,  Literary  and  Scientific,  in  the  U.  S.  (See  Acade- 
mies, p.  147.) 


American  Ethnological  Society  at  N.  Y 
American  Oriental  Society  at  New  Ha- 
ven. 


American  Geographical  and  Statistical  So- 
ciety, N.  Y. 

American  Institute  (for  Agriculture  and 
Useful  Arts),  N.  Y. 


804 


THE   TVORL1VS    PROGRESS. 


In  nearly  every  State  of  the  Union  there  is  an  Historical  Society,  devoted  to 
the  collection  and  preservation  of  historical  records,  printed  and  in  MS.,  seve- 
ral of  them  have  published  Transactions  and  Collections.  That  of  the  Mass. 
Hist.  Soc.  comprises  about  30  vols. ;  the  N.  V.  Hist.  Soc.  has  published  6  or 
7  vols. 

SOCIETIES  AND  INSTITUTIONS,  Literary  and  Scientific,  in  Great  Britain  All  in 
the  list  below  are  in  London,  except  otherwise  stated.  An  act  was  passed 
Aug.  11,  1854,  "to  afford  facilities  for  the  establishment  of  Institutions  for 
the  promotion  of  Literature  and  Science,"  by  grants  of  land,  &c .  and  for  their 
regulation.  The  Royal  and  London  Institutions  are  exempted  from  the  ope- 
ration of  the  act. 

SOCIETIES,  INSTITUTIONS,  <foC. 


Royal  Society Charter  1662 

Society  of  Antiquaries. (Charter  1751)  1717 

Society  of  Dilettanti 1734 

Royal  Society  of  Edinburgh 

(Charter  1783)  1739 

Society  of  Arts (Charter  1847)  1753 

Royal  Irish  Academy Charter  1786 

Litinean  Society (Charter  1802)  1788 

Horticultural  Society . .(Charter  1M»9)  1S04 
Medico-Chirurgical  Society 

(Charter  1834)  1805 

London  Institution 1805 

Geological  Society (Charter  1826)  1807 

Royal  Society  of  Literature 

(Charter  1826)  1820 

Royal  Asiatic  Society  Charter  1828 

Mechanics'  Institution,  London 18_'8 

Zoological  Society 1826 

British  Association 1831 

Entomologies!  Society . .  1883 

Statistical" Society . . .". 1834 

Royal  Institute  of  British  Architects 

(Charter  1837)  1835 

Botanical  Society 183(5 

Numismatic  Society 1836 

Electrical  Society .'. 1837 

Ornithological  Society 1S37 


Royal  Agricultural  Society 1S33 

Carnden  Society 1838 

Royal  Botanical  Society 1839 

Microscopical  Society 1 839 

Ecclesiological  Society 1 839 

Parker  Society 1840 

Percy  Society 1 8^0 

London  Library 1 840 

Shakespeare  Society 1840 

Chemical  Society 1841 

Pharmaceutical  Society i84l 

Philological  Society 1-42 

Dublin  Philosophical  Society 1 842 

Archaeological  Association 1843 

Archaeological  Institute 1*43 

Sydenham  Society  1843 

Ethnological  Society 1843 

Syro- Egyptian  Society 1844 

R'ay  Society 1  -44 

Cavendish  Society 184*5 

Hakluyt  Society l-4<> 

Institute  of  Actuaries 1843 

Arundel  Society 184.) 

Meteorological  Society 18M 

Photographic  Society". 1 853 

Horological  Institute 1S58 


SOLFERIXO  (in  Lombard}-),  celebrated  as  the  site  of  the  chief  struggle  on  the 
great  battle  of  June  24,  1859,  between  the  allied  French  and  Sardinian  army 
commanded  by  their  respective  sovereigns,  and  the  Austrians  under  General 
Hess;  the  emperor  being  present.  The  Austriana  after  their  drfent  at 
Magenta,  gradually  retreated  across  the  Mincio,  and  took  up  a  position  in  the 
celebrated  quadrilateral,  and  was  expected  there  to  await  the  attack.  But 
the  advance  of  Garibaldi  on  one  side,  and  of  prince  Napoleon  and  the  Tus- 
cans on  the  other,  induced  them  to  reeross  the  Miucio  and  take  the  offensive, 
which  they  did  on  June  23.  The  conflict  began  early  the  next  morning,  and 
lusted  Fifteen  hours.  At  first  the  Austrians  had  the  advantage ;  but  the 
successful  attack  of  the  French  on  Cavriana  and  Solferino  changed  the  fortune 
of  the  day,  and  the  Austrians  were,  after  desperate  encounters,  compelled  to 
retreat.  The  French  attribute  the  victory  to  the  skill  and  bravery  of  their 
emperor  and  the  generals  M'Mahon  and  Kiel;  the  Austrians,  to  the  destruc- 
tion of  their  reserve  by  the  rifled  cannon  of  their  adversaries.  The  Sardinians 
maintained  a  fearful  contest  of  fifteen  hours  at  San  Martino,  it  is  said  against 
double  their  number.  Loss  of  the  Austrians,  <i30  officers,  and  19,311  sol- 
diers; of  the  allies,  8  generals,  936  officers,  and  17,305  soldiers  killed  and 
wounded.  This  battle  closed  the  war ;  preliminaries  of  peace  being  signed 
at  Villa  Franca,  July  12. 


AJDDENDA. 


805 


SORBONNE.  A  society  of  ecclesiastics  at  Paris,  founded  by  Robert  de  Sorbon,  in 
1252.  The  members  lived  in  common,  and  devoted  themselves  to  study  and 
gratuitous  teaching.  They  attained  a  European  reputation  as  a  faculty  of 
theology,  their  judgment  being  frequently  appealed  to  from  the  fourteenth  to 
the  seventeenth  centuries.  The  influence  of  the  Sorbonne  was  declining 
when  the  society  was  broken  up  in  1789. 

SOUND  DUTIES.  Till  the  year  1857  no  merchant  ship  was  allowed  to  pass  the 
Sound  (a  narrow  channel  separating  Zealand  from  Sweden)  without  clearing 
at  Elsineur  and  paying  toll.  These  duties  had  their  origin  in  an  agreement 
between  the  king  of  Denmark  and  the  Hanse  towns  (A.D.  1348),  by  which 
the  former  undertook  to  maintain  lighthouses,  &c.,  along  the  Cattegat,  and 
the  latter  to  pay  duty  for  the  same.  The  first  treaty  with  England  in  rela- 
tion to  this  was  in  1450;  other  countries  followed.  In  1855  the  United 
States  determined  to  pay  the  dues  no  more;  and  in  the  same  year  the  Danish 
government  proposed  that  these  duties  should  be  capitalised;  which  was 
eventually  agreed  to,  the  sum  agreed  on  being  80,476,825  rix-dollars.  In 
Aug.  1857,  the  British  government  paid  10,126,855  rix-dollars  (£1,125,206) 
to  the  Danes  as  their  proportion. 

SOUTH  CAROLINA,  (p.  535.)  Population  1850.  whites,  274.463  ;  free  colored, 
8,960;  slaves,  384,984;  1860,  whites,  308,186  ;  slaves,  407, 185.  Ordinance 
declaring  ''Secession"  from  the  United  States,  passed  Dec.  20,  1860  The 
"Star  of  the  West "  with  U.  S.  troops  for  Fort  Sumter,  fired  on  and  repulsed 
from  the  harbor,  Jan.  1861. 

SPAIN,  (p.  537.) 


Narvaez  exiled  to  Vienna Jan.  1358 

General     (VDonnell,     Concha,     and 

others,  banished -Tan.  18,  1854 

Pence  restored :  the  degraded  gene- 
rals  reinstated,    ifcc.  ;      Espartero 
forms  an  administration..  July  31,  1S54 
The  queen  mother  impeached ;   t-he 

quits  Spain  Auff.  28,  1854 

Don  Carlos  dies March  10,  1855 

Resignation  of  Espartero  ;  new  cabi- 
net formed  headed  by  Marshal 
O'Donnell:  insurrection  in  Madrid, 
July  14;  O'Dounell  and  the  govern- 
ment troops  subdue  the  insur- 


gents ;  the  national  guard  sup- 
pressed   July  15,  16,  1856 

O'Donnell  compelled  to  resign  ;  Nar- 
vaez becomes  minister Oct.  12,  1856 

Joint  French  and  Spanish  expedition 
against  Cochin  China  announced 

Dec.  1.  1858 

War  with  Morocco. .  .Nov.  and  Dec.  1859 

O'Donnell  commands  the  army  in 
Africa:  indecisive  conflicts  report- 
ed ;  battle  at  Ca^tillijas  :  a  Spanish 
"  Balaklavn''  charge;  Jan.  1;  the 
Spaniards  near  Tctuan Jan.  1  SCO 


SPEAKERS  OB1  THE  HOUSE  OF  COMMONS.  BRITISH.  Peter  de  Montfort,  after- 
wards killed  at  the  battle  of  Evesham,  was  the  first  Speaker,  45  Hen.  III. 
1260. 


Rt.  Hon.  Henry  Addington  (after- 
wards Visct,  Sidmonth  ...Jan.  22,  1801 

Sir  .John  Mitford  (afterwards  Karon 
Kcdesdale) Febr.  11,  1801 

Rt.  Hon.  Charles  Abbot  (afterwards 
Lord  Colchester) '. .  .Feb.  10,  1802 

lit.  Hon.  Charles  Manners  Sutton 
(afterwards  Viscount  Canterbury) 

June  '2,  1817 


Rt.  Hon.  James  Abercromby  (after- 
wards Baron  Dunfetmline)Feb.l9,  1835 

Et.  Hon.  Charles  Shaw  Lrfevre 
(afterwards  Viscount  Kversley) 

March  2T  1839 

Et.  Hon  John  Everlyn  DemVon 
(PRESENT  Speaker,  I860).  .April  30,  1857 


SPECTATOR.  The  first  number  of  this  periodical  appeared  on  March  1,  1711  ; 
the  last  Aug.  2,  1715.  The  papers  by  Addison  have  one  of  the  letters  CLIO 
at  the  end.  The  most  of  the  oilier  papers  are  by  Sir  Richard  fcteele;  a  few 
by  Hughes,  Budgell,  Eusden,  Miss  Shephurd,  and  others. 

STAGE-COACH.  Stage-coaches  were  quite  general  in  England  about  1660,  suc- 
ceeding a  kind  of  wagon,  which  had  been  introduced  about  1564.  They 
ofte1  travelled  only  30  miles  a  day.  Improved  roads,  coachmaking,  breeds 


806 


THE  WORLD'S  PROGRESS. 


of  horses,  and  organization,  however,  rendered  a  speed  of  100  or  150  miles  a 
da}'  not  uncommon.  Stage  coaches  came  into  use  in  the  U.  S.  after  the 
revolution;  were  the  chief  vehicle  of  travel  during  the  turnpike  period  (about 
1800-1830);  and  are  yet  used  in  uew  regions  and  on  side  routes,  the  .ailroad 
having  driven  them  from  main  lines  of  travel.  See  Carriages.  Coaches. 

STAMP-DUTIES,  England,  (p.  540.)  In  June,  1855,  the  stamp-duty  on  news- 
papers  as  such  was  totally  abolished;  the  stamp  on  them  being  thenceforth 
used  for  postal  purposes  only.  In  July  and  Aug  1854.  19, 115,000  newspaper 
stamps  were  issued;  in  the  same  months.  1855,  only  6,870,000. 

STARS,  (p.  541.)  Maps  of  the  Stars  were  published  in  London  by  the  Soc.  for 
the  Diffusion  of  Useful  Knowledge  in  1889;  and  those  by  the  Royal  Prussian 
Academy  were  completed  in  1859. 

STEAM  NAVIGATION,  (p.  542.)  The  Collins  line  of  steamers  from  New 
York  to  Liverpool,  commenced  running  April  1850.  The  Pacific  of  this  line 
crossed  the  Atlantic  in  9  days,  19  hours,  May  1851.  Ttie  Adriatic,  tin* 
largest  of  the  line,  first  left  N.  Y.  Nov.  23,  1857.  The  City  of  Glasgow,  first 
of  a  line  between  Philadelphia  and  Liverpool,  arrived  Jan.  1,  1851. 

STEAM-BOAT  EXPLOSIONS.  See  Wrecks.  Steamer  Pennsylvania,  on  the 
Mississippi,  boilers  burst,  10  lives  lost,  June  3,  1858.  Steamer  Princess  for 
New  Orleans,  boilers  burst,  25  k.  35  w,  Feb.  27,  1859.  By  21  inland  steam- 
boat accidents  during  I860,  242  lives  were  lost,  and  146  persons  injured. 
Total  in  7  years.  213  accidents,  2.304  killed,  956  injured.  It  thus  appears 
that  while  the  accidents  and  injuries  by  railroads  are  about  four  times  as 
numerous  as  those  by  steam-boat,  the  deaths  are  but  half  as  many. 

STEAM-BOAT  BUILDING.  The  annual  report  on  commerce  and  navigation, 
gives  the  following  aggregate  of  the  number  of  steam-boats  built  in  the 
United  States  since  1824 — thirty  years — in  periods  of  five  years  each: 


From  1824  to  1829 194 

"     1829  to  1834 304 

"      1834  to  1839 504 

"      Ia39  to  1?44..      ..522 


From  1844  to  1849 960 

"     1849  to  1854..    ..1203 


Total..  ..36S7 


STEEL  PENS  came  into  use  in  England  about  1820,  when  the  first  gross  of 
three-slit  pens  was  sold  wholesale  for  11.  4s.  In  1830  the  price  was  8*..  and 
in  1832,  6s.  A  better  pen  is  now  sold  for  6rf.  a  gross;  the  cheapest  sort  at 
2d. ;  Birmingham  produces  about  1000  million  pens  per  annum.  Women  and 
children  are  principally  employed  in  the  manufacture.  In  the  U.  S.  the 
manufacture  of  this  article  has  been  successfully  introduced  since  1850,  and 
brought  to  considerable  degree  of  perfection.  Gold  pens  are  also  made  here 
extensively,  and  fully  equal  to  any  imported. 

STEREOCHROMY,  a  mode  of  painting  in  which  water-glass  (an  alkaline  solution 
of  Mint,  silex)  serves  as  the  connecting  medium  between  the  color  and  the 
substratum.  Its  invention  is  ascribed  to  Yon  Fuchs,  who  died  at  Munich  on 
March  5,  1856.  Fine  specimens  of  this  art  by  Kaulbach  and  Echter  exist  in 
the  Museum  at  Berlin,  and  also  at  Munich. 

STEREOSCOPE  (from  stereos,  solid,  and  slcopein,  to  see),  an  optical  instrument, 
for  representing  in  apparent  relief  natural  objects,  &c.,  by  uniting  into  one 
image  two  plane  representations  of  these  objects  as  seen  by  each  eye  sepa- 
rately. The  first  was  constructed  and  exhibited  by  Prof.  Charles  "Wkeatstone 
in  1838.  Since  1854,  stereoscopes  have  been  greatly  improved,  and  are  now 
exceedingly  cheap.  In  the  U.  S.  the  production  both  of  stereoscopic  pic- 
tures and  instruments  has  increased  enormously  (1859-61),  and  these  articles 
form  an  important  and  popular  article  of  trade. 


ADDENDA.  807 

STORMS.  In  Gulf  of  Mexico,  173  persons  lost  on  Last  Island  (a  summer 
resort),  Aug.  10,  1856. 

STRIKES.  The  tailors  of  London  struck  for  increase  of  wages  in  April,  1834. 
The  strike  of  the  amalgamated  engineers  took  place  in  1853.  A  general 
strike  among  the  shoe-makers  of  New  England,  continued  for  several  months, 
1859-60. 

STRYCHNIA,  a  poisonous  vegetable  alkaloid,  discovered  in  1818  by  Pelletier 
and  Caventou  in  the  seeds  of  the  strychnus  ignatia,  and  nux  vomica,  and  also 
in  the  upas  poison.  It  is  so  virulently  poisonous  that  half  a  grain  blown  into 
the  throat  of  a  rabbit  occasions  death  in  four  minutes :  its  operation  is  accom- 
panied by  lock-jaw.  Much  attention  was  given  to  strychnia  in  1856,  during 
the  trial  of  Palmer  for  the  murder  of  Cook. 

SUBMARINE  TELEGRAPH.  Originated  with  Prof.  Morse,  who  first  tested  it 
in  New  York  harbor,  1842.  The  first  suggestion  of  Atlantic  telegraph  is 
said  to  have  been  made  by  him  in  1843.  Professor  Charles  Wheatstone  in 
1840  drew  plans  of  a  projected  submarine  telegraph  between  Dover  and 
Calais.  In  1847  Mr.  John  Watkins  Brett  submitted  a  similar  plan  to  Louis 
Philippe  without  success;  but  in  1850  he  obtained  permission  from  Louis 
Napoleon  to  make  a  trial.  This  took  place  on  Aug.  28,  1850.  The  con- 
necting wires  were  placed  on  the  government  pier  in  Dover  harbor,  and  in 
the  Goliath  steamer  were -coiled  about  30  miles  in  length  of  telegraphic  wire, 
enclosed  in  a  covering  of  gutta  percha,  half  an  inch  in  diameter.  The  Goliath 
started  from  Dover,  unrolling  the  telegraphic  wire  as  it  proceeded,  and  allow- 
ing it  to  drop  to  the  bed  of  the  sea.  In  the  evening  the  steamer  arrived  on 
the  French  coast,  and  the  wire  was  run  up  the  cliff  at  Cape  Grisnez  to  its 
terminal  station,  and  messages  were  sent  to  and  fro  between  England  and 
the  French  coast.  But  the  wire,  in  settling  into  its  place  in  the  sea-bottom, 
crossed  a  rocky  ridge,  and  snapped  in  two,  and  thus  the  enterprise  ibr  that 
time  failed.  New  arrangements  were  soon  made,  and  on  a  scale  of  greater 
magnitude;  and  the  telegraph  was  opened,  Nov.  13,  1851.  On  that  day.  the 
opening  and  closing  prices  of  the  funds  in  Paris  were  known  on  the  London 
Stock  Exchange  within  business  hours.  Guns  were  fired  at  Dover  by  means 
of  electric  sparks  communicated  from  Calais.  In  May  1853  the  Dover  and 
Ostend  line  was  laid  down.  Telegraph  communications  were  complete 
between  Dover  and  Ostend  in  May  1853 ;  Holy  head  and  Howth,  June  1852; 
Paris  to  Bastia,  Nov.  1854;  London  to  Constantinople,  May  1853  ;  Aden  and 
Suez,  May  1859.  In  1860  there  were  in  operation  1954  miles  of  submarine 
telegraph,  exclusive  of  the  Atlantic. 

SUBMARINE  TELEGRAPH.  ATLANTIC.  A  plan  to  unite  Europe  and  America 
by  the  electric  telegraph  was  entered  at  the  British  registration  office  in 
June  1845,  by  Mr.  J.  "VVatkins  Brett,  who  made  proposals  to  the  government, 
which  were  not  accepted.  This  plan  was  attempted  to  be  carried  out  by  a 
company  in  1857  and  1858,  chiefly  promoted  by  Cyrus  W.  Field  of  New 
York;  with  the  concurrence  of  the  British  and  American  governments.  2500 
miles  of  wire  were  manufactured  and  tested  in  March  1857.  The  hiving  if 
down  commenced  at  Yalentia.  in  Ireland,  on  Aug.  5.  The  vessels  employi  d 
were  the  Niagara  and  Susquchanna  (American  vessels),  and  the  Leopard  ai  d 
Agamemnon  (British  vessels).  After  sailing  a  few  miles  the  cable  snapped. 
This  was  soon  repaired;  but  on  Aug.  11,  after  300  miles  of  wire  had  been 
paid  out,  it  snapped  again,  and  the  vessels  returned  to  .Plymouth.  In  1858 
a  second  attempt  to  lay  the  cable  failed,  through  a  violent  storm  on  JuLf  20- 
21;  but  the  third  voyage  was  successful.  On  Aug.  5,  the  junction  between 
the  two  continents  was  completed  by  the  laying  down  of  2050  miles  of  wire 


808  THE  WORLD'S  PROGRESS. 

from  Valentia  in  Ireland  to  Newfoundland.  The  first  two  messages,  on 
Aug  5,  were  from  the  Queen  of  England  to  the  President  of  the  United  States, 
and  his  replj.  This  event  caused  great  rejoicing  in  both  countries;  but 
unfortunately  the  insulation  of  the  wire  became  gradually  more  faulty,  and 
on  .^ept.  4  the  power  of  transmitting  intelligence  utterly  ceased.  A  new 
company  has  been  formed,  which  it  is  to  be  hoped  will  complete  the  rnagnin- 
cent  undertaking.  The  grand  celebration  in  New  York  of  the  (supposed) 
completion  of  this  enterprise,  Sept.  1,  1858. 

SUGAR.     The  following  ia  the  official  statement  of  the  amount  of  sugar  imported 
into  this  country  from  1851  to  1860: 


Value  of  Sugar  Duty  paid 

1851  ...........  $13.478.700  $4,043,600 

ls52  ...........     13.977.300  4,183.200 

1853  ...........     14,168.300  4,250.500 

1854  ...........     11,604600  8.481.300 


1-555  ...........     13,284.600  3.9->9,4  ;0 

L>56  _____  ......     21,255,100  6,358,500 


Value  of  Sugar  Duty  paid 

1857 41,596.200  12,478.800 

ls58 18.916.600  4,557,200 

1 859 2S,345,300  6,802.800 

I860 28,931, 100  6,943.400 


Total  ten  years  $205,557,800  $57,118.700 
The  sugar  crop  of  Louisiana  last  year  was  valued  at  $24,988,000.  The 
average  for  five  years  has  been  $17,000,000  (18G1). 

SUEZ  CANAL.  A  plan  for  a  canal  between  the  head  of  the  Red  Sea  and  the 
Bay  of  Pelusium  was  brought  forward  by  M.  De  Lesseps  in  1857.  The 
Egyptian,  Turkish,  Russian,  French,  and  Austrian  governments  are  in  favor 
of  the  scheme,  which  is  at  present  opposed  by  the  British.  The  cost  is  esti- 
mated at  8,000,0002. 

SUNDAY  LAWS  (p.  547.)  In  the  state  of  New  York,  the  laws  against  selling 
liquors,  and  against  certain  theatrical  performances  on  Sundays,  have  caused 
much  discussion,  and  some  resistance,  chiefly  on  the  part  of  the  German  and 
Irish  population,  but  are  still  enforced  (1861). 

SUNDAY  SCHOOLS.     See  Education  and  Sabbath  Schools. 
SURNAMES.     See  Sirnames.  (p.  548.) 
SUSPENSION  BRIDGES,  (p.  548.)     See  Bridges. 
SWEDEN,  (p  549.) 


Death  of  Bernadotte,  whose  son, 
Oscar,  ascends  the  throne,  March  8,  1844 

Treaty  of  alliance  with  England  and 
France Nov.  21,  1S55 

Bani.-.liincnt  decreed  against  Catholic 
converts  from  Lutheranism. .  .Oct.  1857 


Oct.  81,  1851 
SWITZERLAND. 


Demonstration  in  favor  of  Italian 
Independence Dec.  17,  1SS9 

Charles  XV.  (born  May  3,  1826),  the 
PRESENT  (1861)  king  of  Sweden 
and  Norway July  8,  18"9 

Heiress :     Princess     Louisa,     born 


Declaration  of  neutrality  in  the  coin- 
ing Italian  war March  14,  1859 

Mutiny  and  punishment  of  the  Swiss 

T. 


mercenary  troops  at  Naples ;  the 
confederation  forbid  foreign  enlist- 
ment  July  and  Aug.  1859 


TABERNACLE.  The  Holy  Place  of  the  Israelites,  till  the  erection  of  Solomon's 
temple,  was  constructed  by  divine  direction,  1491  B.C.  When  the  Jews  were 
settled  in  Canaan,  the  tabernacle  was  set  up  at  Shiloh  by  Joshua,  1444  B.C. 
It  was  replaced  by  the  temple  erected  by  Solomon,  004  B.C.  The  chapel 
erected  for  George  Wliittield  in  Moortields  in  1741,  being  of  a  temporary 
nature,  received  the  name  of  Tabernacle,  winch  was  afterwards  given  to  the'r 
chapels  by  the  Calvinistic  Methodists.  Whitfield's  tabernacle  in  Tottenhnrn- 
court-road  was  erected  in  1750,  and  enlarged  in  1700.  His  lease  expired  in 
1828;  and  the  chapel  was  opened  by  the  Independents  in  1830  A  very 
large  Tabernacle  for  the  ministrations  of  Mr.  0  H.  Spurgeon,  a  Baptist,  ia 


ADDENDA.  F09 

now  erecting  near  the  Elephant  and  Castle,  Kermington-road,  Sunvy.  The 
Tabernacle  in  Broadway,  X.  York,  built  18 — ,  was  taken  down  lNf)7.  and  a 
new  edifice  built  in  38th  St. 

TALBOTYPK.     See  Photo<jntpl»j. 

TAR  AND  FEATHERS.  The  idea  of  covering  the  body  with  a  sticky  material, 
and  some  coating  of  hair,  lur,  feathers,  or  the  like,  by  its  means,  either  for 
disguise  or  punishment,  is  as  old  as  the  crusades.  Hoveden  mentions  tan  ing 
and  feathering  as  indicted  on  offenders,  in  the  time  of  Richard  Coeur-de-lion  ; 
and  llowel  ivli-i's  to  some  monks  and  nuns  who  were  stripped,  oiled,  and 
rolled  in  feathers,  by  a  bishop  of  Halberstadt,  at  a  later  date.  Tar  was 
naturally  used  again,  in  America,  where  pine  is  plenty;  was  the  well-known 
penalty  of  lories  before  the  revolution,  and  has  remained  a  favorite  sentence 
of  lynch  law  and  mob  law  ever  since.  Cotton  is  often  used  instead  of  leathers, 
where  it  grows. 

TASMANIA,  or  VAN  DIKMEN'S  LAND,  which  see. 
TAXES,  GREAT  BRITAIN. 


1815  £4.223,S42 

1S50 4,808,849 


1855 £2.945,784 

1858 8,15^,085 


In  1801,  the  Properly  Tax  (war  times)  was  £5,716,572;  in  1808,  £16,548,985,' 
in  1815  (the  last  year  of  this  tax)  it  was  £14,978,557.  See  Revenue  and  In- 
come Tax. 

TEA,  in  ENGLAND,  (p.  554.) 

Imported  in  1^50 60,112,384  Ibs.  I  Imported  in  1857. .  .  fi9, 11 6,000 Ibs. 

"1856 86,200,414    "    |  "  1S58 74.'/22.000    " 

The  duty  derived  from  the  import  of  tea  in  1850  amounted  to  5,471, 641 1., 
and  the  amount  in  1852  was  5,902, 43. '>£  The  duty  upon  tea  had  been  gra- 
dually reduced  from  2s.  '2$d  to  one  shilling  only  per  pound,  in  1858. 

TKA,  in  UNITED  STATES     Value  imported  in  the  years  ending  June  30, 

1S55  1S56  1857  1858  1859 

$6,«i;K9>6  $6,898,891  f  5,757,860  $6,777,295  $7,306,916 

TELEGRAPH.     See  Electric  Ttl  and  Submarine.  Td. 

TENNESSEE,  (p.  556.)  Population  in  1850,  763,154,  and  239,460  slaves ;  in 
lMi(),  859,528,  and  287,112  skives. 

TEXAS,  (p.  557.)  Population  in  1850,  154.131,  and  58,101  slaves;  in  I860, 
410,000,  and  184,956  slaves.  "Ordinance  of  Secession"  from  the  United 
States  passed  Jan.  1861. 

THEOLOGY  (from  the  Greek  Thr-os,  God).  The  science  which  treats  of  the 
nature  and  attributes  ofGod,  of  his  relations  to  man,  and  of  the  manner  in 
which  they  may  be  discovered.  It  is  generally  divided  into  two  heads.  1 . 
J>if>pired( including  the  Holy  Scriptures,  their  interpretation,  &c.);  2.  Naturnl , 
which  latter  Lord  Bacon  calls  the  lirst  part  of  Philosophy. — Butler's  Analogy 
of  Religion  (1736)  and  Paley's  Natural  Theology  (1802),  are  eminent  books 
on  the  latter  subject. — The  "  Summa  Totius  Theologian"  by  Thomas  Aquinns 
(born  about  1224),  a  standard  Roman  Catholic  work,  was  printed  with  com- 
mentaries, &c.,  in  1596. 

THESSALONICA,  a  city  in  Macedonia  (now  Salonica).  Here  Paul  preached, 
AD.  53:  and  to  the  church  here  he  addressed  two  epistles  in  54  In  conse- 
quence of  seditions,  a  frightful  massacre  of  the  inhabitants  took  place  in  3'.ti), 
by  Order  of  the  Emperor  Theodosius.  Thrssaloniea  partook  of  the  changes 
of  the  Eastern  empire.  It  was  sold  to  the  Venetians  by  the  Emperor  Andro- 
nicus  in  1425  ;  taken  by  the  Turks  in  1430;  burnt,  July  11,  1856. 


810  THE  WORLD'S  PROGRESS. 

TIARA.  The  triple  crown  of  the  pope,  indicative  of  his  civil  rank,  as  the  keys 
are  of  his  ecclesiastical  jurisdiction:  and  on  the  death  of  a  pope,  his  arms  nre 
presented  with  the  tiara  alone,  without  the  keys.  The  ancient  tiara  was  a 
high  round  cap  Pope  Damasus  II.  first  caused  himself  to  he  crowned  with 
a  tiara  A.D.  1053.  John  XIX.  was  the  first  who  encompassed  the  tiara  with 
a  crown,  1276.  Boniface  VIII.  added  a  second,  1295;  and  Benedict  XII. 
formed  the  tiara  about  1334. 

TILES  were  originally  flat  and  square,  and  afterwards  parallelogrammic,  &c. 
First  made  in  England  about  A.D.  1246.  They  were  taxed  in  1784.  The 
number  of  tiles  taxed  in  England  in  1820  was  81.924,626  ;  and  in  1830, 
97,318,264.  The  tax  was  discontinued  as  discouraging  house-building  and 
interfering  with  the  comfort  of  the  people,  in  1833. 

TIMBER-BENDING-.  Apparatus  was  invented  for  this  purpose  by  M.  T.  Blan- 
chard.  of  Boston  (U.  S.),  for  which  a  medal  was  awarded  at  the  Paris  Exhi- 
bition of  1855.  A  company  was  formed  for  its  application  in  England  in 
1856. 

TIMES  NEWSPAPER,  London.  On  Jan.  13,  1785,  Mr.  John  Walter  published 
the  first  number  of  the  Daily  Universal  Register,  price  2-Jd.,  printed  on  the 
logographic  system  (invented  by  Henry  Johnson,  a  compositor),  in  which 
types  containing  syllables  and  words  were  employed  instead  of  single  letters. 
On  Jan.  1,  1788,  the  name  of  the  paper  was  changed  to  the  Times  In  1803, 
when  Mr.  Walter  gave  up  the  paper  to  his  son,  the  circulation  was  about 
1000;  that  of  the  Morning  Post  being  4500.  Dr.  Stoddart  (satirised  as  Dr. 
Slop,  by  Moore,  the  poet),  became  editor  in  1812,  but  live  years  after  retired 
and  set  up  in  opposition  the  New  Times,  an  unprofitable  speculation.  Dr. 
Barnes  was  the  next  editor.  On  Nov.. 28,  1814,  the  Times  was  first  printed 
by  steam  power.  The  powerful  articles  contributed  by  Edward  Sterling 
gained  the  paper  the  name  of  the  Thunderer.  On  Jan.  29,  1829.  the  first 
double  number  appeared.  In  July  1834.  an  attack  of  Mr.  O'Connell  in  the 
House  of  Commons  on  the  correctness  of  the  reports  of  the  debates  in  the 
Times  was  signally  defeated.  Shortly  after  began  the  convenient  summary 
of  the  debates,  written  in  the  first  instance  by  Mr.  Horace  Twiss.  In  1841 
the  Times  was  instrumental  in  detecting  and  exposing  a  scheme  organized  by 
a  company,  to  defraud  by  forgery  all  the  influential  bankers  of  Europe.  This 
brought  on  the  proprietors  an  action  for  libel  (in  the  case  Bogle  v  Lawson). 
The  jury  found  the  charge  to  be  true,  giving  a  verdict  of  one  farthing  damages, 
but  the  judge  refused  costs.  Subscriptions  were  set  on  foot  in  all  parts  of 
Europe  to  reimburse  the  proprietors  for  their  immense  outlay  in  defending  the 
action.  This  they  firmly  declined ;  and  the  money  was  expended  in  esta- 
blishing Times  Scholarships  at  Oxford  and  Cambridge,  and  at  Christ's  Hos- 
pital, and  other  schools ;  marble  tablets  also,  commemorating  the  event,  were 
set  up  in  the  Royal  Exchange  and  in  other  places.  These  were  the  greatest 
honors  ever  conceded  to  a  newspaper.  In  Oct.  1845,  the  Times  express  was 
for  the  first  time  conveyed  to  India  overland,  by  the  agency  of  Lieut  Wag- 
horn.  Of  the  number  of  the  Times  for  Nov.  19,  1852,  containing  the  life  of 
the  Duke  of  Wellington,  69,000  were  sold— the  ordinary  number  being  then 
36.000;  the  present~circulation  is  stated  to  vary  from  47  000  to  56.000(1860). 
In  1854  the  proprietors  sent  Mr.  W.  H.  Russell  as  their  special  correspon- 
dent to  the  seat  of  war  in  the  Crimea,  and  in  1857  to  India. 

TITHES  (p.  560.)     Abolished  in  England,  1860. 

TOBACCO.     In  a  recent  lecture  in  England,  the  Dean  of  Carlisle  stated  that  in 
1856,  33,000,000  pounds  of  tobacco  were  consumed  in  that  country,  at  an 


ADDENDA.  811 

expanse  of  $40,000,000,  over  $26,000,000  of  which  went  in  duties  to  the 
government.  In  1821  the  average  annual  consumption  was  1  If  ounces  to 
each  person;  in  1853  it  had  risen  to  19  ounces.  In  France  much 
more  is  consumed  in  proportion  to  the  population,  the  emperor  clearing 
$20.000,000  annually  by  the  government  monopoly.  In  Denmark  the  annual 
consumption  averages  70  ounces  to  each  person,  in  Belgium  73  ounces,  aud 
in  America  the  average  is  vastly  higher.  It  is  calculated  that  2,000,000  tons, 
or  4.480,000, OOU  pounds  of  tobacco  are  annually  used  in  the  world,  at  a  cost 
sufficient  to  pay  for  all  the  bread  corn  used  in  Great  Britain.  It  is  boasted 
that  100,000,000  of  the  human  race  are  smokers.  In  New  York  city  it  is 
stated  that  there  are  about  200,000  smokers,  each  using  two  cigars  daily, 
making,  at  an  average  of  four  cents  each,  the  sum  of  $16.000  daily,  or 
$5.840,000  a  year,  wasted  in  smoking  in  this  city  alone.  There  are  about 
900.000,000  cigars  manufactured  in  the  same  city  annually,  amounting,  at  the 
same  price,  to  $36,000,000.  The  total  e*xports  of  tobacco  from  the  United 
States  in  39  years  (1821-59)  amounted  to  $339,274,520. 

TRACTARIANISM.  This  term  is  applied  to  certain  opinions  on  church  matters 
propounded  in  the  "Tracts  for  the  Times,"  of  which  ninety  numbers  were 
published,  in  England,  1833-41.  The  principal  writers  were  the  Revs. 
Dr.  E.  Pusey.  J.  H.  Newman,  J.  Keble,  J.  Froude,  and  I.  Williams. 

TRANSYLVANIA,  an  Austrian  province,  was  part  of  the  ancient  Dacia.  In 
1526,  John  Zapoly  rendered  himself  independent  of  the  Emperor  Ferdinand  I. 
by  the  aid  of  the  Turks.  His  successors  ruled  with  much  difficulty  till  1699, 
when  the  Emperor  Leopold  I.  finally  incorporated  Transylvania  into  the 
Austrian  dominions. 

TRAVELLING-  IN  ENGLAND.  In  1707,  it  took  in  summer  one  day,  in  winter 
nearly  two  days,  to  travel  from  London  to  Oxford  (46  miles).  In  1817,  the 
journey  was  accomplished  in  six  or  seven  hours.  By  the  Great  Western 
Railway  express  (63  miles)  it  is  done  in  1£  hour.  In  1828,  a  gentleman 
travelled  from  Newcastle  to  London  (273  miles)  inside  the  best  coach  in  35 
hours,  at  an  expense  of  61.  15s.  3d.,  or  6d.  per  mile  (including  dinner,  &c.). 
In  1857,  the  charge  of  the  Great  Northern  Railway  (275£  miles)  first  class 
express  (6  hours)  was  505.  Qd.  (Say  $12.50.) 

TREATIES,  (p.  565.) 


Constantinople,  treaty  of May  8,  1854 

"Washington,  Eeciprocity  treaty  be- 
tween Great  Britain  and  the  U.  S., 
respecting  Newfoundland  fishery, 
commerce,  &c July  2,  1854 


Paris,  treaty  of  (and  .Russian  war) 

April,  1856 
Paris     (settlement    of     Neufchatel 

affair) May  26,  1857 

Zurich  (Austria,  France,  and  Sardi- 


nia)   Nov.  10,  1859 

TREATIES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES,  (p.  566.) 


Treaty  with   China  signed  at  Tien 

Tsin June  13,  1858 

Treaty  with   Japan,  negotiated  by 


Com.  Perry,  signed 


Another  treaty  with  Japan,  by 
Townsend  Harris,  signed 

Treaty  with.  Mexico,  negotiated  by 
Mr.  McLane,  but  rejected  by  the 
U.  S.  Senate .  1860 


TRIESTE,  an  Austrian  port  on  the  Adriatic,  declared  a  free  port  in  1750.  It 
was  held  by  the  French  in  1717,  1797,  and  1805.  Since  the  establishment 
of  the  overland  mail  to  India,  it  has  risen  to  great  commercial  importance. 

TROWSERS.  Distinguished  by  looseness  from  "pantaloons,"  which  were  ori- 
ginally cut  to  sit  tight  to  the  leg,  from  thigh  to  ancle.  Pantaloons  began  to 
supersede  small  clothes  during  the  French  revolution ;  the  loose  trowser 
began  to  be  worn  after  1815 ;  and  has  become  as  decidedly  a  normal  form  of 
garment,  as  were  the  "  breeches"  of  the  last  century. 


812 


THK  WORLD'S  PROGRESS. 


TRUCE  OF  GOD  (7'reuga  Dei),  a  term  given  to  a  cessation  of  the  private  feuds 
and  conflicts  so  general,  during  the  middle  ages,  all  over  Europe.  The  clergy 
strenuously  exerted  their  influence  for  the  purpose.  A  synod  at  Rou.ssilon, 
A.D.  1027,  decreed  that  none  should  attack  his  enemy  between  Saturday  eve- 
ning (at  nones)  and  Monday  morning  (at  the  hour  of  prime).  Similar  regula- 
tions were  adopted  in  England,  1042  (sometimes  Friday  and  Wednesday 
being  chosen  for  the  time).  The  truce  of  God  was  confirmed  by  many  coun- 
cils of  the  Church,  especially  the  Lateran  Council,  in  1179. 

TUBULAR  BRIDGES.  The  Britannia  Tubular  Suspension  Bridge,  then  the 
most  wonderful  enterprise  in  engineering  in  the  world,  was  constructed  about 
a  mile  southward  of  the  Meriai  Strait  Suspension  Bridge.  The  Conway  Tubu- 
lar Bridge  (1846-8)  is  a  miniature  copy  of  the  Britannia,  and  therefore  requires 
no  description.  The  principal  engineers  were  Mr.  Robert  Stephensou  and 
Mr.  Fairbairn.  At  Chepstow  is  a  railway  tubular  bridge,  erected  in  1852. 
A  bridge  or  viaduct  on  the  tubular  principle  (called  the  Albert  Yiaduct)  over 
the  river  Tamar  at  Plymouth,  was  opened  by  the  Prince  Consort,  May  2, 
1859.  The  most  stupendous  tubular  bridge  in  the  world  is  that  over  the  St. 
Lawrence,  Canada  (see  Bridges). 

TUNIS.  In  July  1856,  the  Bey  agreed  to  make  certain  constitutional  reforms. 
The  Bey  died  Sept.  22,  1859;  and  no  disturbance  ensued  on  the  accession  of 
his  successor. 

TURKEY,  (p.  571.) 


Christians  admitted  to  office  in  Tur- 
key  June,  1849 

The  Turkish  government  refuses  to 
surrender  the  Hungarian  and  Po- 
lish refugees  on  the  joint  demand 
of  Russia  and  Austria Sept.  16,  1849 

Russia  suspends  intercourse  with 
the  Porte Nov.  12,  1849 

Treaty  with  France  respecting  the 
Holy  Places  (which  see)..  Feb.  13,  1852 

Russian  manifesto  against  Turkey 

June  26,  1858 

War  declared  against  Russia  (see 
Ruisso- Turkish  War} Oct.  5,  1853 

TUSCANY,  (p.  572.) 

The  Tuscan  army  demand  alliance 
with  the  Sardinians ;  the  grand- 
duke  refuses,  and  departs  to  Bo- 
logna :  the  King  of  Sardinia  is  pro- 
claimed dictator,  and  a  provi- 
sional government  formed,  April 
27;  the  king  assumes  the  com- 
mand of  the  army,  but  declines 
the  dictatorship , April  30,  1859 

Prince  Napoleon  arrives  at  Leghorn, 
addresses  the  Tuscans,  and  erects 
his  standard  May  23,  1859 


Lord  Stratford  de  Redcliffe,  many 
years  English  ambassador  at  Con- 
stantinople, returned  to  England, 
Jan. ;  he  is  succeeded  by  Sir  H. 
Lytton  Bulwer ;  accredited  July  12,  1853 

Massacre  of  Christians  at  Jedda 

July  25,  1853 

Turkish  financial  reforms  begun,  Aug.  1853 

The  fhst  Turkish  railway  opened 
(from  Aden  to  Smyrna)..  Sept.  19,  1853 

Base  coinage  called  in ;  a  fictitious 
Turkish  coinage  begun  at  Bir- 
mingham, and  is  suppressed.. Oct.  1S£8 

Great  agitation  for  financial  reform 

Oct.  1859 


The  Tuscan  constituent  assembly 
meets Aug.  11,  1859 

It  declares  against  recalling  the 
house  of  Lorraine,  and  votes  for 
annexation  to  Sardinia Sept.  1859 

Prince  Eugene  of  Savoy-Carignan, 
elected  governor-general  of  Cen- 
tral Italy  ;  he  declines,  but  recom- 
mends Buoucompagni,  Nov. ;  who 
is  accepted  by  the  Tuscans,  Dec.  8,  1859 

The  Grand-Duke  Leopold  II.  abdi- 
cates in  favor  of  his  son  Ferdinand 


July  21,  1S59 

TYROL,  the  eastern  part  of  ancient  Rhetia,  now  a  province  of  the  Austrian 
empire  (to  the  north  of  Bavaria).  It  was  ceded  to  the  house  of  Hapsburg  in 
1359,  by  Margaret,  the  heiress  of  the  last  Count  TJTO!.  The  province  became 
an  appanage  of  the  younger  (or  Tyrol)  branch  of  the  imperial  house,  which 
branch  came  to  the  throne  in  the  person  of  Maximilian  II.  in  1618.  The 
French  conquered  the  Tyrol  in  1808  and  united  it  to  Bavaria;  but  in  1809  an 
insurrection  broke  out,  headed  by  the  courageous  Andrew  Hofer,  an  inn- 
keeper. He  drove  the  Bavarians  out  of  the  Tyrol,  and  thoroughly  defeated  some 


ADDENDA. 


813 


French  detachments:  but  laid  down  his  arms  at  the  treaty  of  Vienna.  He 
was  subsequently  accused  of  corresponding  with  the  Austrians,  captured  and 
sent  to  Mantua,  and  there  shot  by  order  of  the  French  government  (to  its 
great  disgrace)  Jan.  28,  1810.  The  Austrian  emperor  ennobled  his  family  in 
1819,  and  erected  his  statue  at  Inspruck  in  1834.  The  Tyrolese  riflemen 
were  very  effective  in  the  Italian  war  in  1859. 


U. 

UMBRELLA,  (p.  573.)     An  umbrella  was  found  by  Layard  in  his  researches 
sculptured  on  the  walls  of  the  Assyrian  palace  at  Nineveh. 

UNITED  STATES  OF  AMERICA,  (p.  575.)  For  succession  of  events,  see  tables 
page  138  to  185.  The  following  thirteen  states  formed  the  Union  at  the  decla- 
ration of  independence  in  1776: 


New  Hampshire. 
Massachusetts. 
Khode  Island. 
Connecticut. 


New  York. 
New  Jersey. 
Pennsylvania. 


|  Delaware. 
Maryland. 
Virginia. 


North  Carolina, 
South  Carolina. 
Georgia. 


The  following  have  been  added: 

Vermont  (from  New  York) 1791 

Tennessee  (from  North  Carolina)  . . .  1796 

Kentucky  (from  Virginia) 1796 

Columbia  district  (under  the  imme- 
diate government  of  Congress) 
Contains  Washington,  the  seat  of 

government 1800 

Ohio  (admitted) 1802 

Louisiana   (bought  from  France   in 

1803) 1812 

Indiana  (admitted) 1816 

Mississippi  (from  Georgia) 1SJ 7 

Illinois  (admitted) 1S18 

Alabama  (from  Georgia) 1819 

Maine  (from  Massachusetts) 1820 


Missouri  (from  Louisiana) 1821 

Michigan 1886 

Arkansas    1836 

Iowa 1845 

Texas 1845 

Wisconsin 1846 

California 1848 

Florida 1854 

Minnesota 1858 

Oregon 1859 

Kansas 1861 

New  Mexico  (territory) 1S48 

Ttah  (territory) 1850 

Washington  (territory) 1853 

Nebraska  (territory) 1854 


POPULATION. 


1776  2,616,800  I  1810 7,239,903  ,  1851 

1800 5,300.000  I  1831 12,856,171  I  1860 


23,347,884 
31,646,b69 


POPULATION   OF  THE   FREE   STATES. 


Population. 

Population, 

New  Apportion- 

States. 

1850. 

I860. 

ment  for  Congress. 

Maine  

583.169 

619,958 

5 

N§w  Hampshin 

j  .      817,976 

820.072 

8 

Vermont  

814,120 

315,827 

3 

Massachusetts  . 

.  .       994,514 

1,231,494 

10 

Rhode  Island  .  . 

.  .       147.545 

174,621 

1 

Connecticut 

870.792 

460,670 

4 

New  York  

8,097.394 

3.851.563 

80 

Pennsylvania  .  . 

..    2.311.786 

2.916,018 

23 

New  Jersey 

489,888 

676.034 

5 

Ohio  

1,980.427 

2.877,917 

19 

Indiana  

918,416 

1,850,802 

11 

Illinois  

851,470 

1,691.233 

18 

Michigan  

897.654 

754,291 

6 

Wisconsin  

305.391 

768,485 

6 

Iowa  

192,214 

6S2,090 

5 

Minnesota  

6.077 

172.793 

1 

Oregon  

13,294 

52.566 

1 

California  

92,597 

8S4J70 

8 

Kansas  

148,645 

1 

Total  

13,454,169 

18,950,759 

150 

Increase  iu  ten 

years  

5,496,590 

814 


THE  WORLD'S  PROGRESS. 


States. 
Delaware 
Maryland 
Virginia  . . . .. 
N.  Carolina... 
S.  Carolina. . . 

Georgia 

Florida 

Alabama 
Mississippi  . . 
Louisiana  . . . 
Arkansas. .. . 

Texas  

Tennessee  .. . 
Kentucky  . . . 
Missouri. . 


POPULATION    IN   THE  SLAVE   STATES. 

-Pop  illation  in  1 850—,        r-Pop  illation  in  1 860-^ 


Free. 

89  242 
492.636 
949.133 
oSO.491 
283.523 
524,503 

48.135 
428.779 
296.648 
272.953 
162,79T 
154,431 
763,154 
771,424 
594,522 


Slave. 

2.290 

9<),368 

472.  .'23 

28-3,548 

384.984 

881,682 

39309 

342.892 

309,878 

244,809 

47,100 

58,161 

239,460 

210.9S1 

S7,422 


Free. 

110.548 

646.183 

1.097.373 
679  965 
808186 
615.633 
81.885 
520,444 
407,051 
354,245 
331.710 
413.000 
859,528 
920,077 

1,085,595 


Slave. 
1.805 

85.382 
498.826 
32S.377 
407.185 
467,400 

63.800 
435,473 
479.607 
312.186 
I(i9.0(j5 
184.956 
287,112 
225.490 
115,619 


Apportionment 
Old 
1 
6 

13 
9 
6 
8 
1 
7 
4 
5 


1 
6 
11 
7 
4 
7 
1 
6 
5 
4 
8 
4 
8 
8 
9 


10 
10 

7 


Total 6,412.503         3,200,412  7,434,126         3,999,283  84  89 

Total  population,  free  and  slave,  in  1850 9,612,915 

"  "  "  "          I860 11,433,409 

Increase  in  ten  yerrs 2,820,494 

POPULATION   OF  TERRITORIES. 

Territories.  Population  in  1850.         Population  in  1860. 

Nebraska 28.893 

New  Mexico 61,547  93.024 

Utah 11,354  60,000 

Dacotah 4,839 

Washington 11,624 

District  of  Columbia 48,000  75,821 

Total 120,901  262,701 

Increase  in  ten  years 141,800 

RECAPITULATION. 

1850.  1860. 

Total  population  of  free  states 13,454,169  18,950,759 

"               "          "  slave  states 8,612.969  12,433,409 

"               "          "  territories 120,901  261,701 

Total  population  of  U.  States 23,191,876  31,646,869 

Increase  in  ten  years 8,454,998 

NEW   TERRITORIES. 

The  following  are  the  proposed  new  territories,  viz. : 

Arizona  (chiefly  New  Mexico)  about  Idaho  ("  Gem  of  the  Mountains"), 

200,000  square  miles.  Population  the  "  Pike's  Peak  Territory."  Po- 

1860  about 8,000  pulation  1860  about 20,000 

Nevada  (west  of  Utah),  about  175,000  Chippewa.  Area  about  180,000  square 

square  miles.  Pop.  1860  about. .  10,000  miles.  Population  1860  about . . .  10,000 

See  Secession,  Rebellion,  Ac.     Also  see  Separate  States. 

UNIVERSAL  SUFFRAGE.  One  of  the  six  points  of  the  charter  in  England 
(see  Chartists},  was  adopted  by  the  French  in  the  election  of  their  preisdent 
in  1851,  and  of  their  emperor  in  1852. 

URUGUAY  a  republic  in  South  America,  recognised  in  Oct.  1828.  The  present 
president  of  the  executive  (1860)  is  G.  A.  Pereyra,  elected  in  1856. 

UTAH.   (p.  576.)    See  Mormons. 


ADDENDA.  815 


V. 

VANCOUVER'S  ISLAND,  in  the  North  Pacific  Ocean,  near  the  coast  of  Oregon. 
Settlements  were  made  here  by  the  English  in  1781  ;  which  were  seized  by 
the  Spaniards  in  ]  789 ;  but  restored.  By  a  treaty  between  the  British 
government  and  that  of  the  United  States  in  1846  this  island  was  secured  to 
the  former.  It  has  become  of  much  greater  importance  since  the  discovery 
of  gold  in  the  neighboring  mainland  in  1858,  and  the  consequent  establish- 
ment of  the  colony  of  British  Columbia  (which  see).  Victoria,  the  capital, 
was  founded  in  1857. 

VEHMIC  TRIBUNAL  (Vehmgerichte}.  Secret  tribunals  established  in  West- 
phalia to  maintain  religion  and  the  public  peace.  Their  proceedings  were 
enveloped  in  a  profound  m}rstery.  They  had  their  origin  in  the  time  of 
Charlemagne;  and  rose  to  importance  about  1182,  when  Westphalia  became 
subject  to  the  Archbishop  of  Cologne.  These  courts  became  very  trouble- 
some, persons  of  the  most  exalted  rank  being  subjected  to  their  decisions. 
The  emperors  endeavored  to  suppress  them,  but  did  not  succeed  till  the  16th 
century.  Sir  W.  Scott  has  described  them  in  "  Anne  of  Geierstein." 

VENEREAL  DISEASE.  Lues  Venerea,  Morbus  Gallicus.  This  disease  is  said 
to  have  broken  out  in  the  French  army,  at  the  siege  of,  Naples,  in  1494 ; 
whence  the  French  term  it  mal  de  Naples.  In  the  Netherlands  and  in  Eng- 
land it  obtained  the  appellation  of  mal  de  France;  though  in  the  latter  coun- 
try it  was  known  so  early  as  the  twelfth  century.  About  the  same  period, 
too,  at  Florence,  one  of  the  Medici  family  died  of  it.  Most  writers  suppose, 
that  the  followers  of  Columbus  brought  the  disorder  with  them  from  the  new 
to  the  old  world,  1493:  others  maintain  that  it  prevailed  among  the  Jews, 
Greeks,  and  Romans,  and  their  descendants,  long  before  the  discovery  of 
America. 

VENTILATORS.  Invented  by  the  Rev.  Dr.  Hales,  and  his  account  of  them  read 
to  the  Royal  Society  of  London,  May  1741.  The  ventilator  for  the  use  of 
the  king's  men-of-war  was  announced  in  London  by  Mr.  Trievvald,  in  Novem- 
ber, same  year.  The  marquess  of  Chabanne's  plan  for  wanning  and  venti- 
lating  theatres  and  houses  for  audiences  was  applied  to  those  of  London  in 
1819.  The  systems  of  Dr.  Reid  (about  1830)  and  others  followed.  Dr. 
Arnott's  work  on  this  subject  was  published  in  1838. 

VERMONT,  (p.  579.)     Population,  in  1850,  314,120;  in  1860,  315,827. 

VESUVIUS,  Mr.  (p.  580.)  Eruptions  in  May  1855,  May  and  June  1858,  and 
June  1859,  caused  great  destruction. 

VICTORIA,  formerly  PORT  PHILIPP  (Australia),  situated  between  New  South 
Wales  and  South  Australia,  the  most  successful  British  colony  in  that  region. 
In  1798,  Bass,  in  his  whale-boat  expedition,  visited  Western  Port,  one  of  its 
harbours;  and,  in!802,  Flinders  sailed  into  Port  Philipp  Bay.  In  1804,  Colo- 
nel Collins  landed  with  a  party  of  convicts  with  the  intention  of  founding  a 
settlement  at  Port  Philipp,  but  afterwards  removed  to  Van  Diemen's  Land. 
The  colony  made  rapid  progress.  In  1837,  the  colonists  (450  in  number) 
possessed  140,008  sheep,  2500  cattle,  and  150  horses  In  1839,  the  colony 
was  named  Victoria,  and  its  prosperity  brought  great  numbers  to  it,  and 
induced  much  speculation  and  consequent  embarrassment  and  insolvency  in 
1841-2.  In  1851,  the  province  was  declared  independent  of  New  South 
Wales.  In  the  same  year  a  reward  of  2001.  was  offered  for  the  discovery  of 
gold  in  Victoria,  which  was  soon  after  found  near  Melbourne,  and  was  profi- 


816  THE  WORLD'S  PKOGKESS. 

tably  worked  in  August.  In  Oct.  1700  persons  were  at  Ballarat,  and  in  Nov. 
10,000  round  Mount  Alexander.  From  Sept.  31  to  Dec.  31,  1851,  30,311 
ounces  of  gold  were  obtained  from  Ballarat;  and  from  Oct.  29  to  Dec.  31. 
94,524  ounces  from  Mount  Alexander — total,  124.835  ounces.  In  185(J  the 
production  was  still,  very  great.  Immense  immigration  to  Melbourne  took 
place  in  1852.  In  1855,  a  representative  constitution  was  granted  to  this 
colony,  and  on  Nov.  26,  1857,  the  parliament  was  opened  in  state.  The  pre- 
sent governor  is  Sir  Henry  Barkly,  appointed  in  1856.  Population  of  the 
colony  in  1836,  224;  in  1841,  11,738;  in  1846,  32,879;  in  1851,  77,345 ; 
Dec.  31,  1852,  about  200,000;  in  March  1857  there  were  258,116  males  and 
145,403  females;  in  all  403,519  ;  in  1859,  517,366. 

VICTORIA  RAILWAY  BRIDGE,  on  the  tubular  principle,  over  the  St.  Law- 
rence, Montreal,  erected  under  the  superintendence  of  Mr.  Robert  Stephenson, 
and  Mr.  A.  M.  Ross,  engineers,  was  completed  and  opened  Nov.  24,  1 859. 
It  is  the  greatest  work  of  the  kind  in  the  world,  and  forms  part  of  the  Grand 
Trunk  Railway,  which  connects  Canada  and  the  seaboard  states  of  North 
America.  The  length  is  about  sixty  yards  less  than  two  English  miles,  and 
about  7-J  times  longer  than  Waterloo  bridge,  and  ten  times  longer  than  new 
Chelsea  bridge ;  the  height  sixty  feet  between  the  summer  level  of  the  river, 
and  the  under  surface  of  the  central  tube.  The  cost  1,400,000/.  On  Jan.  5, 
1855,  the  bridge  was  carried  away  by  floating  ice,  but  the  stonewurk 
remained  firm. 

VILLA  FRANCA  (in  Lombardy).  Here  the  emperors  of  France  and  Austria  met 
on  July  11,  1859  (after  the  great  battle  of  Solferino) ;  on  the  next  day  they 
signed  the  preliminaries  of  peace,  the  basis  of  the  treaty  of  Zurich  (which  see). 

VINE  DISEASE.  It  is  a  whitish  mildew,  and  totally  destroys  the  fruit.  The 
spores  of  this  oldiwn  were  found  in  the  vineries  at  Versailles  in  1847.  The 
disease  soon  reached  the  trellised  vines,  and  in  1850,  many  lost  all  their 
produce.  In  1852,  it  spread  over  France,  Italy,  Spain,  Syria,  and  in  Zante 
and  Cephalonia  attacked  the  currants,  reducing  the  crop  to  one-twelfth  of  the 
usual  amount.  Through  its  ravages  the  wine  manufacture  in  Madeira  ceased 
for  several  years.  Many  attempts  have  been  made  to  arrest  the  progress  of 
the  disease,  but  without  much  effect.  It  has  much  abated  in  France,  but  not 
in  Portugal. 

VIOLIN,  (p.  583.)  The  violin  is  the  most  expressive  instrument,  though  sur- 
passed by  many  in  sweetness,  richness,  and  volume.  The  best  were  made  at 
Cremona  about  A.D  1600  by  Amiti  and  Straduarius ;  those  of  the  former 
excel  in  sweetness,  of  the  latter  in  power.  They  now  command  enormous 
prices. 

VIRGINIA.  According  to  the  census  returns,  the  real  estate,  &c.,  of  Virginia, 
1850,  was  $530,000,000,  viz. :— Real  estate,  $278,000,000;  value  of  slaves, 
$147,000,000;  other  personal  estate,  $105,000,000.  The  returns  further 
show  that  nearly  83,000  white  persons  over  the  age  of  21,  can  neither  read 
nor  write!  The  new  constitution  of  this  state,  adopted  in  1851,  in  the  lllth 
article  has  the  following  clause :  "  And  no  person  shall  have  a  right  to  vote 
who  is  of  unsound  mind,  or  a  pauper,  or  a  non-commissioned  officer  in  the  ser- 
vice of  the  United  States."  Population  of  1850,  1,421,081,  including  473,026 
slaves.  In  1860,  1,593,199,  including  495,826  slaves. 

VISIGOTHS.  Separated  from  the  Ostrogoths  about  A.D.  330.  The  Emperor 
Valens,  about  369,  admitted  them  into  the  Roman  territories  upcu  the  con- 
dition of  their  serving  when  wanted  in  the  Roman  armies;  and  Theodosius 
the  Great  permitted  them  to  form  distinct  corps  commanded  by  their  own 


ADDENDA.  81 7 

officers ;  an  impolitic  measure,  which  separated  their  interests  from  those  of 
the  state  at  large,  and  enabled  them  upon  every  occasion  of  real  or  supposed 
offence  to  shake  the  empire  to  its  centre.  Jn  400,  under  Alaric,  they  invaded 
Italy,  and  in  410  took  Rome.  They  began  their  kingdom  of  Toulouse,  414; 
and"  conquered  the  Alains,  and  extended  their  rule  into  Spain,  414,  and 
expelled  the  "Romans  in  468 :  and  finally  were  themselves  conquered  by  the 
Saracens  under  Mu£a,  in  1711,  when  their  last  king,  Roderic,  was  defeated 
and  slain  in  an  obstinate  engagement.  Their  rule  in  France  ended  with  their 
defeat  by  Clovis  at  Vougle,  in  507. 

VIVARIUM      See  Aquarium. 

VOLTAIC  PILE,  OK  BATTERY,  an  apparatus  which  was  constructed  in  conse- 
quence of  the  discoveries  of  Galvani  (see  Galvanism).  The  principle  was 
discovered  by  Alessandro  Volta,  of  Como  (born  1745),  for  thirty  years  pro- 
fessor of  natural  philosophy,  at  Pavia,  and  announced  by  him  to  the  Royal 
Society  of  London  in  1793.  The  battery  was  first  set  up  in  1800.  Volta 
was  made  an  Italian  count  and  senator  by  Napoleon  Bonaparte,  and  was 
otherwise  greatly  honored.  While  young  he  invented  the  electrophorus, 
electric  pistol,  and  hydrogen  lamp.  He  died  in  1826,  aged  81.  The  form 
of  the  Voltaic  battery  has  been  greatly  improved  by  the  researches  of  modern 
philosophers.  The  nitric  acid  battery  of  Mr  W.  R  Grove  was  devised  in 
1839  ;  the  carbon  battery  of  Mr.  Robert  Bunsen  in  1842.  The  former  is  very 
much  used  in  England ;  that  of  Bunsen  in  other  parts  of  Europe.  See  Elec- 
tricity. 

VOLUNTEERS,  MILITARY,  IN  ENGLAND.  This  species  of  force  was  formed  in 
England,  in  consequence  of  the  threatened  invasion  of  revolutionary  France, 
1794.  The  English  volunteers  were,  according  to  official  accounts,  341,600 
on  Jan.  1,  1804.  In  May  1859,  in  consequence  of  the  prevalence  of  the  fear 
of  a  French  invasion,  the  formation  of  Volunteer  Corps  of  riflemen  commenced 
under  the  auspices  of  the  government,  and  by  the  end  of  the  year  many  thou- 
sands were  enrolled  in  all  parts  of  the  kingdom 

VULGATE  (from  Vulgatns,  published),  a  term  applied  to  the  Latin  version  of  the 
Scriptures,  which  is  authorised  by  the  Council  of  Trent,  and  which  is  attri- 
buted to  St.  Jerome,  about  A.D.  384.  The  older  version,  called  the  Italic,  is 
said  to  have  been  made  in  the  beginning  of  the  second  century.  Critical 
editions  of  the  Vulgate  were  printed  by  order  of  Pope  Sixtus  V.  in  1590,  and 
of  Pope  Clement  V.  in  1592  and  1593.  (The  former  was  suppressed  as 
imperfect.)  The  Latin  Bible  called  the  Mentz  Bible  was  printed  in  1460. 


W. 

WAGER  OF  BATTEL.  The  trial  by  combat  anciently  allowed  bylaw,  whereby 
the  defendant  in  an  appeal  might  fight  with  the  appellant,  and  make  proof 
thereby  whether  he  was  guilty  or  innocent  of  the  crime  charged  against  him. 
Repealed  by  statute  59  Geo.  III.,  1819. 

WAGES  IN  ENGLAND,  (p.  585.)     Harvest  men,  1857,  5s. 

WALHALLA  (the  Hall  of  Glory),  a  temple  near  Ratisbon,  erected  in  1842,  by 
Louis,  king  of  Bavaria,  to  receive  the  statues  and  memorials  of  the  great  men 
of  Germany.  The  name  is  derived  from  the  fabled  meeting-place  of  Scandi- 
navian heroes  after  death. 

WALKING.  &c.  FEATS  IN.  In  England.  Capt.  Barclay  for  a  wager  (on  which 
many  thousands  of  pounds  depen  led),  walked  1000  miles  in  1000  successive 

35 


818  THE  WORLD'S  PROGRESS. 

hours ;  in  forty-two  days  and  nights  (less  8  hours).  His  task  was  accom- 
plished on  July  10,  1809.  In  May,  1758,  a  young  lady  at  Newmarket  won 
a  wager,  having  undertaken  to  ride  1000  miles  in  1000  hours,  which  feat  she 
performed  in  little  more  than  two-thirds  of  the  time.  Richard  Hanks,  a 
native  of  Warwickshire,  undertook  (in  imitation  of  Captain  Barclay)  to  walk 
1000  miles  in  1000  hours:  the  place  chosen  was  the  Barrack  tavern  cricket- 
ground,  in  Sheffield;  he  commenced  on  Honday  June  17,  1850,  and  com- 
pleted the  1000  miles,  July  29,  following,  winning  a  considerable  sum. 

WALTZ,  the  popular  German  national  dance,  was  introduced  into  England  by 
baron  Neuman  and  others  in  1813.  Raikes. 

WAR — Cost  of  that  in  the  Crimea.  The  cost  to  England,  for  two  years,  was 
$200,000,000.  The  whole  cost  is  estimated  at  1000  millions  of  dollars. 

WARS  OF  GREAT  BRITAIN,  (p.  588.)  War  with  Russia,  March  27,  1854.  Peace 
of  Paris,  March  31,  1856.  For  the  wars  with  India,  China,  and  Persia,  see 
those  countries  respectively. 

WATER  COLOR  PAINTING  in  England  has  been  raised  from  the  hard  dry 
style  of  the  last  century,  to  its  present  brilliancy,  by  the  efforts  of  Nicholson, 
Copley,  Fielding,  Varley,  and  the  great  Turner ;  by  Pyne,  Cattermole,  Prout, 
&c.,  within  the  present  century.  The  exhibition  was  founded  in  ]  805. 

WASHINGTON'S  FAREWELL  ADDRESS.  The  original  MS.  was  sold  at 
auction  in  Philadelphia,  to  a  citizen  of  New  York,  for  $2,300,  February  12, 
1850. 

WATERWORKS.  The  Roman  aqueducts  were  only  artificial  streams  led  at  a 
regular  slope  from  an  elevated  source ;  and  were  enormously  expensive. 
Louis  XIV.  erected  enormous  machines  merely  to  supply  ornamental  foun- 
tains at  Versailles.  London  is  said  to  have  had  water-pipes  laid  in  it  as  early 
as  A.D.  1236,  and  is  now  supplied  with  about  50,000,000  gallons  of  water  3 
day,  by  seven  companies,  one  bringing  water  from  a  distance  of  forty  miles. 
Philadelphia  was  first  supplied  by  works  commenced  in  1799,  and  succeeded 
by  those  at  Fairmount  in  1819  ;  New  York  by  the  Croton  aqueduct,  finished 
in  1844;  Boston  first  from  Jamaica  Pond,  by  a  company  organized  in  1795, 
and  afterwards  from  Cochituate  Pond,  by  works  begun  in  1846,  and  opened 
for  use  in  1848. 

WHALE  FISHERY  IN  1858.  (p.  594  )  Vessels  employed:  500  ships  and  barks, 
19  brigs,  45  schooners,  total  195,115  tons:  8,033  tons  less  than  last  year, 
owin^  to  the  increasing  scarcity  of  whales.  Imports — 81,941  barrels  sperm 
oil.  182.223  barrels  whale  oil,  1,540,600  Ibs.  bone.  Exports— 33,336  barrels 
sperm,  19,5u3  barrels  whale,  1,049,466  Ibs.  bone.  This  business  appears  to 
be  decreasing. 

WHIGS.  See  Tory.  In  England  numerous  authors  trace  the  origin  of  these 
designations  to  various  occasions  and  various  epochs.  Referring  to  wh;<t  is 
stated  under  the  head  Tory,  it  may  here  be  added,  that  we  are  told  the  name 
Whig  was  a  name  of  reproach  given  by  the  court  party  to  their  antagonists 
for  resembling  the  principles  of  the  whigs,  or  fanatical  conventiclers  in  >cot- 
land  ;  and  the  other  was  given  by  the  country  party  to  that  of  the  court, 
comparing  them  to  the  Tories,  or  Popish  robbers  in  Ireland.  Baktr.  This 
distinction  ef  parties  arose  out  of  the  discovery  of  the  Meal-Tub  plot  in  1678. 
Upon  bringing  .up  the  Meal-Tub  plot  before  parliament,  two  parties  were 
formed:  the  one  "being  those  who  called  the  truth  of  the  whole  plot  in  question; 
and  this  party  styled  those  who  believed  in  the  plot  Whigs.  The  other 
party,  crediting  the  truth  of  the  plot,  styled  their  adversaries,  Tories.  But  in 
time  these  names,  given  upon  this  occasion  as  marks  of  opprobrium,  became  dis- 


ADDENDA.  819 

tinctions  much  boasted  of  by  parties  wearing  them  Hume.  The  Whig  Club 
was  established  ty  Charles  James  Fox ;  and  one  of  its  original  and  most  dis- 
tinguished members  was  the  great  Francis,  duke  of  Bedford,  who  died  in 
1802.  In  the  U.  S.  the  name  was  assumed  by  the  party  opposed  to  the 
"Democratic,"  in  1832. 

PRINCIPAL   WHIG   MINISTERS   IN    ENGLAND. 

Viscouiit  Mordaunt's,  16S9.  |  Lord  Grenville's  ("All  the  Talents"),  1806. 


Lord  Godolplnirs,  1699  and  1T02. 
Earl  of  Halifax,  1714. 
Sir  li.  Walpole's,  1715  and  1721. 
Marquess  of  Kockingham's,  1782. 


Earl  Grey's,  1830. 
Viscount  Melbourne's,  1834, 1S35. 
Lord  John  Kussell's,  1846  and  1S51. 
Viscount  Palmerston's,  1855  and  1S59. 


WIDOWS.  The  Jewish  law  required  a  man's  brother  to  marry  his  widow  (1490). 
For  the  burning  of  widows  in  India,  see  Suttees.  In  numerous  countries 
widows  are  devoted  to  great  privations  from  the  time  their  husbands  die  ;  and 
at  the  isthmus  of  Darien,  when  a  widow  dies,  such  of  her  children  as,  from 
tender  age,  cannot  provide  for  their  own  subsistence,  were  buried  in  the  same 
grave  with  her.  Abbe  Raynal 

WINES  IN  ENGLAND,  (p.  597.)  In  1856,  the  customs  duties  on  wines  produced 
£2,073,694;  in  1858,  £1.721,742.  In  1800,  3,307.460  gallons  of  wine  were 
imported  into  England. 

IMPORTATION   OF    WINES   OF   ALL   KINDS   INTO   THE   UNITED   KINGDOM. 

Gallons.     Actual  value. 

1854 10,875,855       £3.616,369 

1857 10,336,485          4,080,678 


Gallons. 

1845 . .  .8,469,776 

1850 9,304,312 


WISCONSIN,  (p.  597.)  Population  in  1850,  305.391;  increase  in  10  years  900 
per  cent.  1860,  768,485,  increase  in  10  years,  152  per  cent, 

"WIVES  See  Marriage.  In  England  by  the  Divorce  and  Matrimonial  Causes 
Act,  passed  in  1857,  the  condition  of  married  women  has  been  much  bene- 
fited. When  ill-used  they  can  obtain  a  divorce  or  judicial  separation  ;  and 
even  while  in  the  latter  state  any  property  they  may  acquire  is  secured  to 
them  personally,  as  if  unmarried  By  another  act  passed  in  the  same  year, 
they  are  enabled  to  dispose  of  reversionary  interests  in  personal  property  or 
estates. 

WONDERS  OF  THE  WORLD,  THE  SEVEN.  1.  The  pyramids  of  Egj-pt.  2.  The 
mausoleum  or  tomb  built  for  Mausolus,  king  of  Caria,  by  Artemisia,  his  queen. 
3.  The  temple  of  Diana  at  Ephesus.  4.  The  walls  and  hanging-gardens  of 
the  city  of  Babylon.  5  The  vast  brazen  image  of  the  sun  at  Rhodes,  caiLd 
the  Colossus  "6.  The  rich  statue  of  Jupiter  Olympus  7.  The  pharos  or 
watch  tower,  built  by  Ptolemy  Philadelphus,  king  of  Egypt. 

WOOLSACK.  The  seat  of  the  lord  high  chancellor  of  England  in  the  house  of 
lords,  is  so  called  from  its  being  a  large  square  bag  of  wool,  without  back  or 
arms,  covered  with  red  cloth.  Wool  was  the  staple  commodity  of  England 
in  the  reign  of  Edward  III.,  when  the  woolsack  first  came  into  use 

WORKING  MEN'S  COLLEGES,  IN  ENGLAND.  The  first  was  established  in 
Sheffield,  by  wokingmen.  The  second,  in  London,  by  the  Rev.  Professor 
Frederic  D.  Maurice,  as  principal,  in  Oct.  1854;  a  third  in  Cambridge,  and  in 
1855,  a  fourth  in  Oxford;  all,  wholly  fur  the  working  classes,  and  undertaking 
to  impart  such  knowledge  as  each  man  feels  he  is  most  in  want  of.  The  col- 
leges engage  to  find  a  teacher,  wherever  10  or  12  members  agree  to  form  a 
class ;  and  also  to  have  lectures  given.  They  are  highly  successful. 

WORSHIP  IN  ENGLAND.     Places  of  worship  in  England  and  Wales  in  1851 : 


820 


THE  WORLD'S  PROGRESS. 


Places  of 

Worship.  Sittings. 

Church  of  England 14,077  5,317,915 

Wcsleyan  Methodists 5.579  2.191293 

Independents 3244  1,007,  ".GO 

Baptists 2,789  752,343 

Roman  Catholics 570  1 86. 1 1 1 

Society  of  Friends 371  91.5!  9 

Unitarians 229  68,554 

Scottish  Presbyterians...      160  86,692 
Latter-day  Saints   (Mor- 
mon ites)  222  30,783 

Brethren  (Plymouth) 132(?)     18,529 

Jews 53  8.438 


Places  of 
Worship.    Sittings. 

New  Church  (Swedenbor- 
gians) 50         12,107 

Moravians 82  9,305 

Catholic    and     Apostolic 

Church  (Irvingites) 32  7,437 

Greek  Church 3  291 

Countess  of  Huntingdon's 
Connection 109         85,210 

Welsh  Calvinistic  Metho- 
dists       828       198,242 

Various     small      bodies, 
some  without  names. ..      546       105,557 

with  the 


fog, 


WRECKS,  (p.  602.)     Arctic,  U.  S.  mail  steamer,  by  collision  in   a 

Vesta,  French  steamer,  off  Newfoundland;  above  300  lives  lost,  Sept.  27, 
1854.  City  of  Philadelphia,  Liverpool  to  Philadelphia,  Sept.  17,  1854.  U.  s! 
sloop  of  war  Albany,  from  Aspinvvall,  Sept.  28,  1854,  never  heard  from. 
City  of  Glasgow,  steamer,  with  480  persons  on  board,  disappeared  in  1854. 
Pacific.,  Collins1  steamer,  from  Liverpool  to  New  York,  Jan.  23,  1856,  dis- 
appeared and  never  heard  of.  John  Ratkdge,  from  Liverpool  to  New  York, 
ran  on  an  iceberg  and  was  wrecked;  many  lives  lost,  Feb.  20,  1856.  Lyon 
nais,  French  steamer,  New  York  to  Havre,  collision  with  barque  Adriatic, 
134  lives  lost,  Nov.  2,  1856.  Austria,  steamship,  Hamburgh  to  New  York, 
burnt  in  the  middle  of  the  Atlantic ;  of  538  persons  on  board,  only  sixty-seven 
were  saved,  Sept.  13,  185  .  Royal  Charter,  screw  steamer,  on  the  Anglesea 
coast;  459  lives  lost;  the  vessel  contained  gold  amounting  in  value  to 
£700,000,  Oct.  26,1859.  Steamer  Niagara,  burned  on  lake  Michigan ;  60 
lives  lost,  Sept.  24,  1856.  Central  America,  steamer,  Lieut.  Herndon,  Aspin- 
wall  to  New  York,  founders,  427  lives  lost,  and  $2,000,000  in  gold,  Sept  8, 
1857.  Russian  line  of  battle  ship  in  the  Baltic,  founders,  all  on  board  (825) 
lost,  Sept.  1857.  The  total  number  of  American  sea-going  vessels  reported 
during  1859,  as  lost  or  missing,  was  402,  valued  at  $5,599,000,  being  an 
increase  over  the  previous  year  of  114  vessels,  and  $1,128,000  in  value.  Of 
the  whole  number  8  were  steamers,  84  ships,  48  barks,  64  brigs,  and  198 
schooners. 


Y. 


YACHT.  The  ancient  thalamegus  or  navis  lasorice  was  a  vessel  for  pleasure,  like 
the  modern  yacht.  The  English  are  very  fond  of  yachting.  Their  yachts 
are  commonly  cutter-rigged,  and  with  one  mast.  Yachting  has  come  into 
vogue  in  the  United  States  only  since  about  1830.  The  American  yachts 
are  sloops  or  schooners.  The  yacht  America,  modelled  and  built  by  the 
remarkable  genius  George  Steers,  of  New  York  (d.  1856,  aged  35)  beat  all 
the  English  yachts  in  a  regatta  at  Cowes,  Aug.  22,  1851.  She  was  a  schooner, 
with  her  greatest  breadth  abaft  the  beam,  and  with  "  hollow  lines  "  forward. 

YANKEE  The  derivation  of  the  word  is  generally  accredited  to  the  Indian  pro- 
nunciation of  the  word  English,  which  they  render  Yengeese.  In  New  York 
it  is  applied  to  the  New  Englanders ;  in  the  South  to  all  Northerners;  and  in 
Europe  to  all  Anglo-Americans.  In  a  curious  book  on  the  Round  Towers  of 
Ireland,  published  some  years  ago,  the  origin  of  the  term  Yankee  Doodle,  was 
said  to  have  been  traced  to  the  Persian  phrase  Yanki  douniah,  or  "  Inhabi- 
tants of  the  New  World."  Layard,  in  his  "Nineveh,"  also  mentions  Yankhi- 
duuia  as  the  Persian  name  of  America. 


ADDENDA. 


821 


Z. 

ZOLLVEREIN.  (Customs1  Union.)  The  name  given  to  the  German  commercial 
union,  ot  which  Prussia  is  the  head.  It  began  in  1818,  and  was  gradually 
joined  by  nearly  all  the  German  states,  except  Austria.  On  Feb.  19,  1853, 
an  important  treaty  of  commerce  and  navigation,  between  Austria  and  Prus- 
sia, to  last  from  Jan.  1854  till  Dec.  1865,  was  signed,  to  which  the  other 
states  of  the  Zollverein  gave  in  their  adhesion  on  April  5,  1853. 

ZOUAVES  AND  FOOT  CHASSEURS.  When  the  French  established  a  regency  at 
Algiers,  they  hoped  to  find  the  employment  of  native  troops  advantageous, 
and  selected  the  Zooaoua-s,  a  congregation  of  Arab  tribes,  famous  for  daring 
and  skilful  courage.  In  time  numbers  of  red  republicans,  aud  other  enthu- 
siastic Frenchmen,  joined  the  regiments,  adopting  the  costume.  &c.,  and 
eventually  the  Africans  disappeared  from  the  ranks,  and  no  more  were  added, 
they  having  been  frequently  guilty  of  treachery.  The  French  Zouaves  formed 
an  important  part  of  the  army  in  the  Crimean  war,  1854-5. 

ZURICH,  (p.  608.)  Conference  of  the  representatives  of  Austria,  France,  and 
'  Sardinia,  held  at  Zurich  (after  the  truce  of  Villa  Franca),  August  8,  1859,  and 
continued  several  months. 

ZUTPHEN,  ix  HOLLAND.  At  a  battle  here  in  1568,  between  the  Spaniards  and 
the  Dutch,  the  amiable  Sir  Philip  Sidney,  author  of  the  "Arcadia,"  was  killed. 
He  was  serving  with  the  English  auxiliaries,  commanded  by  the  earl  of  Lei- 
cester. 


PAPER  MANUFACTURE,  U.  S.  In  1855  there  were  750  paper  mills,  3,000 
engines,  producing  280,000  Ibs.,  which  at  10  cts.  per  Ib.  would  amount  to 
$28,000,000. 

PAPER  CURRENCY.  In  1857  the  Bank  of  England  had  $98.800,000,  other 
banks  in  England  $89,585,000,  total,  $188,385,000;  France,  '$121,070,000; 
United  States,  $148,929.000. 

PATENTS,  U.  S.  The  Patent  Office  of  the  U.  S.  at  Washington,  an  extensive 
and  imposing  edifice,  was  completed  1858.  The  number  of  patents  issued 
has  rapidly  increased  during  the  last  seventeen  years,  being  nearly  nine  times 
as  great  in  1856  as  in  1843.  The  numbers  in  some  of  these  years  are  thus 
stated : 


Years. 
1843  

Applied  for. 
819.... 

Granted. 
531 

Years. 
1857      .    . 

Applied  for. 
4771  

Grunted. 
2710 

1&50  

2193  

995 

1853 

5864  

3710 

1855     

4435  

2024 

1S59 

6225  

...4538 

1856.. 

..4960.. 

..2910 

The  receipts  of  the  office  increased  from  $35,315,  in  1843,  to  $245.942,  in  1859 
Of  the  patents  granted  in  1859,  4,491  were  to  citizens  of  the  U.  S.  (1,231 
being  from  N.  Y.),  23  to  British  subjects,  16  to  French,  and  8  to  other  foreign 
applicants. 

PROPERTY  IN  THE  U.  S.  In  1856,  the  real  and  personal  property  of  the  U.  S. 
was  estimated  by  Mr.  Guthrie,  Sec,  of  the  Treasury,  at  $11,317,611,672 
(more  than  11,000  millions). 


APPENDIX. 


APPENDIX — CENSUS  TABLES. 


825 


CENSUS  OF  GREAT  BRITAIN.    Houses  and  population  of  England  and  Wales, 
of  Scotland,  and  of  the  Islands  in  the  British  seas,  March  31,  1851  : — 


Honaes. 

i 

Population. 

* 

Inhabited. 

Uninhabd. 

Building. 

Persons. 

Males. 

Females. 

England  and  Wales  

3,280,961 

152,898 

26  534 

11,922,768 

8,762  583 

9  16'>  180 

Scotland  

366  650 

11,956 

2  378 

2  870  784 

1,363  622 

1  5(>7  162 

Islands  in  the  British  Seas  . 

21.826 

1,077 

202 

142,916 

66,511 

76,405 

Total  .  . 

3.669.43T 

165.931 

29.114 

2H.936.468 

10.192.721 

10.743.747 

Great  Britain,  and  Islands  in  the  British  seas,  and  Scotland.     Population,  in- 
crease, and  rates  of  increase,  in  the  fifty  years  from  1801  to  1851 : — 


Persons. 

1801. 

1811. 

1821. 

1831. 

1841. 

1851. 

Gt.  Britain  and  Islands  in 
the  British  Seas  

10,267,893 

12,047,455 
1,479,562 
14 

15,180,351 
2,132,896 
18 

16,364,893 
2,184,542 
15 

18,658,372 
2,260,749 
U 

20,936,468 
2,227,438 

12 

10,317,917 
93 
1.87 

2,870,784 

245,237 

10  ; 
2,865,  121 
78 
1.16 

Increase  in  the  intervals 

Decennial  rates  of  increase 
per  cent  

Actual  increase  in  50  yrs. 
Increase  per  ct.  in  50  " 
Annual                   "      " 
Scotland  

1,608,420 

1,805,864 
197,444 
12 

2,091,521 
285,657 
16 

2,364,386 
272,885 
13 

2,620,184 
255,798 
11 

Increase  in  the  intervals 

Decennial  rates  of  increase 

Actual  increase  in  50  yrs. 
Increase  per  ct.  in  50   " 
Annual        "          "      " 

Males    in    Great    Britain 
and  Islands  in  the  British 
Seas  

5,025,035 
739,091 

5,542,856 
869,329 

5,735,957 
826,296 

6,311,498 
979,568 

6,873,671 
982,623 

7,306,590 
1,108,898 

7,934,201 
1,114,456 

8,430,692 
1  249,930 

9,077,004 
1,241,862 

9,581,368 
1,378,322 

10,192,171 
1,363,622 

10,743,747 
1,507.162 

Males  in  Scotland  

Females  in  Great  Britain 
and  Islands  in  the  British 
geas  

Females  in  Scotland.. 

England  and  Wales.     Houses — Comparative  statement  of,  in  the  fifty  years 
from  1801  to  1851 :— 


Houses. 

1801. 

1811. 

1821. 

1831. 

1841.            1851. 

England  l  Inhabited  

1,575,923 

1,797,504 

2,088,156 

2,481,544 

2.948,935      3,280,961 

and      V  Uninhabited  .. 
Wales.    \  Buildine  .  . 

57,476 

51,020 
16.207 

67,707 
19,274 

119,915 
24,759 

173,247  i      152,S9S 
27,444  i        26,534 

There  are  in  the  tables  no  returns  of  houses  published  for  Scotland  and  the 
islands  in  the  British  seas,  except  for  1851.  The  French  census  of  1851  shows 
a  total  population  of  35,500,000.  The  number  of  foreigners  domiciled,  of  all 
nations,  exceeds  1,000,000,  of  which  75,000  are  British,  or  about  one  half  the 
British  residents  previous  to  the  revolution  of  1848. 

*  Exclusive  of  part  of  the  army,  navy,  and  merchant  seamen,  belonging  to  Great  Britain,  but 
out  of  thewuntry  when  the  census  was  taken,  estimated  (from  returns)  at  167,604  persons. 


S20  THE  WORLD'S  PROGRESS. 

CENSUS  OF  GREAT  BRITAIN— continued. 

Abstracts  of  the  Census  of  Ireland  of  1841  and  1851  :  — 


1841. 
Provinces. 

HOUSES. 

Inhabited. 

Uninhabited. 

Total. 

1851. 
Inhabited. 

Uninhabited. 

Total. 

Building. 

Built 

Building 

Built. 

Leinster  
Munster.  ... 
Ulster  

306,459 
364,637 
414,551 
243,1<>2 

12,320 

12,005 
21,590 
6,293 

1.272 
1,023 
626 
392 

320,051 
377.665 
436,767 
249,877 

259,252 
266936 
351,973 
169,574 

17,588 
19,277 
20,5SO 
7,714 

632 
513 
606 
312 

2,1"!  3 

277,522 
286.726 
373,159 
171,600 

Con  naught  . 
Total  

I,328r839 

52,208    ! 

3,313 

1,384,360 

1,047,735 

65,159 

l,f  15,007  [ 

1841. 
Provinces. 

FAMILIES,  PERSONS,  AND  SEXES. 

Families. 

Persons. 

Male. 

Female.  \     Total. 

362,134 
415,154 
439,805 
255,694 

963,747 
1,186,190 
1,161.797 
707,842 

1,009,934 
1,209,971 
1,224,576 
711,017 

1,973,731 
2.396,161 
2,386,373 
1,418,859 

Ulster  

Connaught  

Total  

1,472,787 

321,991 
320,250 
380,731 
184,030 

4,019,576 

811,623 
893,491 
974,235 
497,373 

4,155,548 

856,158 
938,326 
1,030,054 
514,539 

8,175,124 

1,067,771 
1,831,817 
2,004,289 
1,011,917 

1851. 

Ulster          .            

Connaught  

Total.. 

1,207.002 

3,176,727 

3,339,067 

6,515,794 

The  decrease  per  cent,  from  1841  to  1851,  of  Leinster,  was  15.5 ;  of  Munster,  23.5 ;  of  Ulster, 
16 ;  of  Connaught,  23.6.  Total,  20.9. 

The  date  of  the  census  of  1851  being  sixty-eight  days  earlier  than  that  of  the 
preceding  one,  5,481  persons  should  be  added  to  the  gross  population  of  1841, 
that  being  the  number  of  harvest  laborers  who,  as  was  ascertained,  left  Ire- 
land previous  to  the  7th  of  June  in  that  year.  The  abstracts  for  either  years 
do  not  include  the  army  serving  in  Ireland,  The  total  decrease  of  persons 
from  1841  to  1851,  exclusive  of  5841  harvest  laborers  above  mentioned,  was 
1,659,330.  The  highest  per  cent,  of  decrease  was  in  Roscommon,  where  it 
was  31  per  cent.  The  number  of  persons  enumerated  in  1821,  was  6,801,827  ; 
in  1831,  7,767,401;  in  1841,  8,175,124;  in  1851,  6,515,794;  being  286,033  lew 
than  in  1821,  thirty  years  before. 


APPENDIX — CENSUS  TABLES. 


827 


CENSUS  OF  THE  U.  S. 

Population  of  the  United  States,  according  to  the  Seventh  Census,  and  Representatrves  in 

Congress.* 


Statoa. 

White 
Popula- 
tion. 

Free 
Colored 
Popu- 
lation. 

Total 
Free. 

Slaves. 

Federal 
Represen- 
tative 
Popula- 
tion. 

a* 

w  =  « 

of? 
62  = 

fc  ft 

u  E  g 

clj 
-   J-.  _ 
0_|J 

Frac- 
tions 
over. 

Maine  

581,813 
817,456 
313,402 
985,450 
148,875 
363,099 
3,048,325 
465,513 
2,258,463 
71,169 
417,943 
894,800 
553,028 
274,5(57 
521.572 
47,211 
426,486 
295,718 
255,491 
154,034 
162,189 
756.753 
761,417 
592.004 
1,955,108 
395,097 
977,628 
846,035 
304,758 
191,879 
91,632 

1,356 
520 
718 
9,064 
3,670 
7,693 
49,069 
23,820 
53,323 
18,073 
74,723 
54,333 
27,463 
8,956 
2,931 
924 
2,293 
930 
17,462 
397 
608 
6,401 
10,007 
2,618 
25,319 
2,557 
10,788 
5,435 
633 
335 
965 

583,169 
317,976 
314,120 
994,514 
147.545 
370,792 
3,097,394 
489,333 
2,311,786 
89,242 
492,666 
949,133 
580,491 
283,523 
524,508 
48,135 
428,779 
296,648 
272,953 
154,431 
162,797 
763,154 
771,424 
594,622 
1,980,427 
397,654 
988,416 
851,470 
305,391 
192,214 
92,597 

•  •  •  • 

'  222 

'2,290 
90,368 
472,528 
288,548 
38-1,984 
381,682 
39,309 
342,892 
309,878 
244,809 
58,161 
47,100 
239,400 
210,981 
87,422 

583,169 
317,976 
314,120 
994,514 
147,545 
370,792 
3,097,394 
489,466 
2,311,786 
90,616 
546,886 
1,232,649 
753,619 
514,513 
753,512 
71,720 
634,514 
482.574 
419,838 
189,327 
191,057 
906,830 
898,012 
647,075 
1,980,427 
397,654 
988,416 
851,470 
305,391 
192,214 
92,597 

6 
3 
3 
11 
2 
4 
33 
5 
25 
1 
6 
13 
8 
6 
8 
1 
T 
5 
4 
2 
2 
10 
10 
7 
21 
4 
11 
9 
3 
2 
t2 

—1 
—1 
—1 

+1 
Hi 
+1 

•  • 

—2 
1 

—1 

+1 

±\ 

+2 

1 

22,631 
37,707 
33,851 
60.284 
54,122 
90,523 
14,435 
22,351 
69,634 

79,771 
18,150 
6,235 
47,398 
6,128 

73,976 
15.495 
46,146 
2,481 
4,211 
66,023 
57,205 
86,537 
18,544 
23,962 
54,186 
10,663 
25,122 
5,368 

New  Hampshire  . 
Vermont  

Massachusetts  .  .  . 
Rhode  Island  
Connecticut  

New  York  

New  Jersey  

Pennsylvania.  .  .. 
Delaware  

Maryland  

Vir'nnia  

Nortl  Carolina  .. 
South  ."'Molina... 
Georgia      

Florida   

Alabama  

Mississippi  

Louisiana  

Texas  

Arkansas  

Tennessee  

Kentucky  

Missouri  

Ohio  

Michigan  

Indiana  

Illinois  

Wisconsin   

Iowa   

California  

Total  

19,423,915 

88,027 
6,038 
61,530 
13,038 
11,330 

423,384 

9,973 
39 

17 
206 
24 

19,847,301 

48,000 
6,077 
61.547 
13,294 
11,354 

3,200,634 
3,687 

"26 

21,767,673 

234 

•  • 

Dist.  of  Columbia 
Minnesota   

New  Mexico  .... 
Oregon     

Utah  

Total  

19,553,928 

433,643 

19.987,573 

3,204,347 

BKCAPITULATION. 


Divisions. 

Total  Free 
Pop.  in 
1840. 

Slaves 
in  1840. 

Total  Free 
Pop.  in 
1850. 

Slaves 
in  1850. 

Represen- 
tative Pop. 
in  1850. 

Rep. 
in 

1850. 

Gain 
or 

loss. 

Free  States  

9,654,865 

1,102 

13,434,798 

222 

13,436,931 

143 

-fl 

Slaveholding  States  .  .  . 
Districts  and  Territories 

7,290,719 
117,769 

2,481,532 
4,721 

6,412,503 
140,272 

3,200,412 
3,713 

8,330.743 

90 

—1 

Total  .  . 

17.063.353 

2.487.355 

19.987.573 

3.204.347 

21.767.673 

238 

*  The  aggregate  representative  population  (21,767,673)  divided  by  233— the  number  of  re- 
presentatives established  by  law — gives  93,423  as  the  ratio  of  apportionment  among  the  seve- 
ral States.  But  this  gives  only  220  members,  leaving  13  to  be  assigned  to  the  States  having 
the  largest  residuary  fractions. 

t  By  the  act  of  July  30, 1852,  an  additional  Representative  is  assigned  to  California,  making 
the  whole  number  of  Representatives  234.  The  ratio  of  representation  remains  unchanged. 
The  last  published  census  tables  differ  slightly  from  the  above,  but  as  the  apportionment  of 
representation  was  made  by  tbe  above  table,  we  continue  it. 


828 


THE  WORLD'S  PROGRESS. 


ANTHRACITE    COAL    TRADE    OF    THE    UNITED    STATUS. 

The  following  Table  exhibits  the  quantity  of  Anthracite  Coal  sent  to  market  from  the  different 
regions  in  Pennsylvania,  from  the  commencement  of  the  Trade,  in  1820,  to  1854,  inclusive, 
together  with  the  Annual  Increase: 


Years. 

5--huylkill 

Lehigh. 

Lncka'na. 

Pittston. 

Other 
Regions. 

Aggregate 

Annual 
Increase. 

Aggregate 
in  ench  pe 
riod  ot  5 
yenni. 

Av.  nnnu.'il 
delivery 
for  r  Hi-h 
period. 

Av.  nnnniU 
increase 
BH.    jieiiod 
over  (lie 
preceding. 

1820 
1821 
1822 
1823 
1824 
1825 
1826 
1827 
1S28 
1829 
1830 
1831 
1832 
183? 
1834 
1835 
1836 
1837 
1838 
1839 
1840 
1841 
1842 
1843 
1844 
1845 
1846 
1847 
1848 
1849 
1850 
1851 
1852 
1853 
1854 

365 
1,073 
2,240 
5,823 
9,541 
28,393 
31,280 
32,074 
30,232 
25.110 
41,750 
40,96ti 
70,000 
123.i>0;> 
1*16,244 
131,250 
148.211 
223,9,12 
213,615 
221,025 
225,318 
143,037 
272516 
2(17.703 
377,002 
429,453 
523,002 
643,973 
680,746 
801,246 
722,622 
9S9.296 
1,114,026 
1,080,544 
1,246,418 

365 

1.073 
2,240 
5,823 
9,541 
34,893 
48,047 
63,434 
77,516 
112,083 
174,784 
176,820 
363,871 
487,748 
376,63(i 
5  10,758 
682,428 
881.476 
739.293 
819,327 
865.414 
958,899 
1,108,001 
1,263,539 
1,681,669 
2,023,052 
2,3  3,992 
2  932,303 
3,Or9.23S 
3  242,541 
3.254,321 
4.377,130 
4,925.695 
5,114,^91 
5,753,369 

19,042 

8,809 

6,500 
16,767 
81,360 
47.284 
79,973 
89,984 
81.854 
209,271 
252,971 
226,692 
339,5f  »8 
432,045 
523,152 
433,875 
442,608 
452,291 
584.692 
540.892 
(577,295 
839,934 
1,083,796 
l,237.oi  !2 
1.583.374 
1,652.835 
1,605.126 
1,712.007 
2,184,240 
2,452.026 
2,470,913 
2,895,208 

25,352 
13,154 

15,837 
14,082 
34,567 
62,651 
2,086 
187,051 
123  877 

7,000 
43,000 
51.000 
84,600 
111,777 
43700 
90,000 
103.861 
115,387 
78.207 
122,300 
148.470 
192,270 
205.253 
227,605 
251.005 
273,435 
320,000 
383,200 
437,500 
454,240 
432,339 
472,478 
497,839 
494,327 
438,406 

835,973 

67,194 

13,488 

decrease 
184,122 
121,670 
199,048 
decrease 
80,084 
46  087 
93.485 
149.102 
155,538 
36S.130 
391.783 
320.940 
:    638317 
106.929 
153.403 
11.7SO 
1,122.809 
548,565 
1SS796 
638,878 

1,579,809 

815,961 

49,758 



ll',930 

15,505 
21.463 
57,346 
68,000 
127,993 
188,401 

205,075 
299,302 
256.627 
303,736 
276.339 
415.099 
439,342 
556,018 
676,689 

8,683,282 

736,656 

84,139 



5,827'.552 

1,165,504 

85,769 

111,014 
316,017 
426,164 
512,659 
496,648 

13,681,132 

2,736,2L'6 

314,144 



4,085,001 

389,755 

23,425,006 

COAL.  The  very  general  substitution  of  coal  for  wood  as  fuel,  and  its  employ- 
ment in  the  manufacture  of  iron,  and  in  the  production  of  steam  and  gas, 
have,  of  late  j'ears,  given  an  amazing  impulse  to  the  trade  in  this  article. 
Thirty  years  ago,  the  coal  trade  in  this  country  was  limited  to  365  tuns  of 
anthracite,  brought  from  the  Lehigh  mines  to  Philadelphia;  now,  the  annual 
production  of  anthracite  greatly  exceeds  three  millions  of  tuns.  This  rapid 
increase  is  not  confined  to  the  United  States.  In  the  twenty  years  from  1825 
to  1845,  the  exports  of  coal  from  Great  Britain  increased  713  per  cent.  ;  the 
production  of  coal  in  France,  181  per  cent. ;  in  Belgium,  111  per  cent.  ;  in 
Prussia,  124  percent.  In  the  distribution  of  coal,  the  United  States  are  highly 
favored.  Exclusive  of  Texas,  New  Mexico,  California,  and  Oregon,  all  of  which 
are  known  to  contain  coal,  the  area  of  coal  formations  in  the  United  States 
is  estimated  by  Mr.  Taylor  to  be  133,132  square  miles,  while  the  total  area 
of  these  formations  in  Great  Britain,  Ireland,  and  the  British  Provinces  of 
Nova  Scotia,  New  Brunswick,  Cape  Breton,  and  Newfoundland,  is,  according 
to  the  same  authority,  less  than  thirty  thousand  square  milea  Nearly  the 


APPENDIX COAL  TABLES. 


829 


whole  of  this  vast  area  is  occupied  by  bituminous  coal.  The  total  area  ol 
the  anthracite  region  of  Pennsylvania  is  estimated  at  less  than  four  hundred 
square  miles ;  yet  more  tuns  of  fuel  are  now  annually  produced,  from  this 
small  area,  than  from  the  almost  boundless  fields  of  bituminous  coal  scattered 
over  twelve  states.  The  railroads  and  canals,  built  to  develop  the  wealth 
of  this  region,  had  cost,  in  1847,  about  $40,000,000.  Anthracite  seems,  indeed, 
to  have  superseded  bituminous  coal  on  nearly  the  whole  of  our  Atlantic  sea- 
board. The  freedom  from  smoke  of  anthracite  is  alone  sufficient  to  account 
for  the  preference  given  to  it  for  domestic  purposes.  In  steam  navigation, 
it  admits  of  much  closer  stowage,  and  is  not  liable  to  spontaneous  combustion, 
as  is  the  case  with  bituminous  coal.  In  war-steamers,  there  is  this  additional 
advantage,  that  no  smoke  betrays  the  motions  of  steamers  burning  anthracite, 
whereas  steamers  burning  fat,  bituminous  coal,  can  be  "  tracked"  seventy  miles, 
before  their  hulls  become  visible,  by  the  black  smoke  trailing  along  the  horizon. 
The  preference  given  to  anthracite  may  be  illustrated  by  a  comparison  of  the 
importations  of  coal  into  Boston,  in  the  years  1840  and  1847,  which  stand 
thus : — 

Pennsylvania  anthracite, 
American  bituminous  coal,  - 
Foreign  " 

Thus,  while  in  1840  the  excess  of  anthracite  was  but  20,551  tuns,  in  1847  it 
was  188,336  tuns. 

TABLE  I. 

Comparative  view  of  the  areas  of  coal  lands,  and  the  production  in  1845  of  the  six  principal 

producing  countries : 


1840. 
73.847  tuns. 
8,299    " 
49,997    " 

1847. 
258,093  tuns. 
4,554    " 
65,203    " 

Countries. 

Square  Miles 
of  Coal  For- 
mations. 

Tuns  of  Fuel 
produced   in 
1S45. 

Relative 
Parts  of 
1000. 

Official  estimated  Value  at 
the  Places  of  Production. 

American 
Dollars. 

Pounds 
Sterling. 

Great  Britain  

11,859 
519 
133,132 
1,719 

not  defined. 
i>        u 

31,500,000 
4,960,077 
4,400.000 
4,141,617 
3,500,000 
659,340 

642 

101 
89 
84 
70 
14 

45.738,000 
7,6S'i,900 
6,650,000 
7.663.000 
4,122,945 
800,000 

9,450,000 
1,660.000 
1,373.963 
1,603,106 
856,370 
165.290 

Belgium   

United  States  

France  

Prussian  States  .  .  . 
Austrian  States  .  .  . 
Total  

49,161,034 

1000 

72,663,845 

15,108.729 

As  to  the  area  of  coal  formations  in  France,  it  is  to  be  remarked,  that  the  area  of  the 
"concessions,"  or  grants  made  for  working,  is  all  that  is  given. 

The  difference  in  the  amount  of  carbon,  volatile  matter,  and  ashes,  is  very 
striking  between  the  bituminous  coals  and  anthracite.  Anthracite  has  now 
been  successfully  introduced  in  the  manufacture  of  iron  in  Pennsylvania  and 
in  South  Wales.  In  1842,  but  four  furnaces  used  this  coal  in  Pennsylvania. 
In  1846,  nearly  one  third  of  all  the  iron  manufactured  in  that  state  was  made 
by  anthracite,  as  may  be  seen  by  the  following  statement : — 


Furnaces  employing  charcoal, 
"  "         anthracite, 


Number.        Tuns  made  annually. 
274  248.569 

43  119,487 


In  Swansea  Valley,  South  "Wales,  there  were,  in  1847,  twenty -three  furnaces 
using  anthracite,  producing  annually  59,800  tuns,  wbiJe  ten  years  before 
there  were  but  three  or  four  furnace*. 


830 


THE  WORLD'S  PROGRESS, 


"OAL — continued. 


TABLE  II. 


The  importations  of  coal  from  Great  Britain,  British  America,  and  all  othe»  places  into  th« 

United  States : 


Year. 

Total  Impor- 
tation in  Tuns. 

Av'agc  Value  per  Tun 
at  the  Shipping  Ports. 

Year. 

Total  Impor- 
tation in  Tuns. 

AVage  Vatoe  per  Tun 
at  the  Shipping  Ports. 

1830. 

58,582 

$3.49 

1840.. 

163,510 

$  -2.37 

1831. 

36,509 

1341.. 

155,394 

2.37 

1832. 

83,144 

1842.. 

141,521 

2.63 

1833. 

92,432 

2.61 

1843.. 

41,163 

2.S3 

1834. 

91,632 

2.18 

1844.. 

87.073 

2.72 

1835. 

59,912 

2.39 

1845.. 

85.776 

2.60 

1836. 

108,432 

2.27 

1846.. 

156,853 

2.41 

1837. 

153,450 

2.36 

1847.. 

148,021 

2.50 

1H38. 

129,083 

2.40 

1848.. 

196,251 

2.76 

1839. 

181,551 

2.29 

1849. 

TABLE  III. 
Production  of  Pennsylvania  anthracite  from  the  beginning  of  the  trade  in  1820  to  1S49: 


Years. 

Lehigh. 

Schuylkill. 

Lackawanna. 

Shamokin. 

Wyoming. 

Total. 

IQOfl 

365 

365 

1821 

1  073 

1,073 

1S22 

2  440 

2,440 

1823  

5823 

5,823 

1S24 

9  541 

9,541 

ico5 

28  396 

6500 

34,896 

1S26 

31  280 

16767 

48,047 

1827  

32,074 

31  360 

63,434 

1823 

30  232 

47  284 

77.516 

1829 

25  110 

79973 

7,000 

112,083 

1S30 

41  750 

89  984 

42  700 

17-1,434 

1S31 

40  966 

81  854 

54,000 

176,820 

1832 

75000 

209  271 

84500 

368.771 

1S33 

123  000 

252  971 

111.777 

487,7*8 

1S34 

106  244 

226  692 

43  700 

876,636 

1885 

131  250 

339  508 

98845 

575,103 

1836  

146522 

432  045 

104,500 

693,484 

1837 

225  937 

59.3  152 

115,387 

887,632 

1S33  

214211 

433  875 

76,321 

4104 

751,181 

1839 

222  042 

442  608 

122  300 

11  930 

823,479 

1840    

225  591 

452  291 

148,470 

15928 

867,045 

1R41  . 

142  807 

585  542 

192  270 

22154 

964,255 

1S42  

271,913 

541,504 

205,253 

10,098 

47,346 

1,107,732 

1843  

267,125 

677313 

227,605 

9,870 

57,740 

1,262,532 

1S44  

376,363 

840,379 

251,005 

13,087 

114,906 

1,623,459 

1845  

430,993 

1,086,068 

266,072 

10,135 

178,401 

2,002,877 

1846    

522,518 

1  236  581 

318,400 

12,646 

183,003 

2,333,494 

1847  

643,568 

1,572,794 

888,200 

14,904 

289,898 

2,970,597 

1848    

680  193 

1  652  834 

434,267 

287,271 

3,063,503 

1849  

801,246 

1,633,425 

454,240 

19,650 

259,080 

8,242,641 

Tuns,  

5,855,573 

13,542,575 

8,746,812 

144,506 

1,872,645 

25,113,641 

The  column  of  totals,  after  the  year  1834,  includes,  besides  the  product  of  the  five  locali- 
ties in  the  table,  a  considerable  amount  from  Pine  Grove  and  Lyken's  Valley. 

Table  IV.  exhibits  the  retail  prices  of  coal  per  tun  in  Philadelphia,  New- York, 
and  Boston.    The  tun,  it  will  be  seen,  is  different  in  Philadelphia  from  that 
of  New-York  and  Boston : — 
3t 


APPENDIX — COAL  TABLES. 


831 


CO  AL— continued . 


TABLE  IV. 


TEAKS. 

PHILADELPHIA. 
Per  Tun  of  2,240  Ibs. 

NEW-  YORK. 
Per  Tun 
of  2,000  Ibs. 

BOSTON'. 
Per  Tun  of  2,000  Ibs. 

Lehigh. 

Schuylkill 
White-ash. 

Schuylkill 
Red-ash. 

Schuylkill. 

Lehigh. 

Schuylkill 
White-a*h. 

Schuylkill 
Red-ash. 

1838 

$5.50 

$  6.UO 
5.50 
425 

3.50 
3.75 
4.38 
4.62 
3.50 
4.00 
3.50 

$  8.70 
8.58 
8.00 
8.45 
7.16 
5.96 
5.56 
6.50 
7.00 
6.50 

1339     

1840 

5.50 

1841         

$  8.87 
7.21 
5.75 

$8.75 
6.96 

$  9.21 

7.58 

1842  

1843  

1S44 

1845  

6.00 

6.25 

6..'5 

]846     

4.50 
5.00 
3.62 
3.75 
*3.62 

1847  

6.75 
6.50 
5.75 
5.50 

6.75 
5.00 
5.75 
5.00 

7.00 
5.50 
6.00 
5.25 

1848  

$3.25 
3.75 
8.25 

1849  

1850  

New-York  price  of  coal  :  — 
Year  1850,        . 

"     1851,    .... 
1852  ..... 


1854, 


$4.50  to  $5.00 
5.00  to  5.50 
5.50  to  6.50 
6.50  to  7.00 
7.50 


COINAGE.  It  is  lawful  for  any  person  or  persons  to  bring  to  the  Mint  gold 
and  silver  bullion  to  be  coined  ;  and  the  bullion  so  brought  is  there  assayed 
and  coined,  as  speedily  as  may  be  after  the  receipt  thereof,  and,  if  of  the 
standard  of  the  United  States,  free  of  expense  to  the  person  or  persons  by 
whom  it  has  been  brought.  But  the  Treasurer  of  the  Mint  is  not  obliged  to 
receive,  for  the  purpose  of  refining  and  coining,  any  deposit  of  less  value 
than  one  hundred  dollars,  nor  any  bullion  so  base  as  to  be  unsuitable  for 
minting.  And  there  must  be  retained  from  every  deposit  of  bullion  below 
the  standard,  such  sum  as  shall  be  equivalent  to  the  expense  incurred  in 
refining,  toughening,  and  alloying  the  same  ;  an  accurate  account  of  which  is 
kept,  and  of  the  sums  retained  on  account  of  the  same. 

Statement  of  the  Coinage  of  the  Mint  of  the  United  States  and  its  Branches  in  the  year  1853. 


Denominations. 

Pieces. 

Value. 

Denominations. 

Pieces. 

i 
Value. 

GOLD. 
Fine  Bars,  

4,576 

$ 
15  835  993 

SILVER. 
Dollars,  

46,110 

$ 
46,110 

Double  Eagles,  . 

1,832  326 

26  646  5-20 

Half-Dollars  

4  86i>  708 

2  430  354 

Eag'es,  

252  253 

2  522  530 

Quarter-Dollars 

16  586  '220 

4  146555 

Half-Eagles,  ... 
Quarter-Eagles, 

461,019 
1,407,836 

2,305.095 
3519615 

Dimes,  
Half-Dimes  

13.273,010 
15  705020 

1.326,301 
785251 

Dollars,  

4,384,149 

4,384  149 

Three-cent  Pieces 

11  400  000 

342  000 

Total  Gold,  .  . 

7,842,169 

55,213,907 

Total  

61,871,063 

9,077,571 

COPPER. 
Cents,  

6,641,131 

6641131 

Half-Cents  

129,694 

648.47 

Gold  and  Cop- 
per Coins,  .  .  . 

14,612,994 

55,280,966.78 

Total  Coinage,  in- 
cluding Fine  Bars, 

76,434,062 

64,353,537.73 

*  To  September,  1850. 


832 


THE  WORLD'S  PROGRESS. 


COINAGE.—  continued. 

Coinage  of  the  Mint  of  the  United  States,  from  1792,  including  the  Coinage  of  the  Branch  Mint*, 
from  the  commencement  of  their  operations  in  1838: 


GOLD. 

SILVER. 

COPPEK. 

WHOLE  COINAGE. 

jfciirs* 

Value. 

Value. 

Value. 

No.  of  Pieces 

Value. 

171)3-95 

$71,485.00 

$370,683.80 

$11,373.00 

1,834,420 

$453,541  .80 

1796 

102,727.50 

79,077.50 

10.324.40 

1.219.370 

192,129.40 

1797 

103,422.50 

12,591.45 

9.510.34 

1,095.165 

125.524.29 

1798 

205,610.00 

330,291.00 

9.797.00 

1,86S,241 

545  698.00 

1799 

213,285.00 

423,515.00 

9.106.68 

1,365,681 

645.906.63 

1800 

3  1  7,7(5.  i.  00 

224,296.00 

29,279.40 

3,337,972 

571.335.40 

1801 

422,570.00 

74,758.00 

13,628.37 

1,571.390 

51(>,9f>(>.37 

1S02 

423,310.00 

58,343.00 

34,422.83 

3,615,8H9 

51  6.075.S8 

1803 

258,377.50 

87,118.00 

25,203.03 

2,780.83!) 

370,69s.53 

1804 

258.642.50 

100,340.50 

12,844.94 

2,046,839 

371,821,94 

1805 

170,367.50 

149,388.50 

13,483.48 

2,260,361 

333.289.48 

1806 

324.505.00 

471,319.00 

5,260.00 

1,815,409 

8ol,(:84.00 

1807 

437,49o.OO 

597,448.75 

9,652.21 

2,731,345 

1,044,595.96 

1S()8 

284,665.00 

684,300.00 

13,090.00 

2,985,888 

982.055.00 

1809 

169,375.00 

707,376.00 

8,0(11.53 

2,861,834 

8S4,7.V2.53 

1810 

501,435.00 

638,773.50 

15,660.00 

3,056.418 

1,155.868.50 

1811 

4117,9(1500 

608,340.00 

2.495.95 

1,649,570 

1,108.740.95 

1812 

290.435.00 

814,029.50 

10,755.00 

2,761,646 

1,115,219.50 

1813 

477,140.00 

620.951.50 

4,180.00 

1,755.331 

1,10'2,275.50 

1814 

77,270.00 

561,687.50 

8,578.30 

1,833,859 

642,535.80 

1815 

8,175.00 

17,308.00 

69,8C7 

20.4S3.00 

1816 

28,575,75 

28,209.82 

2,888.135 

96.7-55.57 

isir 

607,783.50 

39,484.00 

5,163,967 

647,267.50 

1818 

242,940.00 

1,070,454.50 

31,670.00 

5,537,084 

1,345,064.50 

1819 

258.615.00 

1,140.000.00 

26,710.00 

5,074,723 

1,425,325.00 

1820 

1,319,030.00 

501,680.70 

44,075.50 

6,492,509 

1,8  4,786.20 

1821 

189,325.00 

825,762.45 

3,890.00 

8,139,249 

1.018,977.45 

1822 

88,980.00 

805,806.50 

20,728.39 

3,813,788 

915,509.89 

1823 

72,425.00 

895,550.00 

2,16d,4S5 

967,975.00 

1824 

93.200.00 

1,752,477.00 

12,620.00 

4,780,894 

1,858,297.00 

1825 

156,385.00 

1,564,583.00 

14,926.00 

5,178,760 

1,735,894.00 

1826 

92,245.00 

2,002,090.00 

16,344.25 

5,774,43* 

2,11o.679.2:> 

1827 

131,565.00 

2.869,200.00 

23,557.32 

9,097,845 

3.024,842.82 

1828 

140,145.00 

1,575.600.00 

25,636.24 

6,196,853 

1.741.381.21 

18-29 

295,717.50 

1,994,578.00 

16,580.00 

7,67-1,51(1 

2,306,875.50 

1830 

643,105.00 

2,495,400.00 

17,115.00 

8,357,191 

3,155.620.00 

1831 

714.270.UO 

8,175,600.00 

83,603.60 

11,792,^84 

8,928,473.60 

1832 

798,435.00 

2,579,000.00 

23,620.00 

9,128,387 

3,401,055.00 

1833 

978,550.00 

2,759,000.00 

28,160.00 

10,307.790 

3.76:>,710.00 

1834 

3,954,270.00 

8,415,002.00 

19,151.00 

11,637,643 

7.388,423.00 

18:55 

2,186,175.00 

3,443,003.00 

89,489.00 

15,996,342 

5,668.667.00 

1836 

4,135,700.00 

3,606,100.00 

23,100.00 

13,719,333 

7,764,900.00 

1837 

1,148,305.00 

2,096,010.00 

55,583.00 

13,010,721 

3,299,898.00 

1838 

1,809,595.00 

2,333,243.00 

53,702.00 

15.780,311 

4.20(5,540.00 

1839 

1,355,885.00 

2,189,296.00 

31,286.61 

11,811,594 

3,576,467.61 

1840 

1,675,3("2.50 

1,726.703.00 

24,627.00 

10,558,240 

8,42(5,632.50 

1841 

l,('91,.r)97.50 

1,132,750.00 

15,973.67 

8,811,968 

2,240,321.17 

1842 

1,834,170.50 

2.332,750.00 

23,833.90 

11,743,153 

4,190.754.40 

1843 

8,108,797.50 

8,834,750.00 

24,283.20 

4,640,582 

11,967.830.70 

1844 

2,230.00 

2,235,550.00 

23,987.52 

9.051,834 

7.687,767.52 

1845 

3,75(5,447.50 

1,H73.200.00 

38,948.04 

1,  SOli,  196 

5,668,595  54 

1846 

4,034.177.00 

2..*5S,580.00 

41,208.00 

10,133,515 

6,633,965.00 

1847 

20,221,385.00 

2,374,450.00 

61.836.H9 

15,392,344 

22,657.671.69 

1843 

3,775,51250 

2,04(t,(»50.00 

64,157.99 

12,649,790 

5,879,720.49 

1849 

9.007,761  50 

2,114,950.00 

41.984.32 

12,666,659 

11,164.695.82 

1850 

31,981,733.50 

1,861),  100.00 

44,467.50 

14,.r>83.220 

33,89-2,301.00 

1851 

62,614,492.50 

774.397.00 

99635.43 

28,701.953 

63.4HS,n24.93 

1852 

56,846,187.50 

1,3011.555.  00 

50,630.94 

82,964.019 

58,206,373.44 

1853* 

55.213,907.00 

9,077,571.00 

67,059.78 

76,484,062 

64,358,537.78 

1854 

66,302,388.86 

41,072,400.00 

j 

*  The  value  of  the  Gold  coinage  for  this  year  is  given  in  the  State  of  the  Union,  $46,998,945.60. 
D«.  Silver  do.  do.  do.  6,996,255.00. 


APPEXDIX COIN   TABLES. 


833 


COIN  AND  BULLION.  Statement  exhibiting  the  amount  of  coin  and  bullion 
imported  and  exported  annually,  from  1821  to  1854  inclusive;  and  also  the 
amount  of  importation  over  exportation,  and  of  exportation  over  importation, 
during  the  same  years. 


Coin  ai 

id  Bullion. 

Years  ending  : 

Imported. 

Exported. 

Excess  of  impor- 
tation over 
exportation. 

Excess  of  expor- 
tation over 
importation. 

September  80,  1821 

$ 
8  064  890 

$ 
10  478  059 

$ 

$ 
2  413  169 

1822 

3.369  846 

10,810.180 

7  440  334 

1823 

5  097  S96 

6,372  937 

1  '275,091 

1824 

8  379  835 

7,014,552 

1,365,283 

1825 

6  150  765 

8,935  031 

2,781  269 

1826 

6  880  966 

4,704,533 

2,176,433 

1827 

8  151  130 

8,014  8-0 

136,250 

1828 

7,4S9  741 

8  243  476 

753  735 

182y 

7  403  612 

4  924  020 

2,479,5!>2 

1830 

8,155  964 

2,178,773 

5,977,191 

1831 

7  305  945 

9,014  931 

1,708  986 

1832 

5  907,504 

5,656  340 

251,164 

1833 

7  070  363 

2,611  701 

4,458,667 

1834 

17  911,632 

2,076  758 

15,834,374 

1835 

13  131  447 

6,477  775 

6,653,672 

1836 

13,400,831 

4,324,336 

9,076,545 

1837 

10  516  414 

5,976  249 

4,540,165 

183S 

17,747,116 

3,508  046 

14,239,070 

1839 

5595  176 

8,776  743 

8,181,567 

1840 
1841 

8,882,813 
4,953  633 

8,417,014 
10  033  332 

465,799 

5  045  699 

1842 

4  037  016 

4,813  539 

726,5-23 

9  months  to  June  80,  .  .  1843 

22  390,559 

1,520  791 

20,869,763 

Year  ending  June  80  .  .  1844 

5  330  429 

5,454  214 

376,215 

1845 

4  070,242 

8,606  495 

4,536,253 

1S46 

3  777  732 

3,905  263 

127  536 

1847 

24  121,289 

1,907  024 

22,214,265 

1848 

6  360  224 

15841  616 

9,481,392 

1849 

6  651  240 

5,404,048 

1,246,592 

1850 

4  628  792 

7  522  994 

2  894.202 

1851 

5  453  592 

29  472  752 

24  019  160 

1852 

5  505  044 

42  674  135 

37,169,091 

1853 

4  201  332 

27  4S6  875 

23  285  493 

1854 

6  75S  587 

41,197  300 

34,433,713 

Total,  

285,433,702 

334,355,370 

112,361,545 

161,278,213 

COLORS  MOST  FREQUENTLY  HIT  DURING  WAR.  It  would  appear,  from  numerous 
observations,  that  soldiers  are  hit  during  battle  according  to  the  color  of  their 
dress,  in  the  following  order :  red  the  most  fatal  color ;  the  least  fatal, 
Austrian  gray.  The  proportions  are :  red,  twelve ;  rifle  green,  seven  ; 
brown,  six ;  Austrian  bluish  gray,  five. 

COMMERCE  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  : 


Years. 

Export  of  food  to 
Great  Britain  and  Ireland. 

Elsewhere. 

1849-50 
1850-51 
1851-52 
1852-53 

Average,  — 

$11,717,000 
9,504,000 
11,701,000 
15,796,000 

$12.023,000 
12,552,000 
15,509,000 
15,910,000 

$12,180,000 

$14,600,000 

834 


THE  WORLD'S  PROGRESS. 


COMMERCE  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.— continued. 

Gross  value  of  exports  and  imports  from  the  beginning  of  the  Government  to  the  80th  June,  1854. 


Exports. 

Years  ending  : 

Imports  —  total. 

Domestic  Produce. 

Foreign  Mer- 
chandise. 

Total. 

Sept.  80,  1790 

$ 
19,666,000 

$ 
539,156 

$ 
20,205,156 

$ 
23,000,000 

1791 

18,500,000 

512,041 

19.012,041 

29,200,000 

1792 

19,000,000 

1,753,098 

20,753.093 

31,500,000 

1793 

24,000,000 

2,109,572 

26.109,572 

31,100',000 

1794 

26,500,000 

6,526,233 

33,026,233 

84.600,000 

1795 

89,500,000 

8,489,472 

47,939,472 

69,756,268 

1796 

40,764,097 

26,300,000 

67,064,097 

81,436,164 

1797 

29,850.206 

27,000,000 

56,850,206 

75,379,406 

1793 

28,527,097 

33,000,000 

61,527,097 

68,551,700 

1799 

33,142.522 

45,523,000 

78,665,522 

79,069,148 

1800 

31,840.903 

39,130,877 

70,971,780 

91,252.768 

1S01 

47,473,204 

46.642,721 

94,115,925 

111,363,511 

1802 

36,708,189 

35,774,971 

72,433,160 

76,333,333 

1803 

42,205,961 

13,594,072 

65,800.033 

64,666,666 

1804 

41,467,477 

36,231.597 

77,699,074 

85,000,000 

1805 

42,357,002 

53,179,019 

95,566,021 

120,600,000 

1806 

41,253,727 

60,283.236 

101,536,963 

129,410,000 

1807 

48,699,592 

59,643,558 

108,343,150 

138,500,000 

1808 

9,433,516 

12,997,414 

22,430,960 

56.990,000 

1809 

31,405,702 

20,797,531 

52,203,233 

59,400,000 

1810 

42,366,675 

24,391,295 

66.657.970 

85,400,000 

1811 

45,294,043 

16,022,790 

61.316,833 

53,400,000 

1812 

80,032,109 

8,495,127 

38,527,236 

77.030.000 

1813 

25,008,132 

2,847,865 

27,855,997 

22.005,000 

1814 

6,782.272 

145,169 

6,927.441 

12.91)5,000 

1815 

45,974,403 

6,583,350 

52.557,753 

113,041,274 

1816 

64,781,896 

17,138,156 

81,920,452 

147,103.000 

1817 

68,313,500 

19  358,069 

87,671,560 

99,150,000 

1818 

73,854,437 

19,426,696 

93,231,133 

121.750,000 

1819 

50,976,838 

19,165,683 

70.142,521 

87,125,000 

1820 

51,683,640 

18,008,029 

69,691,669 

74,450.000 

1821 

43,671,894 

21,302,488 

64.974,382 

62,585,724 

1822 

49,874,079 

22,286.202 

72,160,281 

83,241,541 

1823 

47.155,408 

27.543.622 

74,099,030 

87,579,267 

1824 

50,649,500 

25,337,157 

75,956,657 

80.549.007 

1825 

66,944,745 

82.590,643 

99,535.383 

96,340.075 

1826 

53,055,710 

24,530,612 

77,595.322 

84.974,477 

1827 

58,921,691 

23,403,136 

82,324,327 

79,434,063 

1828 

50,669,669 

21,595,017 

72,264,636 

83,509,324 

1829 

55,700,193 

16,658,478 

72,353,671 

74,492,527 

1830 

59,462,029 

14,387,478 

73,349,508 

70,876,920 

1831 

61,277,057 

20,033.596 

81,310,533 

103,191,124 

1832 

63,137,470 

24,039.473 

87,176.943 

101,029,266 

1833 

70317,698 

19,822,735 

90,140.443 

108,118,311 

1834 

81,024,162 

23,312,811 

104,336,973 

126,521,332 

1835 

101.189,082 

20,504,495 

121,693,577 

149,895,742 

1836 

106,916.680 

21,746,360 

123,663.040 

189,930,035 

1837 

95.564,414 

21,854,962 

117,419,376 

14d,939.'217 

1838 

96,033,821 

12,452,795 

108,436,616 

113,717,404 

1839 

103,533,891 

17,494,525 

121,023,416 

162,092,132 

1840 

113,895,634 

18,190,312 

182,085.946 

107,141,519 

1841 

106,332,722 

15,469.081 

121,351,303 

127,946,177 

1842 

92,969,996 

11,721,538 

104,691,534 

100,162,087 

1843 

77,793,733 

6,552,697 

84,346,430 

64,753,799 

1844 

99,715,179 

11,484,867 

111,200,046 

103,435,035 

1845 

99,299,776 

15,346,330 

114,646,606 

117,254,564 

1846 

102,141,893 

11,346,623 

113.433,516 

121.691,797 

1847 

150,637,464 

8,011,158 

158,648,622 

146,545,638 

APPENDIX COMMERCE  TABLES. 

COMMERCE  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.— continued. 


835 


Exports. 

Years  ending  : 

Domestic  Produce. 

Foreign  Mer- 
chandise. 

Total. 

Imports—  total. 

Sept.  30,  1843 
1849 
1850 
1851 
1852 
1853 
1854 

* 
132.904,121 
132,666,955 
136,946,912 
196.6^9,713 
192,368,934 
213.41T.697 
253,390,870 

$ 
21,123,010 
13,083,865 
14,951,308 
21,693,293 
17,239,332 
17,558.460 
24,350,194 

$ 
154,032,131 
145,755,320 
151,893,720 
213,338,011 
209,653.366 
23>,976J57 
273,241,064 

$ 

154,998,928 
147,857,439 
173.133,318 
216,224.932 
212,945,442 
267.978,647 
3J4,562,3S1 

Total.  . 

4,573,714.067 

1,321,203,831 

5,894,917,393 

6,721.432.934 

NOTE.— Prior  to  1821,  the  Treasury  reports  did  not  give  the  value  of  imports.  To  that  period 
their  value,  and  also  the  value  of  domestic  and  foreign  exports,  have  been  estimated  from 
sources  believed  to  be  authentic.  From  1321  to  1354,  inclusive,  their  value  has  been  taken 
from  official  documents. 

Statement  exhibiting  a  summary  view  of  the  exports  of  domestic  produce,  etc.,  of  tne  United 
States,  during  the  years  ending  on  the  30th  June,  1847,  1843,  1349,  1350,  1851,  1352,  1853,  the 
specie  and  bullion,  and  aggregate  value  in  1854: 


* 

£ 

Produce  of 

Raw 
produce. 

Specie 
and 
bullion. 

Total 
value. 

The  sea. 

The  fo- 
rest. 

Agricul- 
ture. 

Tobacco. 

Cotton. 

Manufac- 
tures. 

$ 

1847  3,463,033 
18431,931,963 
1349  2,547.654 
13512,824,818 
1851  3,294.691 
1352  2,282,342 
1853  3,279.413 
1854  3,044,301 

* 
5,996,073 
7.059,084 
5,917,994 
7,442,5'J3 
7,847,022 
7,864,22.) 
7,915,259 
11,646,571 

$ 

68,45:),333 
37,731,446 
33,358,2.14 
26,547,158 
24,369,210 
26,378,872 
33,463,673 
66,900,294 

$ 
7,242,086 
7,551,122 
5,804,207 
9,951,023 
9,219,251 
10,031,233 
11,319,319 
10,016,046 

$ 
53.415,848 
61,993,294 
66,396,967 
71,934,616 
112,315.317 
87,975,732 
109,456,404 
93,596,220 

$ 
10,351,364 

12,774,43  » 
11,249,377 
15,196,451 
20,136,967 
18,362,931 
22,599,93:) 
26,179,503 

$               $                 $ 
2.102,333        62,620i150,637,464 
1,053,320  2,700.412  132,9.:4,121 
935,173,      956,374132.666.955 
953,064   2.046,679  136.946.912 
1,437.393  13,(i69,5S:»  196,439.713 
1,545,767  37.4J37.S37  192.363,984 
1,835,264  23,543,535  213,417,697 
2,6;  12,301  38,062.570  252,047,306 

Statement  exhibiting  the  value  of  foreign  merchandise  and  domestic  produce,  etc.,  exported 

annually  from  1321  to  1854 : 


Value  of  exports  exclusive  of  specie. 

Tears  ending  : 

Foreign  merchandise. 

Domestic 

Aggregate 

Specie  and 
bullion. 

Free  of 
duty. 

Paying  duty. 

Total. 

produce. 

exports. 

$ 

$ 

$ 

$ 

$ 

$ 

Sept.  30,  1821 

286,698 

10,537,731 

10,824,429 

43,671,894 

54.496,323 

10,473.059 

1822 

874,716 

11,101,306 

11,476,022 

49,874,079 

61,350,101 

10,310,180 

1823 

1,323.762 

19,846,873 

21,170,635 

47,155,408 

63.326,043 

6,372,987 

1824 

1,100,530 

17,222,075 

28,822,605 

50,649,500 

63,972,105 

7,014,552 

1825 

1,088,785 

22,704,803 

23,793,588 

66,809.766 

90,603,354 

8,932,034 

1826 

1,036,430 

19.404,504 

20,440,934 

52,449,855 

72,890.739        4,704.533 

1827 

813,844 

15,417,936 

16,281.830 

57,873,117 

74,109,947  1      8,041,881) 

1823 

877,239 

13,167,339 

14,044,578 

49,976,632 

64,021,210  !      8,253,476 

1S29 

919,943 

11,427,401 

12,847,344 

55,087,307 

67,434,651  I      4,924,020 

THE  WORLD'S  PROGRESS. 


COMMERCE  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.— continued. 

Statement  exhibiting  the  value  of  foreign  merchandise  and  domestic  produce. — continued. 


Value  of  exports  exclusive  of  specie. 

Years  ending  : 

Foreign  Merchandise. 

Specie  and 

11  • 

Domestic 

Aggregate 

bullion. 

Free  of 
duty. 

Paying  duty. 

Total. 

produce. 

value  of 
exports. 

Sept  80,   1830 

$ 
1,078,965 

$ 

12,067,162 

$ 
13,145,857 

$ 

58,524.878 

71,670,735 

$ 

2,178,773 

1831 

642.586 

12,434,483 

13,077,069 

59.218,583       72,295,652 

9,014.931 

1832 

1,345,217 

18,448,857 

19,794,074 

61,726,529 

81,520,6(13 

5,656,340 

1833 

5,165,9(i7 

12,411,969 

17,577,876 

69,950,856 

87,528,732        2.611,701 

1834 

10,757,033  |     10,879,520 

21,636,553 

80,624,662 

102,260.215        2.076,758 

1835 

7,012,666 

7,743,655 

14,756,321 

100,459,481 

115,215,802        6,477,775 

1836 

8,534,895 

9,232,867 

17,767,762 

106,570,942     124,338,7(4 

4*824836 

183T 

7,756,189 

9,406,043 

17,162,282 

94,280,895 

111.443,127 

5,976,249 

1838 

4,951,306 

4,466,384 

9,417,690 

95,560,880 

104,978,570 

3.508.046 

1839 

5.618,442 

5,007,698 

10,626,140 

101,625,533 

112,251,678 

8,776,743 

1840 

6,202,562 

5,805,809 

12,008,371 

111,660,561 

123,668,932 

8,417,014 

1841 

3,953,054 

4,228,181 

8,181,235 

103.636.236 

111,817,471 

10,084,332 

1842 

3,194,299 

4,884.454 

8,078,753 

91,799,242 

99.877,995 

4,813,539 

9ms.  to  J'e  80,  1843 

1,682,763 

3,456,572 

5,139,335 

77,686,854 

82,825,689 

1,520,791 

Y'r  to  J'e  80,1844 

2,251,550 

3,962,508 

6,214,058 

99,531.774 

105,745,832  :       5,454,214 

1845 

2,413,050 

5,171,731 

7,584,781 

98,455,330 

106.040,111 

8,ft  :6.495 

1846 

2,342,629 

5,522,577 

7,865,206 

101,718,042 

109,583,248 

3,905,268 

1847 

1,812,847 

4,353.907 

6,166,754 

150,574,844 

156,741  ,59S 

I,9(i7.n24 

1848 

1,410,307 

6,576,499 

7,986,806 

130,203,709 

138.19(1,515      15,841.616 

1849 

2,015,815 

6,625,276 

8,641.091 

131,710,081 

140,351,172        5,404,648 

1850 

2,099,132 

7.376,361 

9,475,493 

134,900,233 

144,375,726        7,522.994 

1851 

1,742,154 

8,552,967 

10,295,121 

178,620,138 

188,915,259      29,472,752 

1852 

2,538,159 

9,498,884 

12,037,043 

154,921,147 

166,968.190  j     42,674.135 

1853 

1,894,046 

11,202,167 

13,096,213 

189,869,162 

202,965,375      27,486,S75 

1854 

3,260,451 

18,500,686 

21,761,137 

253,220,074 

274,981,211 

41,422,428 

Total,  

99,497,701  j  348,647,235     448,144,936 

3,310,611,724  3,758,756,660  j  334,58*  i,493 

Statement  exhibiting  the  value  of  certain  manufactured  articles  of  domestic  produce  exported 
to  foreign  countries,  from  the  30th  day  of  June,  1845,  to  June  30,  1854: 


Articles. 

1846. 

1847. 

1848. 

1849. 

1S50. 

1851. 

1852.  !    1853. 

1854. 

$      ' 
200,420 

9,597 

83.012 
126,062 
187.335 
19;,  848 
229,382 

S8,8BT 

1,311,513 
'2.°.,678 
T6J,559 

244,688 
174.896 
58.311 

Wearing  apparel  
Fire-engines  and  ap- 
paratus   

$ 
45,140 

9,802 

43,798 
25,375 
63,567 
124,597 
90,860 

14,234 

8,660 
10,613 
317,407 

87,712 
74,722 
24.857 

$ 

47,101 

8,443 

17,431 
16,997 
44,751 
88.731 
71,155 

11,220 

4,268 
5.270 
225,700 

75,369 
59,536 
18.102 

$ 

574,834 

7,686 

30,403 
88,508 
75,193 
78,807 
76,007 

22,466 

6,241 

6,126 
297,358 

89,963 
55,493 
27.485 

$ 
79,945 

548 

28,031 
23,713 
94,427 
86.827 
101,419 

20,882 

4,502 
6,099 
237,342 

95,934 
64,967 
87.276 

$ 
207,642 

8,140 

89,242 
24,634 
119,475 
99,r,96 
186,682 

84,510 

4,583 
10,370 
278,025 

95,722 
••8,671 
20.893 

* 

1,211,894 

8,488 

71,401 
55,700 
153,912 
155,664 
185,486 

41,449 

68,639 

12.207 
362,830 

199,4-21 

108,768 
80.100 

* 

250,228 

16,784 

47.781 
67,733 
217,809 
119,535 
194,634 

57,240 

20,832 
15.035 
130,182 

172,446 
80,458 

47.937 

239  788 
9,052 

82,250 
52,397 
142.601 
122,212 
170,561 

47,628 

11,873 
27,148 
7l4,:.r>G 

184,497 
91.261 
48.229 

Printing  presses  and 
tvnes.  . 

Musical  instruments 
Books  and  maps  .  — 
Paper  and  stationery 
Manufactures  of  glass 
Manufactures  of  mar- 
ble and  stone  

Manufactures  of  gold 
and  silver,  and  gold 
leaf  

Trunks  

Household  furniture 
Coaches    and    other 
carriages  . 

Hate.. 

Saddlerv  . 

APPENDIX EDUCATIONAL    STATISTICS.  837 


EDUCATIONAL  STATISTICS. 


EDUCATION"  (ix  EUROPE).  Austria. — Austria  has  not  received  due  credit  for  its 
gigantic  efforts  to  establish  a  free  and  extensive  system  of  education.  In 
1842  there  were  20,293  primary  day  schools,  besides  11,140  evening  classes  for 
adults  and  apprentices,  employing  in  all  41, 809  teachers,  and  having  a  school 
attendance  of  over  2,500,000  pupils.  Besides  these  schools,  there  were  eight 
universities,  with  353  professors  and  13,871  students;  twelve  lycea;  forty- 
nine  theological  schools;  fifty -three  philosophical  colleges;  188  gymnasia,  or 
higher  classical  schools;  126  special  schools,  and  1252  private  schools. 

Bavaria. — Bavaria  has  three  universities  ;  nine  lyceums,  or  colleges  ;  twenty- 
four  gymnasiums ;  seventy  Latin  schools  ;  three  polytechnic  schools  ;  thirty- 
two  mechanic,  or  industrial  schools;  nine  normal  schools;  and  6065  common, 
or  primary  schools. 

Belgium. — There  is  now  a  very  complete  system  of  public  instruction  in  suc- 
cessful operation  in  Belgium,  organized  in  1842,  and  modified  in  1850.  It 
embraces — 1.  Primary  schools,  of  two  grades ;  2.  Secondary  schools,  of  two 
grades  ;  3.  Superior  schools,  or  universities ;  4.  Special  schools,  of  every  kind  ; 
5.  Societies  for  the  advancement  of  science,  the  arts,  and  literature.  All  the 
schools  are  subjected  to  constant  and  intelligent  supervision,  and  their  con- 
dition reported  to  the  public  fully  and  frequently.  There  is  one  normal 
school  to  train  professors  for  colleges  and  secondary  schools,  and  two  to  train 
teachers  for  primary  schools ;  besides  a  normal  course  in  the  best  primary 
school,  of  a  superior  grade,  in  each  province,  and  a  meeting  of  all  the  teachers 
of  a  given  district  every  three  months  for  discussion.  Much  attention  is  given 
to  practical  and  scientific  education  in  all  the  industrial  occupations  of  Bel- 
gium ;  and  there  are  schools  of  commerce,  engineering,  agriculture,  and  the 
mechanic  arts,  in  successful  operation.  No  country  in  Europe  is  making  more 
rapid  educational  progress. 

England  and  Wales. — England  is  well  supplied  with  the  means  of  academic 
and  collegiate  education.  The  ancient  endowments  of  grammar  schools, 
colleges,  and  universities,  exceed  in  amount  those  of  any  other  country. 
The  annual  income  of  charitable  trusts  designed  for  grammar  schools, 
alone,  exceeds  $800,000,  and  for  schools  not  classical  and  elementary, 
over  $1,000,000  ;  and,  if  pi-operly  managed,  it  is  calculated,  by  Mr.  McCul- 
loch,  that  these  trusts  would  yield  over  $4,000,000.  But  these  endowments 
educate  to  a  very  limited  extent  the  mass  of  the  poor  in  England,  for 
whose  special  benefit  they  were  left  by  their  charitable  and  religious  founders. 
The  only  effectual  education  provided  for  the  poor  and  laboring  classes,  has 
been  given  through  schools  supported  by  religious  bodies  and  voluntary 
societies,  established  since  1800,  and  only  aided  effectually  since  1846,  by 
governmental  grants  and  inspection.  It  was  recently  stated,  in  a  speech  in 
Parliament,  that,  in  respect  to  education,  England  is  almost  at  the  bottom  of 
the  scale — Russia,  Spain,  and  Italy,  only  being  lower;  that,  out  of  the  entire 


838 


THE  WORLD'S  PROGRESS. 


number  of  children  between  five  and  fifteen  years  of  age,  in  England,  forty- 
two  per  cent,  are  at  school,  twelve  per  cent,  are  at  work,  and  forty-six  per 
cent,  neither  at  school  nor  at  work.  There  was  also  mentioned  a  fact,  which 
seems  really  incredible,  viz.:  that  nearly  eight  hundred  school  masters  of 
mistresses  in  England  were  unable  to  write  their  own  names ;  and  that,  at 
the  taking  of  the  census,  they  signed  their  returns  with  a  mark. 

The  following  are  the  most  recent  statistics  of  elementary  education  in  England,  gathered 

from  Lord  John  Russell's  speech,  in  1863: 


Denomination  of  Schools. 

Number  of 
Schools. 

Number  of 
Pupils. 

Total  Income. 

Church  of  England  Schools,  

17,015 

955,865 

£817,081 

British  and  Foreign    do  

1,500 

225,000 

161,250 

\Vesleyan                      do.       

397 

38,623 

27,347 

Congregational             do  

89 

6,839 

4,901 

Roman  Catholic           do  

585 

84,750 

16,000 

Kagged                          do. 

270 

20,000 

20,000 

Total.  . 

19,856 

1.281.077 

£1,046.579 

Public  day  schools,  .... 

Number  of  persons  on  the  school-books: 

Males,   ...... 

Females,     ..... 

Total,    ...... 

Attending  at  the  schools  on  the  81st  March,  1851 : 
Males,    ------ 

Females,     - 

Privale  day  schools,  31st  March,  1851, 

Number  on  the  school  books : 

Males,    ------ 

Females,     ----- 

Attending  on  March  81st,  1851 : 

Males,         ..... 
Females,         ..... 


15,478 

791,543 

616,021 

1,407,567 

635,107 

480,130 

29,425 

847,694 
353,210 

317,890 
822,349 


Proportion  of  scholars  on  the  books  to  the  (one  scholar  in  8£  persons)  popu- 
lation, 11.76  per  cent.  Number  of  scholars  in  attendance  to  school  on 
books,  83  1-5  per  cent. 

France. — The  system  of  public  instruction  in  France  embraces:  1.  Primary 
schools  of  two  grades,  elementary  and  superior;  of  the  first  there  are  37,000, 
and  of  the  last  290,  with  2,780,370  pupils.  In  all  the  primary  schools,  public 
and  private,  there  are  3,164,297  pupils.  2.  Supplementary  classes  or  schools, 
for  children  and  adults  who  cannot  attend  the  primary  schools.  This  grade 
of  institutions  embraces  1489  infant  schools,  with  96,192  pupils;  and  6630 
classes  for  adults,  with  102,230  pupils.  3.  Secondary  schools;  embracing 
fifty-seven  lycea  or  classical  high  schools,  with  20,372  pupils;  312  communal 
colleges  and  forty-six  royal  colleges,  with  an  aggregate  of  44,000  pupils ; 
besides  some  50,000  pupils  in  private  establishments  of  the  same  grade.  4. 
Superior  schools  ;  or  schools  of  law,  medicine,  theolog}*,  science,  literature, 
and  the  arts.  There  are  six  faculties  of  Catholic  theology,  and  two  of  Pro- 
testant theology,  with  about  GOOO  students.  There  are  nine  faculties  of  law, 
at  Aix,  Caen,  Dijon,  Grenoble,  Paris,  Poitiers,  Rennes,  Strasbourg,  and  Tou- 
louse, with  about  30^)0  students.  There  are  three  faculties  of  medicine,  at 
Paris,  Grenoble,  and  Montpelier,  with  seventeen  secondary  schools  of  medi- 
cine. The  faculty  of  medicine  in  Paris  includes  about  thirty  professors  and 
4000  students.  There  are  eight  faculties  of  science  and  six  faculties  of  letters ; 


APPENDIX — EDUCATION   IX    EUROPE. 

five  special  schools,  a.  Normal  schools  for  trail. nig  teachers  and  professors: 
One  superior  normal  school  at  Paris,  for  educating  professors  for  colleges  find 
lycea ;  ninety-three  primary  normal  schools,  including  the  Institutes  of  the 
Christian  Brothel's,  and  seminaries  for  female  teachers,  connected  with  reli- 
gious communities;  one  normal  military  school  at  Paris;  one  normal  class 
for  teachers  and  conductors  of  reform  schools  at  Mettray.  6.  Schools  of  en- 
gineers, military,  civil,  and  naval:  There  are  the  Polytechnic  School,  and  the 
School  of  Roads  and  Bridges,  and  the  School  of  Mines,  at  Paris,  c.  Schools 
of  arts  and  manufactures :  1.  The  central  school,  and  the  Conservatory  of  the 
Arts,  at  Paris ;  2.  The  schools  at  Chalons,  Angers,  and  Aix,  together  with  a 
large  number  of  provincial  and  town  schools  and  classes,  for  special  instruc- 
tion in  drawing,  pattern,  and  model  making,  etc.  d.  Schools  of  agriculture, 
horticulture,  etc.:  There  are  forty-four  model-farm  schools;  four  regional, 
or  district;  one  central  institute  at  Versailles  ;  four  veterinary  schools,  and 
one  school  of  horticulture,  e.  Military  schools :  These  are  six — 1.  Military 
Gymnasium,  at  Paris  ;  2.  Special  Military  School,  at  St.  Cyr ;  3.  College,  at 
La  Fleche ;  4.  School  for  Artillery,  at  Metz;  5.  School  for  Staff-officers,  at 
Paris;  6.  School  for  Cavalry,  at  Saumur.  f.  Naval  schools  :  Besides  the  two 
large  schools  at  Brest  and  L'Orient,  there  are  forty  naval  schools  in  the  dif- 
ferent seaports,  g.  School  of  the  fine  arts:  Aid  is  given  to  the  Academy  of 
Painting  at  Rome  and  Pari?  to  the  Conservatory  of  Music,  and  to  schools  of 
Design  at  Paris  and  in  the  provinces,  h.  Institutions  for  the  hlind,  deaf 
mutes,  and  idiots:  France  was  the  earliest  to  establish  public  institutions  for 
each  of  these  unfortunate  classes,  and  still  makes  annual  appropriations  in 
their  behalf,  i.  Agricultural  orphan  homes  and  reform  schools  :  There  are 
ten  reform-farm  schools,  and  nineteen  homes  for  orphans,  with  a  farm  and 
a  garden  attached,  supported  or  aided  by  the  government.  Besides  these 
institutions,  there  are  a  large  number  of  societies  and  libraries,  devoted  to 
the  advancement  of  a  particular  science  or  branch  of  knowledge,  in  aid  of 
which  the  government  makes  annual  appropriations. 

Grand  Duchy  of  Baden. — The  Grand  Duchy  is  one  of  the  most  advanced  con- 
stitutional States  of  Germany,  and  the  one  best  provided  with  educational 
institutions.  With  a  population  in  1844  of  400,000,  there  were— Two  uni- 
versities— one  at  Heidelberg,  with  710  students — the  other  at  Freiburg,  with 
485  students;  fourlyceums,  or  high  schools,  a  grade  below  the  university;  six 
gymnasiums,  devoted  mainly  to  high  classical  instruction  ;  six  pedagogiunis, 
or  schools  preparatory  to  the  lycea;  fourteen  Latin  schools,  preparatory  to 
the  gymnasium  ;  eight  seminaries  for  young  ladies ;  four  normal  schools — 
one  at  Carlsruhe,  for  Protestant  teachers ;  four  normal  schools — one  ut 
Carlsruhe  for  Catholic  teachers;  one  institution  for  deaf  mutes:  one  veteii- 
nary  school ;  one  polytechnic  school,  with  200  pupils  ;  one  trade  school ;  one 
military  academy;  2121  common  schools,  each  with  different  grade*  or 
classes. 

Greece. — The  public  educational  institutions  of  Greece,  and  their  statistics  for 
1851-2,  are  as  follows:  University  of  Athens,  thirty-nine  professors  and  690 
students — classed  as  follows :  of  philosophy  (sciences  and  belles-lettres), 
sixty-six;  theology,  ten ;  law,  109;  medicine,  278  ;  pharmacy,  thirty-seven. 
Of  the  590,  281  are  from  the  kingdom  of  Greece,  and  309  from  the  Greek 
provinces.  The  annual  expense  of  this  institution  is  $23,560.  Seven  gymnasia 
(classical  high  schools),  with  forty-three  professors  and  1077  pupils,  of  whom 
847  are  from  Independent  Greece.  Seventy-nine  secondary  schools  (called. 
Hellenic,  because  based  upon  the  study  of  Greek),  with  133  professors  and 
3872  pupils;  four  private  institutions  and  three  supported  by  the  communes, 
•with  twenty-five  professors  and  511  pupils;  one  seminary,  witli  four  profes« 


b40  THE  WORLD'S  PROGRESS. 

sors  and  thirty  students.  One  normal  school,  for  training  teachers  for  the 
communal  schools,  with  seven  professors  and  sixty  students.  338  communal 
schools  for  boys,  with  366  teachers  and  33,864  pupils.  Thirty-one  communal 
schools  for  girls,  with  forty  teachers  and  4380  pupils  ;  seventeen  private 
schools  for  girls,  with  twenty-five  teachers  and  1479  pupils;  the  school  of 
the  Philecpaideutic  Society,  for  the  higher  instruction  of  girls,  with  thirteen 
professors  and  464  pupils.  One  agricultural  school,  at  Tiryns,  with  twenty 
scholars.  One  military  school,  with  twenty  professors  and  sixty-four  pupils. 
There  are,  also,  at  Athens,  a  school  called  the  Polytechnic  School,  being  the 
beginning  of  a  school  of  arts  and  trades  ;  a  library,  of  about  70.000  volumes ; 
a  rich  cabinet  of  natural  philosophy ;  a  museum  of  natural  history  ;  an  ana- 
tomical museum  ;  a  museum  of  pathological  anatomy ;  an  observatory ;  a 
medical  society  ;  a  society  of  natural  history  ;  an  archaeological  society  ;  a 
society  of  the  fine  arts,  and  a  botanic  garden.  According  to  statistical  returns 
of  the  kingdom  of  Greece,  for  1853,  the  population  is  1,002,112.  Of  this 
number,  from  700  to  750  ai*e  teachers  or  professors,  and  about  47,000  pupils, 
of  whom  about  6250  are  females.  The  number  of  young  Greeks  studying  in 
the  universities  of  France,  Germany,  and  Italy,  is  from  350  to  400.  Of  these, 
thirty-one,  having  finished  courses  of  study  in  Greece,  are  maintained  at  the 
expense  of  the  Greek  government.  Eleven  of  them  are  studying  med-icine, 
six  fine  arts,  six  literature,  one  law,  one  physical  and  mathematical  science, 
and  six  theology. 

Holland. — The  primary  school  system  of  Holland  was  first  organized  in  1806. 
The  kingdom  is  divided  into  districts,  for  each  of  which  there  are  school 
inspectors,  who  visit  schools,  examine  and  promote  teachers,  and  give  life  to 
the  whole  system.  There  were  3214  primary  schools  in  1846,  with  382,370 
pupils,  to  which  there  were  eighty  inspectors,  paid  by  the  government.  The 
schools  are  partly  supported  by  the  communes  or  parishes,  and  partly  by  the 
parents. 

Ireland. — Prior  to  1650,  Ireland  abounded  with  schools  connected  with  reli- 
gious houses  or  the  parish  church.  From  the  time  of  Henry  VIII.,  to  1831, 
the  legislation  of  England,  in  regard  to  Irish  schools,  was  mainly  directed 
to  convert  Irishmen  into  Englishmen,  and  Catholics  into  Protestants.  It  was 
even  made  an  offense,  punishable  by  transportation,  to  act  as  a  schoolmaster, 
or  for  Catholic  parents  to  educate  their  children  abroad.  In  1831,  a  Board 
of  Commissioners  of  National  Education  for  Ireland  was  organized,  and  an 
annual  grant — in  the  year  1848,  amounting  to  over  £125,000 — was  made  to 
support  public  schools  free  of  any  denominational  bias.  This  Board  has  aided 
in  the  erection  and  fitting  up  of  over  3000  school-houses,  and  now  supports 
over  4000  elementary  schools,  with  500,000  pupils,  besides  one  normal  school, 
one  model-farm  school,  twenty-one  district-farm  schools,  sixteen  industrial 
schools,  eighteen  workhouse  schools,  and  a  large  number  of  evening  classes. 

Prussia. — The  educational  system  of  Prussia  embraces — 1.  Primary  schools 
of  two  grades,  elementary  and  superior,  with  a  high  school  in  the  large 
towns  ;  2.  Secondary  schools  of  two  kinds — gymnasia  for  classical  training, 
and  real  schools  for  the  business  of  life  ;  3.  Universities,  with  the  most  com- 
plete range  of  higher  instruction  in  law,  medicine,  theology,  science,  and 
philosophy ;  4.  Special  schools,  for  the  deaf  and  dumb,  blind,  idiots,  and  for 
engineers,  farmers,  artisans,  and  artists.  In  1846,  there  were  24,080  ele- 
mentary schools,  with  29,663  male  teachers,  and  1876  female,  all  of  whom 
had  been  trained  in  normal  schools,  of  which  there  are  forty-six,  including 
two  for  female  teachers.  To  these  should  be  added  1436  superior  primary 
schools,  with  91,818  scholars  and  2729  teachers,  and  100  town  high  schools, 
and  762  teachers,  and  15,624  students 


APPENDIX EDUCATION    IN    EUROPE.  841 

Russia. — The  public  schools  of  Russia  ma}'  be  classified  as  follows  :  L  Schools 
and  institutions  subject  to  the  supervision  of  the  Minister  of  Public  Instruc- 
tion. These  embrace — a.  Primary  schools,  supported  by  the  parishes,  of 
which  there  are  no  returns,  as  to  their  numbers  or  the  attendance  ;  b.  Town 
high  schools,  of  which  there  are  over  2000,  with  1 1'2, 000  pupils  ;  c.  Gymnasia, 
or  classical  schools,  seventy-seven,  in  all  numbering  about  3000  pupils,  mostly 
sons  of  the  nobility ;  d.  Boarding  schools  sanctioned  by  the  government ; 
e.  Six  universities  and  three  lycea,  with  —  professors  and  teachers,  and 
3521  students.  2.  Military  schools:  a.  Twenty-seven  colleges,  subject  to  the 
direct  management  of  the  emperor,  or  to  his  delegate,  the  grand  duke,  heir- 
apparent,  with  865  professors  and  9504  students ;  b.  Ten  naval  schools,  with 
3920  students  and  337  teachers,  under  the  direction  of  the  Admiralty  ;  c. 
Elementary  military  schools,  for  children  of  soldiers  in  service,  or  whose 
fathers  have  been  killed  in  war,  tinder  the  management  of  the  Minister  of 
War.  3.  Preparatory  schools  for  the  civil  service  of  the  empire  :  a.  Eighty- 
five  schools  of  commerce,  with  461  teachers  and  9779  pupils,  belonging  to  the 
Minister  of  Finance  ;  b.  Two  schools  of  civil  engineering,  with  eighty-five 
professors  and  516  students;  c.  Three  schools,  with  ninety-three  professors 
and  591  students,  under  the  charge  of  the  Postmaster ;  d.  Six  institutions, 
with  ninety -six  professors  and  993  students,  under  the  charge  of  the  Secretary 
of  State;  e.  Two  law-schools,  with  ninety-three  professors  and  591  students. 
4.  Theological  schools:  a.  Twent}T-one  theological  schools  belonging  to  the 
Greek  Church,  with  seventy-two  teachers  and  1201  students;  b.  Fourteen 
schools  to  the  Armenian  Church,  with  forty-five  teachers  and  728  students; 

c.  Two  schools  to  the  Lutheran  Church,  with  eight  teachers  and  668  students; 

d.  Eleven  schools  to  the  Mahommedan  creed,  with  586  students  ;  e.  One  rab- 
binical school  to  the  Jews.     These  schools  are  managed  by  the  Synod  of  the 
Greek  Church  and  the  consistories  of  the  other  denominations.     5.  Agricul- 
tural schools:  a.  An  agricultural  college,  under  the  immediate  supervision 
of  the  emperor,  where  250  peasants  are  thoroughly  instructed  for  four  years, 
in  scientific  and  practical  agriculture,  and  then  sent  to  model  farms  on  the 
domains  of  the  crown  ;  b.  Twenty -five  agricultural  schools,  with  124  teachers 
and  1591  students;  c.  2696  industrial  elementary  schools,  employing  2783 
teachers  for  18,907  pupils. 

Saxony. — With  a  population  of  1,809,023,  in  1846,  there  was  one  university, 
with  eighty-five  professors  and  835  students ;  six  academies  of  the  arts  and 
mining,  with  forty-three  professors  and  teachers,  and  1400  pupils  ;  eleven 
gymnasia,  with  131  teachers  and  1590  pupils  ;  six  higher  burgher  and  real 
schools,  with  eighteen  teachers  and  270  pupils  ;  three  special  institutions,  for 
commerce  and  military  affairs,  with  forty-three  teachers  and  240  pupils  ;  nine 
teachers'  seminaries,  with  forty-one  teachers  and  362  pupils;  seventeen  higher 
schools  of  industry,  or  technical  schools,  with  72  teachers  and  779  pupils; 
sixty-nine  lower  or  technical  schools,  with  —  teachers  and  6966  pupils ; 
twenty- four  schools  for  lace-making,  with  thirty -seven  teachers  and  1928 
pupils;  and  2155  common  schools,  with  2175  teachers  and  273,022  pupils, 
besides  one  institution  for  the  blind,  one  for  deaf  mutes,  three  orphan  asylums, 
and  a  number  of  infant  schools  and  private  seminaries. 

Scotland, — Public  schools  existed  in  Scotland  for  many  centuries  before  the 
organization  of  the  present  system  of  parochial  schools,  by  the  Acts  of  1615, 
1633,  and  1696.  The  growth  of  the  population  has,  for  more  than  a  half 
century,  made  the  parochial  system  entirely  inadequate  to  meet  the  educa- 
tional wants  of  the  country.  Out  of  4371  schools  in  operation  in  1850,  only 
1049  belonged  to  the  parochial  system  ;  of  the  remainder,  823  were  supported 
'n  part  by  the  Church  of  Scotland  ;  704  by  the  Free  Church  ;  fifty  by  the 


842  THE  WORLD'S  PROGRESS. 

Scotch  Episcopa  ,  sixty-three  by  Roman  Catholics ;  and  1684  were  adventure 
schools,  supported  entirely  by  tuition.  In  all  these  schools  there  were  about 
225,000  scholars,  leaving  a  large  number  of  children — not  less  than  125,000 — 
of  the  proper  school  age,  still  to  be  provided  for.  The  parochial  schools  of 
Scotland  are  supported  partly  by  a  charge  on  the  property  of  the  parishes, 
and  partly  by  tuition  paid  by  parents. 

Wirtemberg. — Wirtemberg  was  one  of  the  earliest  of  the  German  States  to 
establish  a  graduated  system  of  public  instruction,  from  the  common  school 
to  the  university,  and  has  always  shared  largely  in  all  the  educational  move- 
ments of  Germany.  The  framework  of  the  school  system  in  operation  in  1848 
was  substantially  the  same  as  it  was  in  1538,  enlarged,  from  time  to  time,  to 
meet  the  demands  of  the  age  for  new  institutions,  and  a  more  liberal  and 
practical  instruction.  With  a  population  of  1,750,000,  there  were  the  fol- 
lowing institutions,  aided  by  the  government,  in  1847  :  One  university,  at 
Tubingen,  with  six  faculties,  seventy-one  professors,  and  800  students ;  nine 
real  schools,  with  seventy  teachers ;  six  gymnasia,  each  with  ten  professors 
and  three  assistants — that  at  Stuttgart  has  twenty-six  professors  ;  five  lycea, 
each  with  seven  teachers ;  eighty-seven  Latin  schools,  in  which  eighty-six 
classical  teachers,  sixty-six  real  teachers,  atid  forty-four  assistants,  are  em- 
ployed; one  Protestant  theological  seminary,  at  Tubingen,  with  fifteen  teach- 
ers, and  four  preparatory  theological  schools  in  other  parts,  each  having  six 
teachers  and  thirty  pupils  ;  one  Catholic  theological  seminary  ;  one  poly- 
technic school,  with  twenty-one  teachers,  and  a  course  of  instruction  em- 
bracing four  years,  for  engineers,  architects,  etc. ;  one  institute  for  agriculture 
and  forestry,  at  Ilohenheim,  the  most  complete  agricultural  establishment  in 
Europe,  and  five  smaller  schools;  one  veterinary  school,  with  five  professors; 
two  orphan  houses,  each  having  278  orphans;  nine  farm  schools,  for  vagrant 
and  criminal  children;  seven  schools  of  art  and  drawing;  one  superior 
seminary  for  Protestant  girls,  at  Obenstenfeld,  with  eleven  teachers  ;  one 
superior  seminar}7  for  Catholic  girls,  at  Stuttgart,  with  thirteen  male  teachers 
and  thirteen  female  teachers;  one  institute  for  deaf  mutes  and  the  blind; 
1455  Protestant  common  schools;  787  Catholic  schools;  six  teachers' semi- 
naries. These  institutions,  providing  on  a  liberal  scale  for  the  educational 
wants  of  the  whole  community,  are  all  in  some  way  aided  by  the  government, 
and  subject  to  its  supervision  through  the  Home  Department. 

Agricultural  Education. — Much  attention  is  now  paid  in  Europe,  by  govern- 
ments and  by  voluntary  associations  of  the  friends  of  agricultural  improve- 
ments, in  different  countries,  to  schools  and  model  farms,  for  special  instruc- 
tion in  the  science  and  practice  of  agriculture.  The  first  school  of  the  kind 
was  proposed  by  the  Abbe  Rosier,  in  France,  in  1775,  but  established  by 
Fellenberg,  atHofwyl,  in  Switzerland,  in  1799.  It  appears,  from  Mr.  Barnard's 
book,  that  there  are  now  in  Europe  twenty-five  superior  schools,  sixty  inter- 
mediate, and  2t'>0  primary  schools  of  agriculture,  besides  a  course  of  lectures 
on  the  science  of  agriculture  in  sixteen  universities.  Mr.  Barnard  gives  a 
particular  description  of  several  of  the  most  successful  of  thes<«  interesting 
institutions. 

Normal  Schools. — The  first  institution  for  the  special  instruction  of  teachers 
in  the  art  of  teaching,  was  established  by  the  Abbe  de  Lasalle,  in  France,  in 
1681,  and  the  second,  by  Franke,  in  Germany,  in  1694.  There  are  now  nearly 
three  hundred  in  successful  operation.  They  exist,  as  part  of  the  system,  in 
every  country  where  public  schools  are  established  and  supported  by  law. 

Reformatory  Farm  Schools. — A  very  interesting  class  of  agricultural  schools 
has  been  established  in  France,  Germany,  and  England,  within  a  few  years, 
Tinder  the  name  of  "  Reform  Farm  Schools,"  designed  for  delinquent  children, 


APPENDIX EDUCATION.  843 

EDUCATION  (IN  INDIA).  Education  always  from  the  earliest  period  of  their  his- 
tory had  been  an  object  of  public  care  and  of  public  interest  to  the  Hindoo 
governments  in  the  peninsula  of  India.  Every  Avell  regulated  village  under 
those  governments  had  a  publicschool  and  a  public  schoolmaster.  The  53* stem 
of  instruction  in  them  was  that  which  in  consequence  of  its  efficiency,  sim- 
plicit3T,  and  cheapness,  was,  a  few  3Tears  ago,  introduced  from  Madras  into 
England,  and  from  England  into  the  rest  of  Europe.  Every  Hindoo  parent 
looked  upon  the  education  of  his  child  as  a  solemn  duty  which  he  owed  to  God 
and  his  country,  and  placed  him  under  the  schoolmaster  of  his  village  as  soon 
as  he  had  attained  his  fifth  year.  The  ceremony  of  introducing  him  for  the 
first  time  to  the  schoolmaster  and  his  scholars  was  publicly  recorded,  and  was 
attended  with  all  the  solemnity  of  a  religious  observance;  a  pra3*er  being 
offered  up  to  Ganesa,  the  Hindoo  god  of  wisdom,  which  was  at  the,  head  of 
every  Hindoo  school,  imploring  him  to  aid  the  scholar  in  his  endeavors  to 
learn  and  become  wise. 

EDUCATION" — SCHOOLS  OF  THE  SANDWICH  ISLANDS. 

Whole  Number  of  Schools, .  411 

Whole  Number  of  Scholars  in  same, 11,782 

Whole  Cost  in  1§54, .  $20,70532 

Average  Number  of  Scholars  in  each  School, 23  4.10 

Average  Cost  of  each  School  for  the  year, .  $50  25 

Average  Cost  of  each  School  for  a  day, $202  1.10 

Select  Schools  supported  wholly  or  in  part  by  Government,  including  English 

and  High  Schools, 15 

Number  of  Scholars  in  same,  say           ...                 650 

Number  of  Native  Children  learning  English,  about      ....                .  600 

EDUCATION  (IN  THE  UNITED  STATES). 

Total   of  the   School  Fund  of  the  States   of  the    Union   [For  the  details,   see 

Finances], $26,509,820 

COLLEGES  AND  PROFESSIONAL  SCHOOLS. 

Number  of  Colleges  and  Professional  Schools  in  the  United  States,  119 

Instructors  in  Do., 1,028 

Students  in  Do .         11,732 

(bf.ing  1  Instructor  to  11.4  Students  on  an  average.) 

Alumni  of  Do 62,128 

"          Volumes  in  Libraries  of  Do.,     .                .       976,033 

"          Theological  Schools,       ....                        .                .  44 

"          Professors  in  Do., ...  126 

Students  in  Do., 1,372 

(being  1  Instructor  to  10.S9  Students  on  an  average.) 

"      Educated  since  Foundation  of  Do., 8,195 

14          Volumes  in  Libraries  of  Do.,          .                201,547 

Law  Schools,       .... 17 

Professors  in  Do., 37 

Students  in  Do. 473 

(being  1  Instructor  to  12.78  Students  on  an  average.) 

Medical  Schools, ...  87 

"          Professors  in  Do.,        .        .                254 

"         Students  in  Do., .  5,181 

(being  1  Instructor  to  20.4  Students  on  an  average.) 

Number  of  Graduates  of  Do., .         18,150 

Normal  Schools — [see  Normal  Schools.] 

For  the  results  of  education,  it  may  be  instructive  to  compare  the  native 
white  population,  and  the  number  of  native  white  adults  ignorant  of  letters  in 
a  few  States  • 


844 


THE   WORLD'S   PROGRESS. 


Nf:iine,      .. 
North  Carolina, 
Massachusetts, 
Tennessee, 
Ohio 
Virginia, 
Connecticut, 
Maryland 
Rhode  Island, 
Louisiana,    . 
New-  York, 
Missouri, 


Populatio 
54!),  (574 
550,267 
819,044 
749  661 

l,732,09d 
871,893 
324,095 
366,650 
119.975 
187,558 

2,383,830 
514,527 


Ignorant  Adult*. 

1.994 
73,226 


77,017 
51,963 
75,863 

726 
17,364 

981 
14,950 
23,241 
34,443 


It  is  worthy  of  remark  that  the  two  oldest  colleges  of  the  United  States, 
Harvard  and  Yale,  have  independent  chairs  of  Zoology  ;  while  the  two 
great  Universities  of  England  afford  no  means  of  instruction  in  those  de- 
partments, except  such  as  are  derived  from  the  casual  lectures  of  the  reader 
in  Anatomy  and  Physiology. 

EMIGRATION  STATISTICS—  GREAT  BRITAIN. 

Return  by  the  Land  and  Emigration  Commissioners  of  the  Emigration  from  the  United 
Kingdom,  during  the  Twenty-six  years  from  1825-50,  inclusive.* 


Years. 

To  the  North 
American 
Colonies. 

To  United 
States. 

To  Australian 
Colonies  and 
New  Zealand. 

To  all  other 
Places. 

Total. 

1825 

8,741 

5,551 

485 

114 

14,891 

1826 

12,il8 

7.063 

903 

116 

20,900 

1827 

12,643 

14,526 

715 

114 

28,003 

1823 

12,084 

12,817 

1.056 

135 

26,092 

1829 

13.3D7 

15,678 

2,016 

197 

31,198 

1830 

30,574 

24,837 

1,242 

204 

56,907 

1831 

5S,n67 

23,418 

1,561 

114 

83,160 

1833 

66.339 

32,872 

3,733 

196 

103,140 

1833 

23,808     • 

29,109 

4,093 

517 

62,527 

1834 

40,060 

33,074 

2,800 

238 

76,222 

1S35 

15,573 

26,720 

1,860 

325 

44,473 

1886 

34.226 

37J74 

8,124 

293 

75,417 

1837 

29,334 

36,770 

5,054 

826 

72,034 

1833 

4,577 

14,332 

14,021 

292 

33,222 

1839 

12,653 

33.536 

15,786 

227 

92,307 

1840 

32,293 

40,642 

15,850 

1,958 

9.».743 

1841 

33,164 

45,017 

32,625 

2,786 

118,592 

1842 

54,123 

63,852 

8.534 

1,835 

128,344 

1S43 

23,518 

28,335 

8,478 

1,881 

57,212 

1S44 

22,924 

43,660 

2,229 

1,873 

70,636 

1845 

31,803 

58,533 

830 

2,330 

93,501 

1846 

43,439 

82,239 

2,347 

1,826 

129,851 

1847 

109,680 

142,154 

4,949 

1,487 

258,270 

184S 

31,065 

188,233 

23,904 

4,887 

243,089 

1819 

41,367 

219,450 

32,191 

6,490 

29i»,493 

1850 

32,961 

223,078 

16,037 

8,773 

280,849 

1851    | 

to  March  > 
81        I 

•  • 

•  • 

•  • 

56,534 

Total, 

•  • 

2,622,617 

*  The  Return  does  not  distinguish  the  emigrants  born  in  Great  Britain  irom  thoso  born  in 
Ireland. 


APPENDIX  -  EMIGRATION  —  FINANCES.  845 

Report  as  at  least  $86,255.88.     The  following  table  shows  the  territorial 
increase  of  the  United  States  since  1783,  as  given  in  the  compendium  of  the 

last  Census  : 

Square  Miles. 

1783.  Area  of  the  Union  at  the  peace,  -  -                    820,630 

1803.  The  purchase  of  Louisiana  added  about  ...              899,579 

1819.  The  acquisition  of  Florida  added,  -           -                                  66.900 

1845.  Admission  of  Texas,  (Emory's  Map,  1844,)  -  -           -              318,000 

1846.  Oregon  Treaty,      -                        -  ....        808,052 
1848.  Treaty  of  Guadalupe  Hidalgo,  j 

1853.  With  Mesilla  Valley,  f 


1855.  Total  area  of  the  United  States,  -  -     2,963,666 

The  present  area  of  the  Slave  States  is  851,508  square  miles;  that  of  the 
Free  States  612,597  square  miles;  total  area  occupied  by  the  States, 
1,464,105  square  miles;  area  occupied  by  the  territories,  1,494,561  square 
miles,  or  a  little  more  than  half  of  the  entire  Union. 

FINANCES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.  Statement  of  duties,  revenues,  and 
public  expenditures,  during  the  fiscal  year  ending  June  30,  1854,  agreeably 
to  warrants  issued,  exclusive  of  trust  funds  and  Treasury  notes  funded: 

• 

RECEIPTS. 

The  receipts  into  the  Treasury,  during  the  fiscal  year  ending  June  30,  1854,  were  as  follows  • 
From  Customs,  viz.  : 

During  the  quarter  ending  September  30,  1853,     .        .        .    $19,718,82200 
"  "  "       December  31,  1853,  .        .        .          13,587,821  27 

"  "  "       March  31,  1854,     ....      16,896,724  83 

"  "  "       June  30,  1854,  ....          14,020,822  17 

---  $64,224.190  27 
From  sales  of  public  lands,  viz.: 

During  the  quarter  ending  September  30,  1853,      .        .        .        1,439.562  05 
"  "       December  31,  1853,  .        .        .  2,223,076  39 

"  "  "       March  31,  1854,     ....        2,012,908  36 

"  "  "      June  30,  1854,    ....  2,745,251  59 

--      8.470,798  39 
From  miscellaneous  and  incidental  sources,       .  ....  854,716  54 

Total  receipts,          ........  .  73,549,705  20 

Balance  in  the  Treasury,  July  1,  1853,     .  .  .      21,942,892  50 

Total  means,    .......  ....        $95,492,597  76 

EXPENDITURES, 

Total  civil,     ..............  $4,649,384  93 

"     foreign  intercourse,          ..........  7,726,677  13 

"     miscellaneous,      ............  13,531,310  33 

under  Department  of  the  Interior,         .......  2,609.05479 

"     under  the  "War  Department,      .........  11,733,629  48 

under  the  Navy  Department,         ........  10,768,192  89 

"     public  debt,         .        ...........  24,336,380  66 

Total  expenditures,  .  .......       $75,354,630  26 

Balance  in  the  Treasury,  July  1,  1854,     .......    $20,137,967  50 

Receipts  and  cxpen<f:iture§  for  the  quarter  ending  September  30,  1854,  exclusive  of  trust 

funds  : 

Receipts,     ..............        $21,521,302  85 

i- 

Expenditures,  .  ...       .......    $18,169,330  62 


846 


THE    WORLD  S    PROGRESS. 


Statement  of  the  Expenditures  of  the  United  States  for  65  years,  exclusive  of  Payments 
account  of  the  Public  Debt  and  from  Trust  Funds,  fractions  excluded. 


Years. 

Civil  List, 
Foreign  Inter- 
course, and 
Miscellaneous. 

Military  Es- 
tablishment.! 

Naval  Estab- 
lishment. 

Aggregate  of  Expenditure. 

In  each  Year. 

In  each  Period 
of  Four  Years. 

1739-91 

1792 
1793 
1794 
1795 
1796 
1797 
1793 
1799 
1800 
1801 
1802 
1803 
1804 
1805 
1806 
1807 
1808 
1309 
1810 
1811 
1812 
1813 
1814 
1815 
1816 
1317 
1318 
1819 
1820 
1821 
1822 
1823 
1824 
1825 
1S26 
1327 
1328 
1329 
1830 
1831 
1832 
1333 
1834 
1835 
1336 
1837 
1833 
1339 
134') 
1841 
1342 
6  mo.  of  1843 
*1844 
*1345 
*1846 
*1847 
*1348 
*1849 
*1850 
*1S51 
*1852 
#1358 

$1,033.4;  il 
654,257 
472,450 
7o5,598 
1,267.037 
772,435 
1,246,904 
1,111,033 
1.0311,392 
1.337,613 
1,114.768 
1,462,929 
1,842.636 
2,191,009 
3,763,533 
2,891,037 
1,6(J7,S97 
1,423,236 
l,215,Si»4 
1,101,145 
1,367,291 
1,683,083 
1,729,435 
2,208,029 
2.898,871 
2,989,742 
3,518,937 
3,835,839 
3,067,212 
2,592,022 
2,223,122 
1,967,996 
2,022,094 
7,155.308 
2,748,544 
2,600,178 
2,314,777 
2,886,052 
3,092,214 
3,233,416 
3,064,346 
4,574,841 
5,051,739 
4,399,779 
3,720.167 
5.383.371 
5,524,253 
5,666,7'  13 
4.994,562 
5,531,373 
6,49'  ',831 
6.775.625 
2,867.289 
5.231.747 
5,608,201 
6,733.000 
6,715,854 
5,535,070 
14,017,640 
14,839,725 
17,872.967 
17.379,763 
17,175.797 

$835.618 
1,223:594 
1,237,620 
2,733,540 
2,573,059 
1,474,661 
1,194,055 
2,130,837 
2,532.693 
2,625,041 
1,755,477 
1,353,539 
944,953 
1.072,017 
991,136 
1,540,431 
1,564,611 
3,196,985 
3,771,109 
2,555,693 
2,259,747 
12,187,046 
19,906,362 
20,608,366 
15,394,700 
16,475,412 
8,621,075 
7,019,140 
9,385,421 
6,154,518 
5,181,114 
5,635,187 
5,258,295 
5,270,255 
5,692,831 
6,243,236 
5,675,742 
5,701,203 
6,25:1,530 
6,752.639 

6,943,239 

7,982,877 
13,096,152 
10,061,423 
9,42n,313 
18,466,110 
19,417.274 
19,936.312 
14,263,931 
11,621,433 
13.704,832 
9,183,469 
4,153,334 
8,231,317 
9,533,2:  )3 
13,579,423 
41,231,6  16 
27,820.163 
17,29^,936 
12,801,764 
ll,s  11,793 
13,424,075 
15,476,826 

$570 
53 

61,409 
410,562 
274,784 
332,632 
1,381,343 
2,853,082 
3,443,716 
2.111,424 
915,562 
1,215,231 
1,139,833 
1,597,500 
1.649,641 
1,722  064 
1,884,068 
2,427,759 
1,654,244 
1,965,566 
3,959,365 
6,446,600 
7,311,291 
8,660,000 
3,908,273 
3,314.598 
2,953,695 
3,847,640 
4,337,990 
3,319,24=3 
2,224,459 
2,503,766 
2,904,532 
3,049,084 
4,213,902 
4,263,878 
3,918,786 
3,3;)S,745 
3,239,429 
3,856,183 
3,956,370 
3,901,357 
3,956,260 
3,364,939 
5,800,763 
6,852.060 
5.975,771 
6,225,003 
6,124,456 
6,001,077 
8,397,243 
3,672.718 
6,496,991 
6,223,639 
6,450,362 
7,931,633 
9,4,16.737 
9,369,813 
7,923,>13 
8,937,793 
8,923,236 
10,891,640 

$1,919,539 
1,877,904 
1,710,070 
3,500,547 
4.350.658 
2,521,930 
2,823.591 
4,623,223 
6,480,167 
7,411,370 
4.981,669 
3,737,080 
4,002,825 
4,452,859 
6,357,224 
6,081.109 
4,984,572 
6,504,339 
7.414,672 
5,311,082 
5,592,604 
17,829,499 
28,032,397 
30,127,636 
26,953,571 
23,373,432 
15,454,610 
13,808,674 
16,300,273 
13,134,530 
10,723,479 
9,827,642 
9.784,155 
15,331,145 
11,490,459 
13.062,816 
12,254.397 
12,506,041 
12.651,439 
13,220,534 
13.863,768 
16,514,088 
22.049,298 
18,420.467 
17,005,419 
29,655,244 
31,793,537 
31,578,785 
25,488.547 
23,327,772 
26,196,840 
24,361,337 
10,698,391 
19,960,055 
21,370,049 
26,813,290 
55,929,093 
42,811,970 
57,631,667 
43,002,163 
48,005,379 
46,007,396 
43,543,263 

$3,797,493 

12,083,205 

21,338,351 

17,174,433 

23,927,244 

86,147,857 

108,537,086 

58,693,087 

45,665,421 

49,313,213 

56,249,879 

87,130,423 

112,188,691 

81,216,623 

146,924,403 

194,647,610 

*  1  or  the  year  ending  June  30.        t  Including  the  Department  of  the  Interior  for  and  since  1850. 


APPENDIX — FINANCE   TABLES. 


847 


Statement  of  the  Receipts  into  the  National   Treasury,  from  Customs,  Inttrnal   Revenue,  and 
Direct  Taxes,  and  Sak-s  of  Public  Lands,  for  65  years,  from  1739  to  1853  inclusive. 


Years. 

Customs. 

Internal  and 
Direct  Taxes. 

Sales  of  Lands 
and  Mis- 
cellaneous. 

Aggregate  of  Kt/ceipts 

i 
In  each  Tear. 

In  each  I'eriod 
of  Four  Yi-ars. 

1789-91 
1792 
1793 
1794 
1795 
1796 
1797 
1793 
1799 
1800 
1301 
1802 
1303 
1804 
1805 
1806 
1807 
1808 
1309 
1810 
1811 
1812 
1813 
1814 
1815 
1816 
1817 
1813 
1819 
1820 
1821 
1322 
1823 
1324 
1825 
1826 
1827 
1828 
'    1829 
1830 
1831 
1832 
1833 
1834 
1835 
1836 
1837 
1338 
1839 
1840 
1841 
1842 
6  nio.  of  1843 
MS44 
*1845 
*1846 
*1847 
•1848 
*1849 
*1S50 
*1S51 
*1S52 
*1853 

$4,399,473 
3,443,071 
4,255,306 
4,801,065 
5.588,461 
6.567.  9  S3 
7,549,650 
7,10"6,062 
6,61*1.449 
9,!  130.933 
10,75!  1,779 
12,438,236 
10,479,418 
11,098,465 
12,936,487 
14,667,693 
15,845,522 
16,363,550 
7,296,021 
8,588,309 
13,313,223 
8,958,778 
13,224,623 
5,998.772 
7,282,942 
36,306.875 
26,233,343 
17,176,335 
20,283,609 
15,005,612 
13,004,447 
17,589,762 
19,088,433 
17,873,326 
20,098,714 
23,341,332 
19,712,2.33 
23,205.524 
22,631,966 
21,922,391 
24,224,442 
23,465,237 
29.032,509 
16,214,957 
19,391,311 
23,409.940 
11,169,290 
16.158,300 
23,137,925 
13,499,502 
14,487,217 
18,187,909 
7,046,844 
26,183,571 
27,528,113 
26,712.668 
23,747,864 
31,757,070 
28,346,738 
39,668.686 
49,017,568 
47,339,326 
53,931,865 

$208,943 
337,706 
274,090 
337,755 
475.290 
575.491 
644,^53 
779,136 
1,543,620 
1,552,377 
823,464 
237,059 
101,139 
43,631 
75.365 
47,734 
27,370 
11,562 
19,879 
9,962 
5.762 
8,561 
3.882,482 
.  6,840,733 
9,378.344 
4,512,288 
1,219,613 
313,244 
137,347 
93,377 
88.617 
44,580 
40,865 
28,102 
28,228 
22,513 
19,671 
25,338 
29,141 
17,440 
13,422 
3,153 
4,216 
14,723 
1,099 

$4,836 
83,541 
11,963 

444 
167,726 
188,628 
165,676 
4S7.527 
540,194 
765,246 
460.163 
647,939 
442,252 
696,549 
1,040,233 
710,423 
835,655 
1.135.971 
1,237,959 
1,717,935 
1,991,226 
2,606,565 
3.274,423 
1,635,872 
1,212,966 
1,8(13,582 
916,523 
984,418 
1.216,090 
1,393,735 
1,495,945 
1,013.309 
1,517,175 
2.329,356 
3,210,815 
2,623,331 
3.967,632 
4,857,601 
4,757,601 
4,877,130 
6,863,556 
8,214,134 
7,261.118 
3,494,356 
1,470,295 
1,456,053 
1,018,482 
2,320,948 
2,241,021 
2,736,579 
2,598.926 
8,679,679 
2,727,603 
8,707,112 
3,295,412 
2,339,060 
2,405,709 

$4.399,478 
3,652.014 
4,593,012 
5,075,155 
5,926,216 
7,043,114 
8,208,632 
7,762.883 
T,889,586 
10.624,997 
12,500,882 
13,455,328 
10,932.153 
11,637,231 
13,520,312 
15,508,8119 
Ki.359.469 
17,1  '38,359 
7,749.835 
9.299,737 
14,363,423 
9.674,968 
14,U68,889 
11,017,225 
15,411,634 
47.4.2.204 
32.786.802 
21.002.563 
23.^71.276 
16.779.331 
14,316,190 
19,481.961 
20,049.536 
18.903.6',i9 
21,848,906 
24,763.345 
21.23ii,641 
24,248.504 
24.224,979 
•--;    24.280,833 
27,452.697 
31,107,040 
33.003,344 
21,076,774 
84,163,635 
48,288,219 
18,032,346 
19,372,984 
30,399,043 
16.993,858 
15,957,512 
19,643,967 
8,065,326 
23,504,519 
29,769,134 
29,499,247 
26,346,790 
35,436,750 
31,074,347 
43,375,793 
52,312.979 
49,728,336 
61,337,574 

$3,051,437 

22,642,497 

83,985.617 

48,575  694 
62,427.449 

41,087,963 

S7,9')0,9f:2 

94.440.032 

72,750,896 

91,580,396 

107,065,604 
136,531,972 

84,798,731 

72,171,824 

121,051,921 

176,491,510 

•  For  the  year  ending  June  80. 


848 


THE    WORLD  S    PROGRSS8. 


FINANCES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES— continued. 

Statement  of  the  Debt  of  the  United  States,  the  Total  Value  ol  Imports  and  Exports,  and  th« 
Total  Tonnage,  for  63  years,  from  1791  to  1853,  fractions  excluded. 


Yeare. 

Debt. 

Imports. 

Exjorts. 

Tonnage. 

1791 

$75,463,476 

$52,200,000 

$19,012,041 

502.146 

1792 

77,227,924 

31,500,000 

20,753,098 

564,437 

1793 

80,352.634 

31,100,000 

26,109,572 

491,780 

1794 

78,427,405 

34,600,000 

83,026,233 

628,817 

1795 

80.747,557 

69,756,268 

47.989,472 

747,964 

1796 

83,762,172 

81,436,l»i4 

67.064.097 

831.900 

1797 

82.064,479 

75,379.406 

56.850,206 

876,913 

1793 

79,228.529 

63551-700 

61.527,097 

898,323 

1799 

78,40S;670 

79,068,148 

78.665,522 

946,403 

1800 

82,976,294 

91,252,763 

70,971,780 

972,492 

1801 

83,038,051 

111,363,511 

94  115,925 

1,033.219 

1802 

80,712,632 

7.1,333,333 

72.433,160 

392,101 

1803 

77,054,686 

64,6(56,666 

5.»,800,033 

949,147 

1804 

86,427.121 

85,000,000 

77,699,074 

1,042.404 

1805 

82,312.150 

120,000,000 

95,566,021 

1,140,369 

1806 

75,723,271 

129.000,000 

101,536,963 

1,203,735 

1807 

69,218,399 

138.500,000 

108,343,150 

1,268,548 

1808 

65,196,318 

56,990,000 

22,439,960 

1,242,595 

1809 

57,023,192 

59,400,000 

52.203,231 

1,350,281 

1810 

53,173,217 

85,400,000 

66,757.974 

1,424,783 

1811 

48,005,588 

53,400,000 

61,316.831 

1,232,502 

1812 

45,209,738 

77,030.000 

38,527.236 

1,269.997 

1813 

55,962,823 

22,005,000 

27,855,997 

1,666,623 

1814 

81,487,846 

12,965,000 

6,927,441 

1,159,209 

1815 

99,833,660 

113,041,274 

52,557,753 

1,368,127 

1816 

127,334,934 

147,103.000 

81,920,452 

1,372.218 

1817 

123,491,965 

99,250,000 

87,671,569 

1.399,912 

1818 

103,46(3,634 

121,750,000 

93,231,133 

1,225,134 

1819 

95,529,643 

87,125,000 

70,142,521 

1,260,751 

1820 

91,015,566 

74,450,000 

69,691,669 

1,280,166 

1821 

89,987,423 

62,585,724 

64,974,382 

1,298,958 

1822 

93,546,677 

83,241,541 

72,160,231 

1,3-24,699 

1823 

90.875,877 

77,579,267 

74,699,030 

1,336,566 

1824 

90,269,778 

80,549,007 

75,936,657 

1,399,163 

1825 

83.738,433 

96,340,075 

99,535,383 

1,423,112 

1826 

81,054,060 

84,974,477 

77,595,322 

1,534.191 

1827 

73,987,357 

79,484,068 

82.324.827 

J,  620.  603 

1828 

67.475,044 

88,509,824 

72,264,636 

1,741,392 

1829 

58,421,414 

74,492,527 

72,353,671 

1,260,798 

1830 

48,565,406 

70,876,920 

73,849,503 

1,191,776 

1831 

39,123,192 

103,191.134 

81,310.583 

1.267,347 

1832 

24,322,235 

101,029,26i) 

87,176,943 

1,439,450 

1833 

7.001,699 

108,113,311 

90,140,438 

1,606,151 

1834 

4,760.082 

126,521,332 

104,336,978 

1,758,907 

1835 

37,733 

149,895,742 

121,693,577 

1,324,940 

1836 

37,513 

189,930,035 

128,663,040 

1,382,103 

1837 

1,878,224 

140,989,217 

117,419,376 

1.896,686 

1838 

4,857,660 

108,486,616 

113,717.404 

1,995,640 

1839 

11,983,738 

121,028,416 

162,092,132 

2,096,330 

1840 

5,125,078 

131,571,950 

104,805,891 

2,180,764 

1841 

6,737,398 

127,946,177 

121,851,803 

2,130,744 

1842 

15,028,486 

100,162,087 

104,691,534 

2.092,391 

1843 

26,898,953 

64,753,799* 

84,346,430* 

2,153,603 

1844 

26,143,996 

108,435,035f 

lll,200,046t 

2,230,095 

1845 

16,801,647 

117,254,564t 

1  14,646,  606t 

2,417,002 

1846 

24,256,495 

121,691,797f 

113,488,516t 

2,562,085 

1847 

45,659,659 

146.545,633t 

158,648,622t                  2,839,046 

1848 

65,804,450 

154,977.92Sf 

154,036,436t                  3,154,042 

1849 

64,704,693 

147,857,439f 

145,755,S20f                 3,334,015 

1S50 

64,228,233 

178,133,31St 

136,946,912t 

3,535,454 

1851 

62,560,395 

216,224,932t 

218,338,01  It 

3,772,439 

1852 

67,560,395 

212,945,442f 

209,641,625t 

4,138,441 

1853 

56,336,157 

267,978,  G47f 

230,976,  157t 

4,407,010 

Only  nine  months  of  1S43. 


t  For  the  year  ending  June  80. 


APPENDIX FINANCE   TABLES. 


849 


FINANCES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES— continued. 

Public  Debt  of  the  United  States,  July  1,  1854. 

Loan  of  1842, 

Loan  of  1843,     .  

Loan  of  1846,         ........... 

Loan  of  1847, 

Loan  of  1848, 

Texan  indemnity, 

Texan  indemnity  not  issued, 

Old  funded  and  unfunded  debt, 

Treasury  notes  outstanding,        ........ 

Debt  of  the  corporate  cities  of  the  District  of  Columbia, 


$5,217,420  81 

27,900  00 

2,647,213  26 

16,745,350  00 

12,889,741  80 

4,480,000  00 

5,000,000  00 

114,118  54 

113,261  64 

7,200  00 

$47,242,206  05 


Interest  paid  during  the  fiscal  year  upon  the  public  debt  outstanding  June 

80,  1854, $2,717,140  15 

Amount  of  stock  redeemed  during  the  fiscal  year  ending  June  30, 1854,     .  20,098,422  78 

Amount  of  premium  paid  on  stock  redeemed  during  the  year,        .        .        .  2,991,668  69 

Amount  of  interest  paid  on  stock  redeemed  during  the  year,       .       .       .  353,876  54 


Principal,  Premium,  and  Interest,  paid  of  the  Public  Debt,  from  July  1  to  November  20, 
1854,  and  amount  outstanding  November  20,  1854. 


Loan. 

Principal. 

Premium. 

Interest. 

Outstanding. 

1842,  

$394,250  00 

$46,720  00 

$7,577  93 

$4,823,170  81 

1843,  

25,500  00 

637  50 

2,4CO  00 

1844,  . 

379,200  00 

11,976  00 

5,172  86 

2,263,013  26 

1846       .              

1,035,000  00 

177,175  00 

18,434  44 

15,710,500  00 

1848,  

813,150  00 

53,009  00 

5,951  80 

12,576,591  80 

Texan  indemnity,   

116,000  00 

7,680  00 

1,614  93 

4,364,000  00 

Texan  indemnity  not  issued, 

Old    funded    and    unfunded 
debt,  

»  •  •  • 

•  *  •  * 

6,000,000  00 
114,118  54 

Treasury  notes,  

50  00 

4  05 

113,061  64 

Debt  of  corporate  cities,  .... 

8,600  00 



500  00 

8,600  00 

Total,  

2,266,750  00 

296,560  00 

40,893  51 

4-1,975,456  05 

850 


THE    WORLD  S    PROGRESS. 


FINANCES  l  F  THE  UNITED  STATES  —continued 


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APPENDIX — LIBRARY   TABLES. 


851 


FINANCES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.— continued 


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o 


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]  TH  —  CO  to  OO 


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r-      '  "3    t»5 

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•?  ^  .=  »  2 

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SO   T— t    1*1   CO   O   CM    CM   T*<    C-t    O    ?} 


=  t—  GO  SO«M  • 


TH  —  to  CO  Ol  T-I  CM  Ol 
Cl  CO  O3  CO  TH  OC  CO  TH 
b-'TCOGOOOO  — -»C 

TH  o  o  t—  01  co  *o  — 

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* 


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— 


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t—  TfOCOSMt—  TtCOOClCM  COT-5OCO«b-O- 


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no  cc  iA  TH  t-. 


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c.5 


cotoiocooi  COO^T- itoco      ci- 

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O  «O  O  O  t—  C»         t— iNOCi  t-^T—  CM_tO  CM  CO  CS_CO  5i  —  C;  b—  T-^CO  O  Cl  CO 

ci'-^'cT  to'T-T 


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CO  CO  O  lO  O  CO  O  «5  iO  —  IM 
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cc  ^r  T- 

23  :  :  :  :  : 

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b—  CSltOOiCOl—  C 

co  o  cc  TH  co  co  o  ^4  T-'  t    co 

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TH  TH  CM  TH  TH  sq  TH  TH  TH         CM  CS>  CM  «4  CO  O4         CO  •<*  •*  »O  <O 


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»  06  <£  ao  oo  i 


82* 


I 


852 


THE    WORLD  S    PROGRESS. 


FINANCES  OF  THE  STATES  OF  THE  UNION,  COMPARATIVE  VIEW  OF. 


Ordinary  ann 
expenditure 


, 
f 
ls 


exclusi 
ebts  Asc 


OOO  OOOO  OOOOOOOOOOOOOQQO' 

ooooooooooooooooooo< 


o  o  o  o  o  o 
o  o  o  o  o  o  o 


—  o  o"o"c: 


OOOOr-KN 
O  O  O  O  <M  l 


<M  o  c-  cooo 
K>  GO  T-I  T-*  fc*>  ie 


»"i  o  o" 
co  ecYira 


LI  »c 


O  -s 


.'       '       I  "±  rH 

to  CM 
t-eo 


•**  00 
CO  id 
CO  OS 

esfoT 

I-  Os 
rH_00_ 

t-^io~ 


:§ 

it 

.  lO 
,<M 


.  000 
.  O  CO 
.  O  OS 

•  cTco" 

'  O  rH 
•  O  Tj( 


§ 


•c  »- 

Is, 

ft,? 


OB 


_co 
C  c  TjT 

»s§ 


_CO05OCOCOCOOCOO 
CO*"  lrf"  -f  CC~  O"  IK  T-T  O"  • 


r^T 
Tfi-lCN-t-iCOCOOCOiOO 

"     "      00'    10'10' 


.  CO  O  OO 

•  »o  o  o  o 


O  OOJ 

o  o^co 
" 


Oh- 

o  <y> 
" 


>o  "*~! 

T-I  CO  CO  CO  CO   ::  CO  -t  Oi 
OOCiOSCOOcOcO  TO 


Amount  of 
School  fund 


CO  Tt*  I—  ^1  CO  CO      •  O  CO  ^O 

^*      >      ^OOrHOOOt—      -OrfO 

;  jcfcTco' 


- 
(M       c;  co  cd 

1-1          <jfco" 


-O 

•  OO 
-0 


00 


CO  GO 
CO 


•  O  O  <M  O  '  _ 

•  O  t—  <M  O  OCO  i- 

•  O  O^CO  O^O  O  CO 

!  o  o  T+I  o  o  os  ic 
.  <2  2  «  2  £  o>  >r 


•*  <o 

O  CO 

coco 


O  CO  O  ifi  CO  ifi  CO  CO  OS 

(MCJCOOCOt—  -fiO  — 
~ 


O  co  t- 

ic  <o  T-I 


^  0?     - 

i  co  co  co 


<—  i  T-I  —  t-  co 


- 

o      .a 


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^OrHO 
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S0_ 


o  o  o  o  o 
o  o  o  o  o 

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co  O5  COO  eo 
CO  CO  T-H  rH  rH 


OOO 
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000 

o'co'o" 

T- I  CO  <M 
CO  T-H  rH 


rH  O  O  OS  O  O 

co  o  o  aa  o  o 

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O  1C  CO  OO  O  OO 

CO  CO  O  rH  CN< 


O  O  O  O 
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Too  oo 


CO 


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'  CiCV 


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0) 

Q 


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•»  —  CO  T)I  t—         OlO~ 


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^*     "'' 


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- 


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O  I—  t—  CO  1C  Tp  —  O  OO 


T-ci  ri  3S  r-  Ifi  CD' 

<MrHO~O-—  C:—  < 


Contingen 
debt. 


1C  O  O3  O 

ic  co  T-I  -* 


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Iff 


co  r- 


COco 


-OOO 

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rH(Mff>t»T-l>—  OO" 

THOSr-COOJCSOCOOO 


IOO..CO.  COIOrHCOCOffatM  —  GO 

o  <M         .  ifj    .  ;oo5oaooiSowooc/3 

.  o__co^    .    .  co^   .    .    .    ;    .    I    .    .    ;    T-^OO  *f  ^__i- 10  rr  i-  :? 

•  »rf"oO'      •       •  T-T !  o"rH  C^r-'GO'c 'i.-'  ^-'  -H 

CO  CO  «  CO  CO  Tf  CO  iO  Tfl 


bsol 
deb 


o          10      ecoeoo*      i-.h-ocoes»      i—t-o—iocoaocsOrHi—  oooifi 

— '  -    C  ^  C  Cc"cD"T-T-^3"  c  CC'os'dCO'rH    j;  OO "r-"  O/  Co" CO  Co" CD  1C*  h^" T-T  -f  -ji  T-T 


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—  CO  00_t—  r-i 

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rHiOCC'Ctl'T*CO~O'M 
OS  CO  CO  CO  CC  1C  CO  =  C3 

cococo-sico-l-r  y.  -z> 


CO  CO  O 


t-  1—  1-1  CO 


•»~l  "H"  OS  O  OS  O  OS  »C  d 
OsOO'-^t—  cot—  OOt— 


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2  5 


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iC   "C  1C  O  T  -f  -*  ^ 
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rX      r°' 

OiH 


APPENDIX LIBRARY    TABLES. 


853 


FINANCES  OF  THE  STATES  OF  THE  UNION— continued. 

Amount  of  the  securities  of  the  several  States,  etc.,  held  in  England  and  other  foreign  countries, 

June  30,  1858. 


State. 

State  bonds. 

City,  town, 
and  county 
bonds. 

Bank  capital. 

Capital  in 
insurance 
companies. 

Railroad 
stock  and 
bonds. 

Maine                   

$ 
None. 
None. 
None. 
4,000,000 
None. 
None. 
6,758,700 
None. 
26.584,671 
None. 
8,537,917 
3,075,909 
Not  known. 
937,777 
72,000 
None. 
4,397.666 
8,000,000 
Not  known. 
Not  known 
Not  known 
Not  known 
40,000 
Not  known. 
2,570,960 
7,750,000 
Not  known. 
None. 
None. 
195,907 

$ 

$ 
48,500 
100 
16,145 
438,150 
7,000 
23,500 
1,774,995 
2,750 
167,420 

$ 

$ 

510,000 
196,700 

.New  Hampshire              • 

Vermont       

Massachusetts,  

4,000,000 

8,000 

5,105,496 

Khocle  Inland                 . 

Connecticut.  

140.000 
9,919,900 
3,541,750 
12,076,526 

New  York,  

4,109,372 
350.000 
1,201,500 

192,352 

New  Jersey 

Pennsylvania,  

101,020 

Dels  ware 

Maryland 

323,426 
26,000 

I,d65,000 
626,032 
835,779 
1,914,444 
69,100 

"Virginia 

125,000 

North  Carolina 

South  Carolina, 

165,925 
55,550 

Georgia         

35,018 

Florida 

Alabama  

442,856 
4,000,000 

604,100 
2,548,400 

81,800 

500,000 
74,000 

Louisiana 

Arkansas,  

Mississippi 

Tennessee               .... 

15,000 
1,036,000 

841,500 
79,200 
40,300 

48,000 
200,000 

Kentucky 

fidissouri 

Illinois 

75,000 
50,000 
5,707,000 

2,016,5nO 
1,708,466 
3,637,884 
1,314.(M)0 
600,000 

Indiana,  
Ohio         

Michigan  . 

"Wisconsin 

Iowa. 

Texas 

District  of  Columbia,  
Total,  

Not  known 

25,015 
6,69S,99l> 

72,931,507 

21,462,322 

878,172    1    43,169,777 

United  States  stocks  held  abroad  30th  June,  1853  : 

Total, 

Held  by  foreigners,  -  - 


$58,205,517 
27,000,000 


854 


THE    WORLD  S   PROGRESS. 


GOLD,  CONSUMPTION  OF 


$ 

•3 

I 


c 
cj 


I 


O 
*» 

C 


13  oo 


.  to  o 

O  10 

1*1 

s  s 


I 


S  3 

• 


C 

§) 


.2 

'3 

.s 


<6 

« 


S 


oooo 


OOirt 

ooo 


ICO  —  t—  —  -*—  I—  OO 

iC-I^COOSb-O-lO  — 
iCO'Ht— b-OCOGOOS 

»rf"-^"t-^os  ai"o 

CO  ^^  ^J^  *O  CO 


Ob-        Tf  CO 


SO 


•  O  TO      •  Tf  <M  •  —  •      • 

•  <N  O      •  r-  CO      •      •  «».    • 

" 


>c 

:$  : 

.  co"   . 


o  o  o  o  o  o  o 
o  o  o  o  o  o  o 

t-  CO  O  CO  ci  <»  OO 

•  r-  Tf  m  CO^CO^  r-t 

1  ^  *ft  CO  CO  CO  i"^  CO 
1  CO  t-i  GO 

co  •*  ^n  o  co 


O  Tf  'M 

•  CD  OO  OJ  O»  —  •  SO 


_ 
eo" 


03    - 


09 

1° 

o 

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eo  OH-  cot-rj< 

•  TT  «O  O5  T-l  00  <H 


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co  o  10  c^  co  T~*  iO 


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II 


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Periods. 


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G-l  1O  i"^  TH 

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«  50  ^ 


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1 

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CO 
C3 

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40 

t-i' 
t- 

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t-o>    

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CO  —  < 

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s  •  .  -  ;  -  .1 

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•^  TH  r-(  r*  i—  «  rH  vH  rH 

APPENDIX — POPULATION   TABLES. 


855 


LIBRARIES. 

Approximate  Tabular  View  of  the  Libraries  containing  10,000  Volumes  or  upwards,  acces- 
sible to  the  Public,  in  the  several  States  of  Europe ;  also,  the  whole  Number  of  Libraries 
in  said  States,  and  the  Number  of  Volumes  and  of  Manuscripts  contained  therein  in  1S43. 


Name  of  State. 

** 

<D    o 

•ofs- 

.So 

<-•  55 
go 

£  ° 

1-1  bD 

««    j; 

~.  -3 
o  <u 
£  « 
25  w 

Aggre- 
gate Popu- 
lation of 
Cities  and 
Towns 
containing 
said  Lib- 
raries. 

Aggre- 
gate Num- 
ber of 
Volumes 
in  said 
Libraries. 

«s  . 

!>>~  «2 

p§! 
£'•§£ 

SB 

•2  S« 
0  &  » 
^  aj  o 

*--5£ 

°<~o 

6^ 

£o"« 
S  <" 

Whole  Number  of  Lib- 
raries. 

Aggre- 
gate Num- 
ber of 
Volumes 
of  Printed 
Books  in 
1848.  . 

No.  of 
Vol- 
umes of 
Mr-S.in 
184S. 

Anhalt,   

1 

11479 

20,000 

170 

2 

25700 

Austrian  States,  

49 

1,443,187 

2,408,000 

167 

49 

2  408,000 

41.103 

Baden,  

5 

72  960 

404,300 

540 

5 

404  300 

3  170 

Bavaria,  

18 

373,337 

1,268,500 

339 

18 

1,268,500 

30.156 

Belgium,  

14 

538  564 

509,100 

95 

14 

509  1UO 

20,728 

Bieinen,    

2 

42  000 

36,000 

86 

2 

36000 

Brunswick,  

1 

8,500 

200,000 

2,353 

6 

223,000 

4,580 

Cracow,  

2 

37,000 

52,000 

141 

2 

52,000 

2,210 

Denmark,  

5 

156  692 

647,000 

412 

5 

647  000 

3,200 

France,  

109 

3,183  120 

4,092,695 

129 

186 

4,510,295 

119,119 

Frankfort-on-the-Maine,  .  . 
Great  Britain  and  Ireland,* 
Hamburg,*  

1 
34 
6 

66.244 
3,344.916 

128  000 

62.000 
1,771,493 
200,367 

94 
53 
148 

1 
34 
6 

62.HOU 
1,771,493 
200  367 

55:  ) 
62,149 
5,1100 

Hanover,  

5 

61,700 

492,000 

813 

5 

492  '(ICO 

5,743 

Hesse,  

4 

88700 

265.000 

299 

5 

273  '?00 

400 

Hesse-Darmstadt,  

2 

30,300 

280,000 

924 

3 

282.600 

5,26S 

Hildburghausen,  

1 

10  200 

12,000 

118 

1 

12  000 

Holland,  

5 

349  010 

219,000 

63 

7 

228  310 

12.000 

Lippe-Detmold,    

1 

2500 

21,500 

860 

1 

21  500 

100 

Lubec,  

2 

26000 

52,000 

200 

2 

5°  000 

400 

Lucca,   

1 

24JI92 

25000 

104 

1 

25  i  KlO 

Luxemburg,  

1 

12,000 

19,600 

163 

1 

19,6:10 

162 

Mecklenburg,  

2 

26  634 

84,000 

315 

3 

854  HI 

Mecklenbursj-Strelitz,  

1 

4500 

50,000 

1,111 

1 

50,000 

Modcna  

1 

27  000 

90,000 

333 

1 

90  000 

3.000 

Naples  and  Sicily,  

8 

550  453 

413,000 

66 

8 

413  000 

3'ooo 

Nassau,  
Oldenburg,  

1 
1 

15,000 
5564 

50,000 
60,000 

OQQ 

ooo 

1,078 

•* 

i 
1 

5:),000 
60  000 

Papal  States,    

15 

85S  600 

953  000 

266 

16 

957  (.011 

33,495 

Parma,  

3 

71  500 

146  000 

804 

3 

146  000 

Portugal,  

7 

363  "ltd 

276.000 

76 

7 

276  (100 

7.5S7 

Prussian  States,  

44 

989,613 

2,008,350 

200 

53 

2  040  450 

15,417 

Reuss,  

1 

5  000 

Rudolstadt,  

1 

4,000 

46,000 

1,150 

1 

46  OiiO 

Russian  Empire,  

12 

1  063  823 

852  090 

80 

12 

852  090 

21,6  4 

Sardinia  ;md  Piedmont,.  .  . 
Saxe-Coburg-Gotha,  

9 
3 

302.497 
35579 

286,000 
247,000 

94 

61  S 

11 

5 

297,000 
247  in  'ii 

4.5HO 
5,0,10 

Snxe-Meiningen,  

1 

6000 

32  000 

533 

1 

32  000 

Saxe-  Weimar,  

2 

17029 

180  000 

1  057 

0 

[VI  rtlli 

2,000 

Saxonv.*  

9 

132  927 

570  500 

417 

9 

57')  50,1 

7.950 

Spain,".  

IT 

65'  1359 

6S7  550 

106 

27 

711  tifjii 

-V2C-2 

Sweden  and  Norway,  

8 

120,528 

353,000 

309 

8 

353  000 

9,300 

Switzerland,  

13 

137  083 

480.300 

350 

13 

48'  '  300 

12.734 

Tuscan  v,  

10 

153466 

4ol  000 

261 

10 

4ol  000 

3J,000 

Waldeck  Pyrmont,   ....... 

1 

1  500 

30  000 

2  HOG 

1 

3  i  000 

Wurtembere.  . 

5 

67999 

427  000 

628 

6 

433  000 

5200 

In  the»e  States  the  enumeration  embraces  libraries  of  less  extent  than  10,000  volumes. 


856 


THE    WORLD  S    PROGRESS. 


The  principal  libraries  of  the  several  capital  cities  of  Europe,  in  the  order  of 
their  magnitude,  in  1848,  stood  as  follows: 


*Paris,  National  Library, 
"Munich,  Royal  do.,    . 
Petersburg,  Imperial  do., 
"•London,  British  Museum 
*Copenhagen,  Royal  do., 
*  Berlin,  Royal  do., 
*Vienna,  Imperial  do.,    . 
*Dresden,  Royal  do.,   . 
Madrid,  National  do., 
Wolfenbuttal,  Ducal  do., 
Stutgard,  Royal  do., 
Paris,  Arsenal  do., 


do.,  . 


Volumes. 

.    824,000 

600,000 
.  446,000 

435,000 
.  412,000 

410.000 
.  313,000 

800,000 
.  200,000 

200,000 
.  187,01)0 

180,000 


Volumes. 

*Milan,  Brera  Library,   .        .       .  170,000 

Paris,  St.  Genevieve  do.,     .        .  150,000 

Darmstadt,  Grand  Ducal  do.,          .  150,000 

•Florence,  Magliabecchian  do.,  .  150,000 

*Naples,  Royal  do 150,000 

*Brussels,  Roya!  do.,   .        .        .  133,500 

Rome,  Casanate  do.,        .        .        .  120,000 

*Hague,  Royal  do.,      .        .        .  100,000 

Paris,  Mazarin  d<>.,  ....  100,000 

Rome,  Vatican  do.,       .        .        .  100.000 

*Parma,  Ducal  do.,  ....  100,000 


The  oldest  of  the  great  libraries  of  printed  books  is  probably  that  of  Vienna, 
which  dates  from  1440,  and  is  said  to  have  been  open  to  the  public  as  early 
as  1575.  The  town  library  of  Ratisbon  (in  Bavaria)  dates  from  1430;  St. 
Mark's  library  at  Venice,  from  1468 ;  the  town  library  of  Frankfort,  from 
1484;  that  of  Hamburg,  from  1529;  of  Strasburg  (France),  from  1531;  of 
Augsburg  (Bavaria),  from  1537  ;  those  of  Berne  and  Geneva,  from  1550;  and 
that  of  Basel  or  Basle,  from  1564.  The  Royal  Library  of  Copenhagen  was 
founded  about  1550.  In  1671,  it  had  10,000  volumes;  in  1748,  about  65,000; 
in  1778,  100,000;  and  in  1820,  300,000.  The  National  Library  of  Paris  was 
founded  in  1595,  and  was  made  public  in  1737.  In  1640,  it  had  about  17.<M)0 
volumes;  in  1684,  50,000;  in  1775,  150,000;  in  1790,  200,000.  The  library 
of  the  British  Museum  was  founded  in  1753,  and  made  public  in  1757,  when 
it  contained  about  40,000  volumes.  In  1800,  it  had  about  65,000  volumes; 
in  1823,  125,000;  in  1836,  nearly  240,000.  The  whole  of  the  difference  be- 
tween 1836  and  1848  does  not  arise  from  the  actual  increase  of  the  collection; 
a  portion  of  the  difference  results  from  the  fact,  that  many  thousand  tracts, 
formerly  in  volumes  or  cases,  have  been  separately  bound,  and  are  now  enu- 
merated as  distinct  volumes.  The  rest  of  the  increase  is  mainly  ascribable 
to  donations.  Of  its  435,000  volumes,  at  least  200,000  have  been  presented 
or  bequeathed.  The  growth  of  the  Copenhagen  Library  arises  mainly  from 
judicious  purchases,  at  favorable  opportunities.  The  increase  of  the  Na- 
tional Library  of  Paris,  since  1790,  is  in  a  great  measure  to  be  ascribed  to 
the  Revolution.  Special  instructions  were  usually  given,  that  the  officers  of 
the  library  should  have  unlimited  power  of  selection  from  the  many  libra- 
ries at  the  disposal  of  the  government  upon  the  suppression  of  the  monas- 
teries and  convents,  and  the  confiscation  of  the  property  of  rebels  and 
emigrants.  The  chief  University  Libraries,  in  1848,  ranked  as  follows: 


Volumes. 

tGottingen$  University  Library,  .     360,000 

Breslau  University  do.,        .        .  250,000 

Oxford,}:  Bodleian  do.,     .        .  .    220,000 

Tubingen  University  do.,   .        .  200,000 

Munich  University  do.,  .        .  .    200,000 

Heidelberg  University  do.,          .  200,01)0 

Cambridge}:  Public  do.,  .        .  .     166,724 

Bologna  University  do.,      .         .  150,000 

tPrague}:  University  do.,        .  .    130,000 


Volumes. 

Vienna  University  Library,  .  .    115,000 

Leipsic  University  do.,        .  .        112,000 

Copenhagen  University  do.,  .  .    110,'  00 

tTurin}:  University  do.,      .  .        110,  ;00 

Louvain  University  do.,         .  .    105.i;00 

Dublin,}:  Trinity  College  do.,  .        104.239 

tUpsal  University  do.,    .        ,  .    100,"00 

Erlangen  University  do.,     .  100,«oO 

Edinburgh  University  do.,     .  .      90,854 


*  These  libraries  are  entitled  by  law  to  a  copy  of  every  book  published  within  the  states  to 
which  they  respectively  belong. 


t  These  are  lending  libraries. 


$  These  are  legally  entitled  to  copies  of  all  works  published  in  the  states  to  which  they 
respectively  belong. 


APPENDIX POPULATION  TABLES. 


857 


The  date  of  the  foundation  of  some  of  the  libraries  is  as  follows :  Turin,  1 436 ; 
Cambridge,  1484;  Leipsie,  1544;  Edinburgh,  1582;  the  Bodleian,  1597. 
The  library  of  the  University  of  Salamanca  (24,000  volumes)  is  said  to  have 
been  founded  in  1215.  The  following  table  shows  the  whole  number  of 
printed  volumes  in  the  public  libraries  of  some  of  the  principal  cities  of 
Europe,  in  1848: 

Volumes. 
.    46,000 
16,000 
.    15,000 
45,000 
.  460,000 
.      333,000 
.     36,000 
.      370,000 
.  143,500 
68,000 
.  261,724 
.       109,300 


Aberdeen, 

Amsterdam,  . 

Antwerp,  . 

Barcelona, 

Berlin, 

Bologna, 

Bremen,    . 

Breslaij,         , 

Brussels,    . 

Buda-Pestb. 

Cambridge, 

Cologne, 

Copenhagen, 

Dresden, 


557,000 
340,500 


Dublin, 
Edinburgh, 
Florence,  . 
Genoa,   . 
Glasgow,   . 
GiHtinsjen, 
Halle, "      . 
Hamburg, 
Leipsie, 
Lisbon,  . 
London,     . 
Lyons,   . 
Milan, 
Moscow, 


Volumes. 

Volumes. 

.  143,654 

Munich,  . 

.     800.000 

288,854       Naples, 

29-'.OOd 

.  299,000 

Oxford,     . 

.    273.0iiO 

120,000       P;ulua, 

177.000 

.     80,096 

Paris, 

.1,474,000 

350,000    ;    Prague, 

19s,  Oi,0 

.  121,000 

Rome, 

.     465j  :<•() 

2iMi,367 

Seville, 

5S.UOO 

.  192.000 

Stockholm, 

.      8-2.000 

98,000 

St.  Petersburg, 

595.900 

.  490,500 

Stutgard, 

.    197.000 

82,000 

Venice, 

137,000 

.  250,000 

Vienna,    . 

.     453,000 

66,000 

"Weimar, 

110,000 

The  average  annual  sum  allotted  to  the  support  of  the  National  Library  at 
Paris  is  £16,575;  the  Royal  Library  at  Brussels,  £2,700;  of  Munich,  about 
£2,000;  of  Vienna,  £1,900;  of  Berlin,  £3.745;  of  Copenhagen,  £1,250;  of 
Dresden,  £500  ;  of  Darmstadt,  £2,000  ;  of  the  British  Museum,  prior  to  1836, 
less  than  £8,000,  and  of  this  sum  only  £1,135,  on  an  average,  was  expended 
for  printed  books.  In  1846  and  1847,  £10,000  was  annually  appropriated 
for  the  purchase  of  printed  books,  which  sum  was  in  1848  reduced  to  £8,500. 
The  whole  sum  expended  in  the  purchase  of  printed  books  for  the  British 
Museum,  including  maps  and  musical  works,  from  its  foundation  in  1753  to 
Dec.  25,  1847,  was  £102,446,  18s.  5d. ;  for  manuscripts,  £42,940,  11s.  lOd. ; 
prints  and  drawings,  £29,318,  4s.;  antiquities,  coins,  and  medals,  £125,257, 
Os.  9d. ;  specimens  in  all  branches  of  natural  history,  £43,599,  7s.  Sd.  ;  in  all, 
£344,562,  2s.  8d.  The  average  number  of  volumes  added  annually  to  the 
National  Library  of  Paris  is  stated  to  be  12,000  ;  to  that  of  Munich,  10,000  ; 
of  Berlin,  5,000  ;  of  Vienna,  5,000  ;  of  St.  Petersburg,  2,000  ;  to  the  Ducal 
Library  of  Parma,  1,800;  to  the  Royal  Library  of  Copenhagen,  1,000;  to 
the  British  Museum  under  the  special  grant,  about  30,000  volumes,  usually 
comprising  about  24,000  separate  works.  We  give  below  the  summary,  by 
Mr.  Edwards,  of  the  public  libraries  in  America,  for  the  year  1846.  Th<j 
summary  takes  no  account  of  libraries  containing  less  than  5,000  volumes : 


Name  of  State. 

No.  of 
Lib- 
raries. 

No.  of 

Vols. 

Ratio  of 
Volumes 
to  every 
100  In- 
habitants. 

Name  of  State, 

No.  of 

Lib- 
raries. 

No.  of 
Vols. 

Ratio  of 

Volumes 
to  every 
100  In- 
habitants. 

Alabama,    

1 

6000 

11 

New  Jersey      .  .  . 

3 

28  500 

7.5 

Columbia,  Di&t.  of, 

2 

53  000 

1212 

New  York,  

12 

157,411 

6.2 

Connecticut,   

6 

81  449 

263 

North  Carolina    .  . 

1 

10  000 

1.3 

Georgia,    

1 

13  000 

1.9 

Ohio      

4 

30,497 

2.0 

Kentucky,  

1 

7.000 

09 

Pennsylvania,    .  .  . 

14 

159  200 

9.2 

Louisiana,    

1 

5  500 

1.6 

Rhode  Island,  

3 

37,185 

84.2 

Maine,  

3 

88  860 

7  7 

South  Carolina  .  . 

2 

30,000 

5.0 

Maryland,  

1 

12  000 

26 

Tennessee,     

2 

16,000 

2.0 

Massach  usetts,  .... 

14 

200  757 

272 

Vermont,     

2 

16.254 

5.5 

Missouri,    

2 

14,300 

3.7 

Virginia,  

4 

41,000 

3.8 

New  Hampshire,  . 

2 

22,500 

7.9 

j 

858 


THE    \YORLD  S    PROGRESS. 


POPULATION  OF  THE  AMERICAN  STATES. 

GOVERNMENTS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


Governments. 

Area  in 
Square  Miles. 

Population. 

Capitals. 

Danish  America  (Greenland)  

880,000 

9.400 

Lichtenfels. 

118 

200 

St  Pierre. 

Russian  America  

894,000 

66,000 

N.  Archangel. 

New  Britain     •» 

1,800,000 

180,000 

York  Factory. 

Canada  "West  

147,832 

999,847 

Toronto. 

Canada  East  

201,989 

890,261 

Quebec. 

A 
New  Brunswick  ts 

27,700 

200,000 

Fredericton. 

Nova  Scotia  etc.       «..         PQ 

18,746 

800  000 

Halifax. 

2,134 

62.348 

Charlotte  Town. 

57,000 

120  000 

St.  John's. 

Vancouver  Island  and  British  Oregon  .  .  . 
United  States  of  America  

• 

218,500 
3,306  834 

7,500 
23,191  S76 

Ft.  Langley. 
"Washington 

United  States  of  Mexico  

1,038,865 

7,200,000 

Mexico. 

14,000 

365,000 

San  Salvador. 

49,000 

396,000 

Leon. 

Honduras  

72,000 

310,000 

Chiqulmula. 

28,000 

935,000 

N.  Guatemala. 

Costa  Rica  

17,000 

140,000 

Cartago. 

23,000 

6,000 

Blewfields. 

Honduras  (British  Colony)  

62,740 

11,066 

Balize. 

The  Bay  Islands  (British  Colony)  

Total  

7,854  458 

35  370  498 

GOVERNMENTS  OF  SOUTH  AMERICA. 


Governments. 

Area  in 
Square  Miles. 

Population. 

Capitals. 

416,600 

1,356,000 

Caraccas. 

New  Granada,    "        

880,000 

2,200,000 

Santa  Fe  de  Bogota. 

325,000 

665,000 

Quito. 

Bolivia,               u       

874,480 

1,700,000 

Chuquisaca. 

Peru,                   "       

580,000 

1,400,000 

Li  ma. 

Chili,                   "       

170,000 

1,200,000 

Santiago. 

Argentine  Republic  

927,000 

2,000,000 

Buenos  Ayres 

120,000 

250  000 

Montevideo 

Entre  llios,       "        

82,000 

80  000 

Badjua. 

Paraguay.        " 

74,000 

260  000 

Accncion 

2,800,000 

7,560,000 

Rio  de  Jiu.ciro. 

APPENDIX POPULATION  TABLES. 


859 


POPULATION  OF  THE  AMERICAN  STATES. 

GOVERNMENTS  OF  SOUTH  AMERICA Continued. 


Governments. 

Area  in 
Square  Miles. 

Population. 

Capitals. 

Guiana  (British)  

76,000 

127,695 

Georgetown. 

Guiana  (Dutch)  

38,500 

64270 

° 
Paramaribo 

21,500 

80,000 

Cayenne. 

Patagonia  

380,000 

120  000 

16,000 

500 

Port  Louis. 

Total  

6  281,030 

19  013  465 

Grand  Total  of  America  

14,027,350 

58,252,882 

WEST   INDIAN   GOVERNMENTS. 


Governments. 

Area  in 
Square  Miles. 

Population. 

Capitals. 

Havti  .  .                                     (  Empire  .... 

11,000 

800,000 

Cape  Haytien. 

J.  San  Domingo  1  . 
Dominica  .  j                           (  Republic  .  .  . 

Cuba  .                                       .  )                  ( 

18,000 
42,383 

200,000 
1,007,624 

San  Domingo. 
Havana. 

Porto  Rico  }  Spanish  { 

3,865 

500,000 

San  Juan. 

Jamaica.  .                                  .  )  .              ( 

5,463 

879,690 

Spanish  Town. 

British  \ 
Trinidad  i                 i 

2,000 

60,319 

Puerta  d'Espanola, 

Windward  Islands. 
Barbadoes  

166 

135,939 

Bridgetown. 

M 

155 

28,923 

St.  Vincent  

131 

27,248 

Kingston. 

Tobago  

187 

13,208 

Scarboro'. 

225 

24500 

Castries. 

Leeward  Island*. 

168 

36,178 

St.  John's. 

H 

Montserrat  

49 

7,365 

St.  Christopher  and  Anguilla  

103 

24508 

Basseterre. 

Nevis  

80 

10200 

Charlestown, 

Virgin  Islands  

137 

4,027 

Dominica  

291 

22,469 

Rosseau. 

Bahama  Islands  

5422 

27519 

Nassau. 

Turk's  Island  

400 

8,400 

Bermuda  Islands  

47 

14  000 

Hamilton. 

Guadalupe,  etc  \                 / 

534 

134,544 

Basseterre. 

Martinique  >  French  •< 

322 

121  145 

Port  Roval 

St.  Martin's,  N.  side    ' 

21 

2  200 

St.  Martin's,  S.  sido.  .               .  ;                  i 

11 

8,500 

Dutch    • 
Curacoa,  etc  >                  ( 

580 

26811 

Wilhemstadt, 

Santa  Cruz,  etc  j                  ( 

81 

85000 

Christianstadt. 

SL  Thomas  v  Danish  •< 

37 

8,000 

St.  John's  )                  ( 

72 

3,000 

St.  Bartholomew's  (Swedish)     .           

25 

9  000 

La  Car  en  age. 

Total  

91,812 

8,868,919 

860 


THE    WORLD  S    PROGRESS. 


POPULATION  OF  THE  EUROPEAN  STATES.  With  the  form  of  govern- 
ment and  square  miles,  according  to  McCulloch's  Geographical  Dictionary,  with 
corrections ;  and  the  population  (chiefly),  from  the  Almanack de  Gotlta  for  1S53. 


States  and  Titles. 


Andorra,  Pyrenees,  Republic 
•Anhalt-Beruburg,  Duchy.. 
*AnliaIt-C6tl)ent          " 
*Anlialt-Dessau  " 

*Austria,  Empire  .......... 

*Baden,  Grand  Duchy  ...... 

*Bavaria,  Kingdom  ...... 

Belgium          "  ........ 

*Brernen.  Free  City  ........ 

*Brunswick,  Duchy  ........ 

Church.  States  of,  Popedom. 
Denmark,  Kingdom  ........ 

France,  Empire  ............ 

*Franklbrt,  Free  City  ...... 

Great  Britain,  Kingdom  ____ 

Greece,  Kingdom  .......... 

'Hamburg,  Free  City  ...... 

*H;mover,  Kingdom  ........ 

*Hesse-Cassel,  Electorate.  .  . 
*Hesse-Darmstadt,  G.  Duch. 
*Hesse-Hoinburg,  Landgvte. 
Holland,  with  Luxemburg.. 
Ionian  Islands,  Republic  ---- 

*Liehenstein,  Principality  .  . 
*Lippe-Detmold 
*Lippe-Schaumburg  " 
*Lubec,  Free  City  ......... 

*Mecklin.-Schwerin,  G.  Due. 
*Mecklenburg-Strelitz      " 
Modena  and  Massa,  Duchy  . 
Monaco,  Principality  ...... 

*Nassau,  Duchy  ........... 

*Oldenburg,  Grand  Duchy., 
Parma,  Duchy  ............. 

Portugal,  Kingdom  ........ 

*Prussia  ................... 

*Reuss,  Principalities  of.  ... 

^Russia  (in  Europe)  Empire 
San  Marino,  Republic  ...... 

Sardinia,  Kingdom  ......... 

*Saxon  y          "         ......... 

*Saxe-Altenburg,         Duchy 
*Saxe-Coburgand  Gotha  " 
*Saxe-Mein.-Hildburgh.    " 
*Saxe-Weiin.-Eisenach     " 
*Sch  war/burg-  Rudolst.,   Pr. 
*Schwarzburg-Sondersb.,  " 
Sicilies,  The  Two,  Kingdom 
Spain,  Kingdom  ........... 


Switzerland,  Republic 
STurkey,  Empire  ......  . 

Tuscany,  Grand  Duchy 
*Waldeck,  Principality 
"Wurtemberg,  Kingdom 


Republic  ;  senate  and  assembly 

Limiied  sovereignty  ;  one  chamber 

Absolute  sovereignty 

Limited  monarchy  ;  with  prov.  states 
Constit.  mon.;  senate  and  legislat.  body 

"epublie;  senate  and  assembly 

Limited  monarchy;  lords  and  commons 
Limited  monarchy  ;  two  chambers. . . . 

Republic;  senate  and  assembly 

Limited  monarchy  ;  two  chambers. . . . 
Limited  sovereignty;  two  chambers. . 

44  hi 

Absolute  sovereignty ;  one  chamber  . . 

Limited  monarchy  ;  two  chambers 

Under  Brit,  protec.;  council  and  chamb. 
Limited  monarchy  ;  with  one  chamber 


Form  of  Government. 


With  two  syndics  and  a  council 
States  having  limited  powers. . . 


Absolute  monarchy , 

Limited  sovereignty  ;  two  chambers 
Limited  monarchy  ;  two  chambers.. , 


Sq.  Mis. 


4. 
it 


Republic;  senate  and  assembly 

Limited  sovereignty;  wtth  one  chamb. 

44  41 

Absolute  sovereignty 

u  u 

Limited  sovereignty ;  two  chambers  . . 

U  44 

Absolute  sovereignty 

Limited  monarchy  ;  two  chambers. . . . 

44  44 

Limited  sovereignty  ;  one  chamber 

Absolute  monarchy 

Senate  and  council  of  ancients 

Limited  monarchy  ;  two  chambers  . . . 

41  .1 

Limited  sovereignty  ;  one  chamber  . . . 
Lim.  sov. ;  one  chamber  for  each  duchy 
Limited  sovereignty ;  one  chamber  . . . 


Absolute  monarchy 

Limited  monarchy;  with  a  legislature. 

44  44  \ 

I 

Confederation  of  republics  ;  a  diet 

Absolute  monarchy 

44  .4 

Limited  sovereignty  ;  one  chamber  . . . 
Limited  monarchy  ;  two  chambers. . . . 
Total . . 


190 
339 

31S 
36u 

255,226 

5,71-2 

28.435 

11,313 

11-2 

1.525 

17,u4S 

21,856 

203,736 

91 

116,701; 

18,244 

149 

14,6oO 

4.430 

3J61 

206 

13.890 

1,097 

52 

445 

205 

142 

4,701 

997 

2,073 

50 

1.736 

2,470 

2,184 

34,500 

107,3'  !0 

58S1 

2,120,397 
21 

23,83  t 

5,705 

401 

790; 

963! 
1,403 

4"5: 

358 

41,521 

176,4Sti 

170.715, 

121,725 

15,261 

189,920' 

8.712 


Pop. 


Date. 


50,411 

43,120, 

63,7o<' 
36,514,466 
1,362,77-J 
4,5111.54.; 
4.359.091 
79.i;47 
268,943 
2,9 '8,1 15 
2,296,597 
35,781,628 

27,435^-25 
993,266 
188,054 
1,758,847 
754,590 
852.524 
24.203 
3,267,638 
230.000 
6,351 
104... 74 
28,837 
47,742 
543,328 
»6,2f3 
566,453 
7,000 
423,218 
278,030 
497.34:i 
3,41 2,5'  H) 
16,346.625 
112,17:. 
60,362,31$ 
7,6. .11 
4,916,081 
1,81)4,431 
131,780 
149.753 
1 63.323J 
261.370' 
6H,65  ij 
60,002 
8,681,289 
14,21 6/21  ;)l 
3.433.8):) 
1,323.471 
2,390,116 
15,500,000 
1,761,140, 
58,219 
7,563   1,802.252 

37T&T506  2<  3,517,521 


185o 
1850 
1849 
1851 
18-19 
1850 
1.-49 
1849 
1846 
1342 
/1 850 
MS51 
1849 
1351 
1851 

1343 
1346 
18-19 
1S46 
1851 
1352 
1 8  42 
1849 
1848 
1851 
1351 
1848 
1850 

1851 
1851 

1841 


1846 
1S46 

. 

1843 
1349 
1  JS  > 
1849 
IS  49 


1849 

1349 
1851 
1349 
is  19 
1S45 
ISoo 
1844 
I  Sol 
185U 
1850 


*  Member  of  the  Confederation  of  Germany. 

t  United  to  Anhalt-Dessau  and  Bernburg,  since  November  23,  1847. 

$  Including  Poland  and  Finland. 

|  Including  Wallachia,  Moldavia,  and  Servia,  containing  respectively  2.600,000,  1,400,000  ami 

1,000.000  inhabitants. 

a  Exclusive  of  Iceland,  with  a  population  of  60,000,  and  an  area  of  32,00(.i  square  miles. 
&  Exclusive  of  Algeria,  which  contains  a  pop.  of  246,531,  and  has  an  are*  or  100,000  sq. 


APPENDIX SHIPPING. 


861 


POPULATION  OF  RUSSIA.  The  first  census  of  All  the  Russias,  or  as  the 
Russians  themselves  call  it,  "The  first  Revision  of  the  Population,"  was 
ordered  by  Peter  I.  in  1720,  and  from  that  time  to  1851  seven  revisions  have 
taken  place,  according  to  which  the  variations  of  the  total  population  of 
Russia  at  different  epochs  may  be  stated  as  follows: 


1722, 
1742, 
1762, 


14,000.000 
16,000.000 
19,000,000 


1792,  . 
1796, 


28,000.000 
36,000,000 


The  population  of  Russia  according  to  the  census  of  the  year  1851,  is  as  follows : 


Divisions. 

Area  in  geo. 
square  miles. 

Population. 

Density  of 
population  on 
square  miles. 

European  Russia,  

100.429.46 

60,098.821 

598 

Asiatic  Russia,  

247  73(3  43 

5  06n,76S 

20 

Russian  America,  

27,247.33 

54.000 

2 

Total  Russian  Emnire.  . 

375.413.27 

65.21  3.589 

174 

As  to  the  population  of  the  towns,  there  exist,  according  to  the  recent  census, 
in  the  whole  Russian  Empire  but  thirty-four  towns  with   more  than   20,000 
inhabitants.     We  give  a  list  of  these  towns  after  the  tables  in  the  St.  Peters 
burg  Almanac  for  1854: 


Towns. 

No.  inhab. 

Year. 

Towns. 

No.  inhab. 

Year. 

St.  Petersburg  

533.241 

1852 

Tiflis,  

30.925 

1848 

Moscow          !  

373  SOO 

1850 

Nishnij-Novgorod  

3  X710 

1849 

Warsaw                       .    .  . 

167  000 

1847 

Kursk   

3D.469 

1849 

Odessa,  

71.392 

1850 

Vitebsk,  

29.832 

1851 

Ri°-a. 

57906 

1849 

Kal  u  sea,  

29,580 

1850 

Tula,  

54,626 

1850 

Charkow,   

29.395 

1842 

"Wilna,  

52,286 

1850 

Ismael  or  Tutshkow,  .  .  . 

26.243 

1S49 

Ki-ff,  

47,424 

1842 

Ore],  

25,630 

1851 

Astrachan  

44,793 

1849 

Cronstadt,  

25,120 

1849 

AVoronesh         

43  800 

1842 

Telez  (Gov.  Orel1) 

'24  34" 

1851 

Kiscliinevv,  

42,613 

1849 

Cherson,  

24.338 

1850 

Sara  tow,  

42  237 

1842 

Reval,  

24,041 

1842 

Ka^fin 

41  304 

1842 

Atin^k           ... 

23  602 

1842 

Sevastopol  

41  153 

1842 

Ta^anro"1,  

22,472 

1342 

Nikolaje            .  .         .    . 

39  338 

1850 

Poltawa,  

20,071 

1851 

BerditschewfGov  Kieff) 

35,592 

1842 

Lodsi,  

20,000 

1,841 

05  474. 

1851 

Taroslawl.  . 

84.913 

1842 

i   Total  Don.  of  34  towns.. 

2.1  75.602 

This  last  table  affords  a  striking  illustration  of  the  social  condition  of  Ilussia. 
In  the  United  States,  for  instance,  a  country  much  newer  than  Russia,  and 
with  only  about  one-third  of  her  population,  there  are  thirty  towns  of  20,000 
and  upwards,  whose  aggregate  population  is  2,291,609.  This  contrast  shows 
how  exclusive!}"  the  people  of  Russia  are  still  devoted  to  agriculture,  and 
how  much  must  be  done  in  order  to  raise  them  to  a  high  place  in  the  list 
of  civilized  nations.  These  figures  are  given  in  German  geographical  square 
miles,  each  of  which  is  equivalent  to  21.2325,  or  nearly  21£  square  English 
miles.  The  figures  given  as  geographical  square  miles  are  for  European 
Russia  100,4.29.46,  for  Asiatic  Russia  247,736.48,  and  for  Russian  America 
27,247.33  ;  total,  375,413.27.  Multiply  each  of  these  sums  by  21^,  and  youhave 
the  areas  in  square  English  miles.  The  difference  between  the  German  and 


862 


THE    WORLD  S    PROGRESS. 


English  square  miles  will  be  better  appreciated,  when  seen  in  juxtaposition, 
as  follows : 


Divisions. 

Area  in  square  miles. 

Population  in 
1851. 

Population  to  sq.  mile. 

German. 

English. 

German. 

English. 

European  Russia,    . 

100,429.46 
247,736.48 
27,247.33 

2,132,363.5 

5,260,064.8 
578,523.9 

60,098.821 
5,060,768 
54,000 

593 
20 
2 

28.18 
0.96 
0.09 

Russian  America,  .. 
Total.  . 

375.413.27 

7.970.962.2 

65.213,589 

174 

8.18 

POPULATION  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


States. 

1790. 

1800. 

1810. 

1820. 

1830. 

1840. 

1350. 

Maine     

96,540 

151,719 

223,705 

293,335 

399,955 

501,793 

533.169 

New  Hampshire. 
Vermont  

141,899 
85,416 

183,762 
154.465 

214  36;) 
217,713 

244,161 
235,764 

269,328 
280,652 

284,574 
291,948 

317,976 
314,120 

Massachusetts  .  .  . 
Rhode  Island  
Connecticut     ... 

378,717 
69,110 
238  141 

423245 
69,122 
251,002 

472,040 
77,031 
262  H42 

523,237 
83,059 
275  202 

610,4(18 
97,199 
297,665 

737,699 
103,83;) 
309,978 

994,514 
147,545 
370,792 

New  York  

340,120 

5S6,756 

959,949 

1  372  812 

1,918,608 

2,423,921 

3,097.394  ^ 

New  Jersey  

184,139 

211,949 

249,555 

277,575 

320,823 

373,306 

489,555 

Pennsylvania  .... 
Delaware  

434,373 

59,098 

602,365 
64,273 

810,091 
72674 

1,049,453 
72,749 

1,343,233 

76,743 

1,724,033 

78,085 

2,311,786 
91.532 

Maryland  

319,728 

341,548 

38;)  546 

407  350 

447,04!) 

470,019 

583,034 

Virginia  

748,308 

880,200 

974  642 

1,065,379 

1,211,405 

1,239,797 

1,421,661 

North  Carolina.  .. 
South  Carolina.  .. 
Georgia    

893,751 
249,073 
82,548 

478,103 
345,591 
162,101 

555,500 
415,715 
252,433 

633,829 
502,741 
340,937 

737,937 
531.135 
516,323 

753,419 
594,393 
691,392 

869,039 
663,507 
906,185 

34,730 

54,477 

87,445 

Alab'ima        

20845 

127.901 

309,:">27 

590,756 

771,623 

Mississippi  

8,850 

40,352 

75,448 

136,621 

375,651 

606,526 

Tjouiskina      

76556 

153  407 

215,739 

352,411 

517,762 

Texas    

212.592 

Arkansas  

14,273 

30,388 

97,574 

209.897 

Tennessee  

30,791 

105,602 

261,727 

422,813 

6S1,9,')4 

829,210 

1,002.717 

Kentucky  

73,077 

220,955 

406,511 

564,317 

687,917 

779,828 

992.405 

Ohio       

45,365 

230  76;) 

581,434 

937,903 

1,519.467 

1,930,329 

Michigan    

4,762 

8,396 

31.639 

212.267 

397,654 

Indiana  

4,875 

24,520 

147,178 

343,031 

685,866 

983,416 

Illinois    

12,282 

55.211 

157,455 

476,183 

851,470 

Missouri  

20,845 

66,586 

140,445 

383,702 

682,044 

Wisconsin  

80,945 

305,391 

Iowa  

43,112 

192,214 

Dist.  of  Columbia 
California  

•  • 

14,093 

24,023 

83,039 

89,834 

43,712 

51,687 
92,597 

Total  

3,929,872 

5,305,952 

7,239,814 

9,633.131 

12,866,920 

17,063,353 

23,191,876 

SLAVES    IN    THE    UNITED    STATES. 


States. 

1790. 

1800. 

1810. 

1820. 

1830. 

1840. 

1850. 

Maine     

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

New  Hampshire. 
Vermont    

158 
17 

8 
0 

0 
0 

0 

o 

0 
0 

1 
0 

0 
0 

Massachusetts  .    . 
Rhode  Island  
Connecticut  

0 
952 
2759 

0 
881 
951 

0 
108 
810 

0 

48 
97 

0 
17 
25 

0 
5 

IT 

0 
0 
0 

New  York  

21,324 

20,843 

15,017 

10,088 

75 

4 

0 

New  Jersey  

11  423 

12,422 

10,851 

7,657 

2,254 

674 

*286 

Pennsylvania  
Delaware  

8,737 

8,887 

1,706 
6,153 

795 
4,177 

211 

4,509 

408 
8,292 

64 
2,605 

0 
2,293 

*  Apprentices  by  the  State  Act  to  abolish  slavery,  of  April  18,  1846. 


APPENDIX SOVEREIGNS  OF  EUROPE. 


803 


SLAVES  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES — Continued. 


States. 

1790. 

1800. 

1810. 

1820. 

1830. 

1840. 

1850. 

Maryland  

108,036 

105  635 

Ill  502 

107  398 

102  294 

RP  737 

00  3fi3 

Virginia  

203,427 

345  796 

392518 

425  153 

469  757 

448  9S7 

472  523 

North  Carolina.  . 
South  Carolina.  .  . 
Florida  

100,572 
107,094 

133,296 
146,151 

168,824 
196,365 

295,017 

258,475 

235,601 
315,401 
15  501 

245,817 
327,038 
25  717 

238,543 
384.984 
39  310 

Georgia  

29,264 

59,404 

105  218 

149  656 

217  531 

280*944 

881  682 

Alabama  

41  879 

117549 

253  532 

342  844 

Mississippi  •     ... 

3  489 

17  088 

32  814 

65  659 

195  211 

8i>9  878 

Louisiana  

34  660 

69  064 

109  5SS 

168452 

244809 

Texas  

58,161 

Arkansas    

1,617 

4576 

19935 

47,100 

Tennessee           .  • 

3,417 

13584 

44535 

80  107 

141  603 

183  059 

239  459 

Kentucky  

11,830 

40343 

80561 

126  732 

165  213 

182,258 

210,981 

Ohio  

0 

3 

0 

Michigan  

24 

32 

0 

0 

Indiana  

135 

237 

190 

0 

8 

0 

Illinois    

168 

117 

747 

831 

0 

Missouri  

8,011 

10,222 

25,081 

58,240 

87,422 

Wisconsin  

11 

0 

Io\va  

16 

0 

California  

0 

Dist.  of  Columbia 

•  • 

3,244 

5,395 

6,377 

6,119 

4,694 

8,687 

Total  .  . 

697.897 

893.041 

1.191.364 

1.53S.064 

2.009.031 

2.487.355 

3,204,313 

Population  of  some  of  the  principal  cities,  according  to  the  several  censuses  of  the  United  States. 


Cities. 

1790. 

1800. 

1810. 

1820. 

1830. 

1840. 

1850. 

1855. 

Portland,  Me.,    -    - 

3,677 

7,169 

8,581 

12,601 

15,218 

20,815 

Ban^or. 

850 

1,221 

2,867 

8,627 

14,432 

Manchester,  N.  H., 

615 

761 

877 

3,235 

13,932 

Boston,     Mass.,    - 
Lowell, 

18,038 

24,027 

32,250 

43,298 

61,392 
6474 

93,383 

20,796 

136,831 
33,383 

160,000 

Springfield  " 

2,767 

3914 

6  784 

10,985 

11,766 

Balem,         "      -    - 
Worcester   " 

7,921 

9,457 

12,613 

12,721 

13,886 

15,052 
7,497 

20.264 
17,049 



Providence,  R.  I.,   - 

7,614 

10,071 

11.767 

16832 

23,171 

41,513 

New  Haven,  Ct.,  - 

5,772 

7,147 

10180 

14,890 

20,345 

Hartford,         " 

3,955 

4,726 

7074 

12,793 

13,555 

New  York,     N.  Y., 
Brooklyn, 

83,131 

60,489 
3,298 

96,363 

4,402 

123,706 
7,175 

203,007 
12  042 

312,710 
36,233 

515.547 
9R.R38 

700,000* 

Albany,              " 
Buffalo               " 

3,498 

5,349 

9,356 
1,503 

12,630 
2,095 

24,233 
8653 

33,721 
18,213 

50,763 
42,261 

57,883 

Rochester 

1,502 

9269 

20,191 

36,403 

44,403 

TVilliamsbunr    " 

1  620 

5680 

80.780 

Trov                   " 

3,885 

5,264 

11,401 

19.334 

28.785 

38,279 

Syracuse 

6,502 

22.271 

25,226 

Utica,                 " 

2,972 

8,323 

12,782 

17,565 

82,188 

Newark    N.  J 

6,507 

10953 

17,290 

38,894 

Paterson      " 

7,596 

11,334 

Philadelphia,  Pa.,   - 
Pittsburg,         " 

42,520 

70,287 
1,565 

96,664 

4,763 

108,116 

7,248 

167,183 
12.542 

253,037 
21,115 

408,762 
46,601 

•  •  «  • 
*  *  •  • 

Baltimore,  Md.,  -    - 
Washington,  D.  C., 

13,503 

26,614 
3,210 

46,555 

8,208 

62,738 
13,247 

80,625 

18,827 

102,313 
23,364 

169,054 
40,001 

•  •  •  * 

Richmond,  Va.,  -    - 

5,537 

9,735 

12,046 

16,060 

20.153 

27,570 

.... 

Charleston,  S.  fj., 
Savannah    Ga. 

16,359 

18,712 

24,711 

24,480 
7,523 

30,259 

9,748 

29,261 
11,214 

42,985 
15,312 



Mobile  Ala      •    • 

3,194 

12,672 

20,515 

Nashville  Tenn 

5566 

6,929 

10,478 

Louisville  Ky      • 

1,857 

4.012 

10  352 

21  210 

43,194 

.... 

Cincinnati  Ohio     • 

750 

2,540 

9,644 

24,831 

46,333 

115,436 

Columbus       "      • 

2,435 

6,048 

17,832 

•  •  • 

Cleveland       " 

547 

606 

1,076 

6,071 

17,034 

.... 

Detroit  Mich        - 

1,422 

2,222 

9,102 

21,019 

•  •  •  • 

Chicago  111     -    -    - 

4,479 

29,963 

•  •  •  • 

"Milwaukee    \Vis 

1,700 

20,061 

•  i  •  * 

St  Louis  Mo      •    • 

4,593 

5,352 

16,469 

77,860 

•  *  •  » 

New  Orleans  La. 

17,242 

27,176 

46,810 

102,198 

116,375 

•  •  •  • 

San  Francisco,  Cal., 

15,000 

•  »  •  • 

•  Estimated, 


864 


THE  WORLD'S  PROGRESS. 


POST  OFFICE. 


Number  of  Post  Offices,  Extent  of  Post  Routes,  and  Revenue  and  Expenditures  of  the  Post 
Office  Department ;  with  the  Amount  paid  to  Postmasters  and  for  Transportation  of  tlie 
Mail,  since  1790. 


Year. 

No.  of 
Post 
Offices. 

Extent  of 
Post 
Routes  in 
Miles. 

Revenue 
of  the 
Department. 

Expenditures 
of  the 
Department. 

Amount  paid  for 

Compensar 
tion  of 
Postmasters. 

Transporta- 
tion of  the 
Mail. 

1790 

75 

1,875 

$37,935 

$32,140 

$8,198 

$22,081 

1795 

453 

13,207 

160,620 

117,893 

30,272 

75,859 

1800 

903 

20,817 

280,804 

213,994 

69,243 

123.044 

1805 

1,558 

31,076 

421,373 

377,367 

111,552 

289,635 

1810 

2,300 

36,406 

551,684 

495,969 

149,433 

327,966 

1815 

3,000 

43,748 

1,043,065 

748,121 

241,901 

4S7J79 

1816 

3,260 

48,673 

961,785 

804,422 

265,944 

521,970 

1817 

3,459 

52,089 

1,002,973 

916,515 

303,916 

589,139 

1818 

3,618 

59,473 

1.130,235 

1,035,832 

346,429 

664,611 

1819 

4,000 

67.586 

1^204,737 

1,117,861 

375,828 

717,381 

1820 

4,500 

72,492 

1.111,927 

1,160,926 

352,295 

782,425 

1921 

4,650 

78,808 

i;059,087 

1,134,283 

337,599 

815.6S1 

1822 

4,709 

82,763 

1,117,490 

1,167,572 

355,299 

788,618 

1823 

4,043 

84,860 

1,130,115 

1,156,995 

360,462 

767,464 

1S24 

5,182 

84,860 

1,197,753 

1,188,019 

383,804 

768,939 

1825 

5,677 

94,052 

1,306,525 

1,229,043 

411,183 

785,646 

1326 

6,150 

94,052 

1,447,703 

1,366,712 

447,727 

835,100 

1827 

7,003 

105,336 

1,524,633 

1,468,959 

436,411 

942,345 

1828 

7,530 

105,336 

1,659,915 

1,639,945 

548,049 

1,086,313 

1829 

8,004 

115,000 

1,707,418 

1,782,132 

559,237 

1,153,646 

1830 

8,450 

115,176 

1,850,583 

1,932,708 

585,234 

1,274,009 

1831 

8,686 

115,486 

1,997,811 

1,936,122 

635,023 

1,252,226 

1832 

9,205 

104,466 

2,258,570 

2,266,171 

715,431 

1,482,507 

1833 

10,127 

119,916 

2,617,011 

2,930,414 

826,283 

1,894,633 

1884 

10,693 

119,916 

2,823,749 

2,910,605 

897,317 

1,925,544 

1835 

10,770 

112,774 

2,993,356 

2,757,350 

945,418 

1,719,007 

1836 

11,091 

118,264 

3,408,323 

3,841,766 

812,803 

1,638,052 

1837 

11,767 

141,242 

4,236,779 

3,544,630 

891,852 

1,996,727 

1838 

12,519 

134,818 

4,238,733 

4,430,662 

933,948 

3,181,303 

1839 

12,780 

133,999 

4,484,657 

4,636,536 

980,000 

3.285,622 

1840 

18,468 

155,739 

4,543,522 

4,718,236 

1,028,925 

3,296.876 

1841 

13,778 

155,026 

4,407,726 

4,499,528 

1,018,645 

3,159;375 

1842 

13,733 

149,732 

4,546,849 

5,674,752 

1,147,256 

3,087,796 

1843 

13,814 

142,295 

4,296,225 

4,374,754 

1,426,394 

2,947,319 

1844 

14,103 

144,687 

4,237,288 

4,296,513 

1.358.316 

2,938,551 

1845 

14,183 

143,940 

4,289,841 

4,320,732 

1,409,875 

2,905,504 

•1846 

14,601 

152,865 

3,487,199 

4,084,297 

1,042,079 

2,716.678 

*1847 

15,146 

153,818 

3,955,893 

3,979,570 

1,060,228 

2,476,455 

•1843 

16,159 

163,208 

4,371,077 

4,326,850 

.   . 

2,394,703 

•1849 

16,749 

163,703 

4,905,176 

4,479,049 

1,320,921 

2,577,407 

•1850 

18,417 

178,672 

5,552,971 

5,212,953 

1,549,376 

2,965,786 

•1851 

19,796 

196,290 

6,727,867 

6,278,402 

1,781,686 

3,538,064 

*1852 

20,901 

214,234 

6,925,971 

7,108,459 

1,296,765 

4,225,811 

•1858 

22,820 

217,743 

5,940,725 

7,932,757 

1,406,477 

4,906,308 

*  The  returns  for  1846,  1847,  1848, 1849, 1850,  and  1851,  are  for  th*  six  years  under  the  l»w 
of  March  8, 1846.    Those  for  1852  and  1853  are  for  the  two  years  us  ler  the  new  law. 


APPENDIX vSHlPPING. 


865 


SHIPPING,  U.  S. 

A  Comparative  View  of  the  Registered  nnd  Enrolled  Tunnage  of  the  United  States,  showing 
the  tunnage  employed  in  the  Whale  Fishery;  also,  the  proportion  of  the  enrolled  and 
licensed  tunnage  employed  in  the  Coasting  Trade,  Cod  Fishery,  Mackerel  Fishery,  an< 
Whale  Fishery,  from  1815  to  1854,  inclusive. 


Years 

Regis- 
tered 
Tunnage. 

Enrolled 
Tunnage. 

Total 
Tannage. 

Regis-  :  Tunnage 
tcred      employ- 
tunnage      ed  in" 
in          Steam 
Whale     Naviga- 
Fishery.      tion. 

Proportion  of  the  Enrolled  Tun- 
nage employed  in  the 

Coasting       .Cod 
Trade.      Fishery. 

Mack- 
erel 
Fishery. 

!!• 
*l 

1815 

854.294 

513,833 

1,368,127 

43.'»."66      26,510 

1,229 

1816 

800.759 

571,458 

J.y72.2i>       

479,979      37,879 

.... 

1,163 

1817 

809,724 

590,186 

1,399,921 

8,471 

431.457      53.99C 

.  .  .  • 

349 

1813 

606,'  iss 

619,095 

1,225,134 

16,134 

•  .   .  • 

.V  i3.140      58,551 

.... 

614 

1819 

612,930 

647.821 

1.260,751 

31,700 

.... 

52:!,556       65,044 

1536 

1820 

919,047 

661,118 

1.  230,166 

35,391 

•  •  •  • 

539,  oso 

60.842  !      .... 

1,053 

1S21 

619,896 

679,062 

1,298,958 

26,070 

.... 

559,435 

51,351 

1,924 

1822 

623,15J 

696,543 

1,324.699 

45,449 

t 

573,080 

-  58.405 

3,133 

1823 

639.920 

696,644 

1,336,565 

89,913 

24,879 

566,408 

67.6-21 

535 

1824 

669,972 

729,190 

1,389,168 

33.165 

21,609 

539,223 

63,419 

.... 

ISO 

1825 

700,787 

722,323 

1,423,110 

35,379 

23,061 

537,273 

70,626 

•   ... 

t   t 

1826 

737.973 

796,210 

1.534.189 

41,757 

34,058 

666,420 

63,761 

.... 

226 

1827 

747,170 

873,437 

1,620,607 

45.653 

40,197 

732,937 

74,048 

828 

1828 

812,619 

928.772 

1,741,391 

54,621 

39,418 

758,922 

74,947 

.  ;  .  . 

130 

1829 

650,142 

610,654 

1,260,797 

57.284 

54.036 

508,853 

101,796 

.   . 

183D 

576,675 

615,311 

1,191,776 

38,911 

64,471 

516,978 

61,554      35,973 

792 

1831 

620,451 

647,394 

1,267,346 

82,315 

34,445 

539,723 

6n,977       46.210  i     431 

1832 

686,989 

752.46') 

1.439,450 

72.863 

90,813 

649,627 

54,027  :    47,427 

377 

1833 

750,026 

856.1  23 

1,606,149 

101,158 

lol,S49 

744,198 

62.720 

43,725 

478 

1834 

857,438 

9)1,463 

1,753,907 

108,060 

122,815 

733.613 

54.4)3 

61,082 

364 

1835 

835.520 

939.118 

1,824,940 

97,640 

122,315 

792,301 

72.374 

64.443 

1636 

897,774 

984,328 

1,820,132 

144,630 

145,556 

873,023 

62,307 

64,42c 

1.573 

1837 

810,447 

1,086,238 

1,896,685 

127.241 

154,764 

956,980 

80.551 

46,310 

1.394 

1838 

822,591 

1.173,047 

1,995,639 

119,629 

193,413 

1,041,105 

70,064 

56.649 

5,229 

1S39 

834.244 

1,262.254 

2,096,473 

131.  "-40 

2ii4,93S 

1,153,551 

72.258       35.9-3 

439 

1840 

899,704 

1,230.999 

2,180,764 

136.926 

202,339 

1,176.694 

76.o;;5       -JV269 

1S41 

845.  s  3 

1,184,940 

2,130.744 

157.405 

175,088      I,lo7.067       66,551       11.321 

1842 

975,858 

1,117,031 

2,092,390    151.612 

229,661 

1,045,753      54,304       16.096  ,     377 

1843 

1,009,305 

1,149,297     2,158,601 

152,374 

236,867      1,076.155  !    61,224       11.775        143 

1844 

1,068,764 

1,211,330 

2,230.095 

168,293 

272.179      l.loiUH       $\224       10,170        321 

1845 

1  005,172 

1,321,329     2,417,002     190,695     32f,,tils 

1,190,898 

69.825       21.413        2"6 

1846 

1,131,286 

1,431.798     2,562,084 

189,930     347.893 

1,239,870  j    72,.Mt>      36.463  ,     439 

1^47 

1.241.312 

1.597,732 

2,839.045 

193,358 

404,841 

1,452,623       7='.177      -1.451  1     .. 

1848 

1,360,886 

1.793,155     3.154.041 

192.179 

427,391 

1,620,988 

82,651       43.55S        432 

1849 

1.438,941 

1,895,073     3,334,015 

130.136 

462,394 

1.730,4lo      42,97"       73,853 

185!) 

1.535,711 

1,949,743  <  3.535,454 

146,016 

525,946 

1.755,796      So.  646 

53,111 

1851 

1,726,307 

2,046.123     3,772,439 

181.614 

533,607 

1,354,317       87,475      5-1.539  :     .. 

1852 

1,899,448 

2.238,992     4,133,440 

193,797 

643,240 

2,003.021     102.659      72,546  .     .. 

1853 

2,103,674     2,303,336     4,407,010 

193,203 

514,097 

2,1:34,256     Ili9,227       59,350  ,     .  . 

1854 

2,333,819 

2,469,083     4,802,902 

181,901 

676,607 

2,273,900     102,194      .35,041 

SHIPPING  OF  THE  WOPJLD. 


Number 

Tunnage 

Number 

Tunnage 

of  vessels 

of  vessels 

Countries. 

Years. 

of  vessels 

of  vessels 

entered 

entered 

possessed. 

possessed. 

and 

and 

cleared. 

clear"':1.. 

British  Empire    

1844 

833  039 

32  426,337 

u 

1854 

85  960 

5043270 

342  854 

4--',573,869 

United  States,  

1854 

5  661  416 

4o,000,000« 

France,  . 

1850 

14354 

688.180 

6,610,719 

866  THE  WORLD'S  PROGRESS. 

SHIPPING  OF  THE  WORLD— continued. 


Countries. 

Years. 

N  umber 
of  vessels 
possessed. 

Tunnasre 
of  vessels 
possessed. 

Number 
of  vessels 
entered 
and 
cleared. 

Tunnage 
of  vessels 
entered 
and 
cleared. 

Franco         

1854 

14,354* 

716,000* 

10,000  000* 

Spain  and  Colonies.  

1850 

7,606 

301,401 

10,977 

1  387,468 

•-.                             u 

1854 

7,986* 

379.421* 

11,526 

1,456,841 

Portugal             

1S48 

789 

80525 

11 

1854 

836* 

86  156* 

Sardinia,  Tuscany,  Papal  States, 
and  Naples,  including  Sicily,..  . 

1854 

17,066t 

546  021  1 

Austria   

1849 

6,083 

259.583 

11 

1S54 

7600* 

324  000* 

Greece,  

1854 

3,970 

264,981 

Turkey  

1854 

2,220 

182,000 

Eavpt      

1854 

230 

38,790 

Mexico,  Brazil,  and  ail  the  States 
of  Central  and  South  America,.  . 

1854 

1,530* 

193,735* 

Sandwich  and  Society  Islands,... 

1854 

100 

3,00il 

Belgium       

1850 

149 

30,577 

4792 

706605 

11 

1854 

No  incr'se 

36,000* 

Holland,     

1850 

1.793 

396.924 

13,986 

2,236  835 

M 

1854 

2,048* 

456.459* 

15,771* 

2,472,075* 

Hanover  and  Oldenburg,  

1854 

500* 

40,000* 

Hamburg,  

1852 

369t 

119,884 

8,920 

1.686  749 

i> 

2,0008 

101,6645 

Lubeck             

70* 

9,380s 

2  400* 

430000* 

Bremen          

8.000* 

480,000" 

Mecklenburg,  

150* 

Unknown. 

1,000* 

Unknown. 

Prussia              

1849 

1,531 

283.633 

ib 

1854 

4,080* 

368.800* 

10,315 

1,  (ifi?.,  736 

1852 

4,695 

189  190 

107,571 

1  074  108 

Norwav               

1S51 

86s,ttti' 

1  9.447 

1.9  23,  02  2 

Sweden                                             . 

1852 

8868 

147,92S[| 

1  372  672 

Russia,                             

1852 

800  or  less. 

17,022«[ 

8.09.1*14*  ' 

The  floating  tunnage  of  the  whole  civilized  world,   (excluding  only  China 
and  the  East,)  may  consist  of  nearly  136,000  vessels  of  14,500,000  tuns. 


*  Estimated. 

t  Reported,  but  not  officially. 

$  Sea-going. 


§  Coasting. 

f  Exclusive  of  coasting  trado. 

^  Russian  vessels  and  tunnage  about  ono-dighth. 


APPET-'T>IX. — SOVEREIGNS   OF   EUROPE. 


SOVEREIGNS  (REIGNING)  OF  EUROPE. 


Name. 

Title. 

State. 

Date  of 
Birth. 

Date  of 

Accession. 

< 

— 
^ 

o 

:l 

*H 

Religion. 

Oscar  I  

King  . 

Sweden  and  Norway.  . 
Russia  

July    4,  1799 

Oct.     6,  1808 
May  24,  1819 
Feb.  19,  1817 
Dec.  16,  1790 
Oct.   15,1795 
Dec.  12,1801 
May  27,  1819 
Feb.  28,  1823 
Aug.  12.  1779 
July    8,  1827 
Apr.  25,  1800 
July  24,  1817 
June  24,  1818 
June  21,  1818 
Dec.  17,  1800 
Sept.  16,  1S26 
Oct.     1,  1794 
Mar.    2,  1805 
Nov.    6,  1793 
Sept.  24.  1801 
June  29,  1794 
May  31,  1785 
Sept.    1,  1821 
Dec.  20,  17S4 
Jan.  14,  1831 
Apr.  26,  17S3 
Sept.   9,  1826 
Aug.  20,  1802 
June   9,  1806 
Sept.   7,  1S11 
Feb.  16,  1801 
May  2li,  1796 
Sept.  27,  17*il 
Nov.  23,  1811 
Aug.  IS.  1830 
Apr.  20.  1V1S 
Oct.    10,  183(1 
Sept.  16  1^37 

Mar.    8,  1844 
1855 
Jan.   20,  1848 
June  20,  1837 
Mar.  17,  1819 
July  21,  1831 
Juno   7,  1840 
Aug.  10,  lx>4 
Nov.  18,  1851 
Mar.    7,  1842 
Nov.    6.  1816 
Feb.  27,  1853 
Apr.  25,  1831 
Aug.  20.  1839 
July    8,  1853 
Jan.   29,1844 
Dec.  24.  1803 
Aug.    3,  1853 
Aug.    9,  1817 
Mar.  24,  1834 
Apr.  28,  I  Mi? 
Sept.   3,  1835 
Oct.   31,  1836 
Apr.  17,  1818 
Jan.     1,  1851 
Feb.  13,  17s7 
May  15,  1845 
Sept.    8,  1848 
Mar.  30,  1852 
Xov.  2ii,  1847 
June  16,  1848 
Aug.  27,  184- 
Sept.  13,  1-3- 
Apr.  20,1836 
Oct.   30,  IS  16 
Mar.  21,  1848 
Dec.    2.  1848 
Dec.    '_',  1852 
Sept.  29,  1833 
Xov.  15,  1859 
Mar.  23,  1S49 
June  IN  1-2-1 
Mar.  27,  1854 
Jan.   21,  1846 
June  21,  184(5 
Nov.    S,  1830 
Mav     7.  1832 
July    2,  1839 
Oct.     2.  1-11 
June  16,  1849 
June  16,  1849 

45 

39 

18 
32 

4!' 

16 
52 
33 
19 

37 

_M; 

25 

22 
35 
26 
3 
27 
22 
29 
13 
34 
42 
33 
30 
2 
14 
65 
26 
45 
42 
37 
37 
40 
35 
37 
18 

n 

3 
10 
29 
26 
5 
2H 
54 
20 
17 
16 
56 

Lutheran 
Greek  Chur. 
Lutheran 
Prot.  Epis. 
Reformed 
Lutheran* 
Kvaneelioal 
Catholic* 
Evangelical 

Lutheran 
it 

cc 

u 

Evangelical 
Lutheran 

1C 
CI 

tt 

Evangelical 

M 

Lutheran 

bl 

1C 
1C 

Reformed 

1C 

Evangelical 
Reformed 
Evangelical 
Reformed 
Lutheran 
Catholic 

K 

Lutheran 

Catholic 
cc 

cc 

i 
i 
E 
c 
c 

i 

t 

4 

Catholic* 
Mahometan* 
Catholic 
Greek  Chur. 

U 

Alexander  II.. 
Frederic  VII.. 
Victoria  I  
William  III.... 
Leopold  I  
Fred.  Wm.  IV. 
John  

Emperor.  .  . 
Kinsr  . 

Denmark  

Queen  

Great  Britain  

King  
u 

u 

u 
u 

Grand  Duke 

u 
cc 

Duke 

Holland  or  Netherlds.  . 
Belgium  

Prussia  

Saxony    

George  V  .... 

Hanover  

Fred.  Francis. 
George  

Mecklenburg-Schwer. 
Mecklenburg-Strelitz  . 
Oldenburg    

Peter  

William  

Brunswick  

Adolphus  .... 
Chs.  Alexander 
Ernest  II  

cc 

GC 

U 

cc 
1C 

u 
11 

Prince   .... 
u 

u 

(i 

it 

M 

U 

Landgrave  . 
Prince  Reg. 
Elector  
Grand  Duke 
Prinoe  

Nassau        

Saxe-Weimar-Eisen  .  . 
Saxe-Cobiirg-Gotha.  .  . 
Saxe-Meiningen   

Bernard  

Ernest  

Saxe-Altenburg  

Leopold  

An  halt-Dessau  

Alexander  .... 
Gunther  

Anhalt-Bernbur01  .... 

Schwarzburg-Rudolst. 
Schwaizbbrg  Sondern 
Reuss,  Elder  Line  
Reuss,  Younger  Line. 
Lippe-Detmold 

Gunther  

Henry  XX.  .  .  . 
Henry  LXII... 
Leopold  

George  

Lippe-Schaumburg.  .  . 
Waldeck 

George  Victor. 
Ferdinand  .... 
Fred  evict  

Hcsse-Homburg  

Baden  ...           

Frederic  Wm.  . 
Louis  III  

Hesse-Cassel    .            . 

Hesse-Darmstadt  .... 

Chas.  Antony  $ 
Frederick  
Alovs  
William  I  
Maximilian  II. 
Fran.  Joseph  I. 
Napoleon  III.. 
Isabella  II. 

Hohenzol'n-Sigmar'n  . 
Hohenzol'n  -Hechin'n  . 
Lichenstein  

cc 

«i 

Kinf 

W^urtemberg   

tt 

Emperor.   . 

Ci 

Queen  
Kin^ 

Bavaria     ...             . 

Austria  

France  

Spain  
Portugal     

Pedro  V.§  

Viet,  Eman.  11. 
Leopold  II.  ... 
Robert  

u 

Grand  Duke 
Dukf> 

Sardinia  

Mar.  14,  1820 
Oct.     3,  1797 
Julv    9    1^43 

Tuscany     

Parma 

Francis  V  
Pius  IX  

bb 

Popo 

Modena  and  Massa.  .  .  . 
States  of  the  Church  .  . 
Two  Sicilies             .  .  . 

June    1,  1819 
May  13,  1792 
Jan    12   l^ln 

Ferdinand  II.. 
Otho  I  

TCi  r\ft 

tt 

Sultan 

June   1   1^15 

Abdul  Medjid 
Florestan  

Turkey  

Apr.  23,  1S23 
Oct.   10,  1785 

Prince   .... 

Hospodar  .  . 
it 

Monaco             .  . 

Stirbeyi!  

^Vullachia 

Ghikal  

Moldavia  

*  The  King  of  Belgium  is  a  Protestant,  though  his  subjects  are  mostly  Catholics;  the  King 
of  Saxony  is  a  Catholic,  though  the  greater  part  of  his  subjects  are  Protestants  ;  ami  the  King 
of  Greece  is  a  Catholic,  though  most  of  his  subjects  are  of  the  Greek  Church.  Of  the  15,500.000 
European  subjects  of  the  Sultan  of  Turkey,  11,370,000  are  of  the  Greek  Church,  and  260,000 
are  Catholics.  Only  3,800,000  are  Mahometans. 

t  The  Grand  Duke  of  Baden  is  Louis,  born  Aug.  15,  1823,  who  is  under  guardianship  by 
reason  of  insanity. 

i  Dec.  7, 1849.     These  two  princes  abdicated  in  favor  of  the  King  of  Prussia. 

§  The  regent  of  the  kingdom  is  Ferdinand,  husband  of  the  late  queen,  a  prince  «.«f  Sale 
Coburg. 

I!  Under  the  sovereignty  of  Turkey,  and  the  protection  of  Russia. 


868  PAINTING. 

PAINTING.  Chronological  Table  of  the  most  celebrated  Painters,  arranged  in 
Schools  and  Ages,  from  the  revival  of  the  art,  1600,  to  the  commencement  of 
the  Nineteenth  Century. 

{From  BelV$  Edition  of  Bredovfs  Tables  of  Universal  History.) 

1.  FLORENTINE  SCHOOL. — Style  elevated  and  bold,  seeking  rather  to  be  admired  than  to 
please;  sometimes  gigantic;  neglects  coloring  and  grace— 1240,  Cimabue;  1726,  Giotto;  1211, 
Andrea  Taffi;  1400.  Massolino;  1402,  Massacio;  1491,  Filippo  Lippi ;  1432,  Andrea  Verrochio, 
Andrea  (Jastagna,  Pisanello;  1443,  Ghirlandajo ;  1445,  LEONARDO  DA  VINCI;  1469,  Bartolomtneo 
di  San  Marco;  1471,  Baldassarre  Per  uzzi;  1474,  Michael  Angelo  Buonarotti  ;  1434,   Dominico 
Beccafumi;  14S8,  Andrea  del  Sarto ;    1493.  Jacopo  Carrucci'da  Ponturmo;  149  i,   Del   Rosso; 
1500,  Perino  del  Vaga;  1509.  Daniel  da  Volterra;  1510,  Francesco  Salviati;  1510,  Giorgio  Vassari ; 
1545,  Antonio  Tempesta;  1559,  Luigi  Cardi;    1563,  Francesco  Vanni;    1578,  Matteo  Rosselli; 
1596,  Pietro  Berretini,  called  Pietro  da  Cortona;  1611,  Pietro  Testa;  1615,  Benvenuto  da  Garo- 
foli ;   1616,  Carlo  Dolci;   1666,  Benedetto  Lutti ;    1695,  Giovan'  Geronimo   Servandoni;    1702, 
Pompeo  Battoni. 

2.  ROMAN  SCHOOL  carries  invention  and  design  to  the  highest  perfection  by  the  analytical 
etudy  of  the  antique  and  of  nature;  heads  of  the  most  sublime  beauty;  coloring  and  chiaro 
oscuro  less   perfect.    1513,   Bernardino   Pinturichio ;    1446,    Pietro   Perrugino;   14S3,   Raffael ; 
1488,  G.  F.  Penni ;  1492,  Giulio  Romano ;  1528,  Frederico  Barocci;  1529,  Taddeo  Zucchero ;    1543, 
Frederico  Zucchero;  1589,  Dominico  Feti;   1594,  Nicholas  Poussin :    1597,  Giovan'   Lorenzo 
Bernini;  1599,  Andrea  Sacchi;  1600,  Claude  Gelee,  called  Claude  of  Lorraine;  1602,  Ceriozzi ; 
1605,  G.  B.  Salvi,  called  II  Sassoferrato ;  1613,   Gaspard  Doghet,  called  Poussin  or  Guaspre; 
1616,  Luigi  Scaramuccia;   1617,  Francesco   Romanell ;    1623,  Giacinto  Brandi ;   1623,  Filippo 
Lauri;  1625,  Carlo  Maratti ;  1634,  Giro  Ferri ;  1694,  Pietro  Bianchi ;  1728,  Raffael  Mengs. 

9.  VENETIAN  SCHOOL. — Faithful  imitation  of  well-chosen  subjects  of  nature,  excellent 
coloring,  admirable  effect ;  design  less  perfect  through  the  neglected  study  of  the  antique  ;  this 
school  is  now  extinct.  1421,  Gentile  Bellini;  1431,  Andrea  Mantegna;  1478,  Giorgione;  1477, 
TITIAN  (Tiziano  Vecelli  da  Cadore) :  1480,  G.  A.  Regillo ;  14S5,  Sebastiano  del  Piombo;  1510, 
Jacopo  da  Ponte;  1512,  J.  Robusti,  called  II  Tintoretto;  1522,  Paolo  Farinati ;  1522,  Andrea 
Bchiavone;  1528,  Geronimo  Muzziano;  1532,  Paolo  Cagliari;  1535,  Giuseppe  Ponta;  1539,  Dario 
Varotari ;  1540,  Felice  Riccio  ;  1540,  Jacopo  Palma  (if  Vecchio) ;  1544,  Jac  Palma ;  1549,  Giov. 
Contarino;  1560,  Maria  Tintoretta;  1561,  Leonardo  Corona;  15S6,  Tiberio  Tinelli;  1590,  Aless. 
Varotari:  1600,  Aless.  Turchi;  1635,  Giov.  B.  Langetti ;  1642,  Andrea  Pozzo ;  1656,  Franc. 
Trevisani;  1659,  Sebast.  Ricci ;  1666,  Ant.  Balestra;  1672,  Rosa  Alba  Camera;  1675, 
Giov.  Ant.  Pellegrini:  16S2,  G.  B.  I'iazztta;  1687,  Ant.  Canale;  1693,  Giov.  Bat. 
Tiepolo ;  1699,  Giuseppe  Nogari. 

4.  LOMBARD  AND  BOLOGXESK  SCHOOLS. — Correggio,  born  in  Lombard}-,  not  having  founded 
a  permanent  School,  but  having  been  imitated  by  the  painters  of  Bologna,  these  t\vo  Schools 
are  conjoined.  Correggio's  distinguished  characteristics  are  a  seducing  and  voluptuous  (though 
perhaps  somewhat  affected)  grace  in  his  figures  and  attitudes,  and  a  magic  harmony  in  his  color- 
ing. Tibaldi  and  the  Carracci  introduce  a  more  elevated  character  of  design,  and  "many  of  their 
pupils  unite  therewith  the  fine  coloring  and  the  graces  of  Correggio.  1450,  Francesco  Franco  ; 
1490,  F.  Primaticcio;  1494,  COHKKGGIO  Antonio  Allegri ;  1495,  Polidori  Caldari ;  1504,  Fr.  Maz- 
zuoli ;  1522,  Pellegrino  Tibaldi :  1546,  Camillo  Procaccini ;  1559,  M.  Angelo  Amerigi,  called  Car- 
ravaggio;  1555,  Lodov.  Caracci:  1557,  Agostino  Caracci;  1560,  Annibale  Caracci;  1560,  Bartol. 
Schidone;  1575,  Guido  Reni,  called  Guido;  1576,  Lionello  Spada;  1577,  Aless.  Tiarini;  1578, 
Francesco  Albano;  15SO,  Giacomo  Ctivedone:  1581,  Dom.  Zamideri,  called  Domenichino;  15S1, 
Giov.  Lanfranco;  1588,  Frances  Gessi ;  1590,  G.  F.  Barbieri ;  1597,  Lodov.  Lana:  1600,  Mic.  Ang. 
Colonna;  16c6,  Grimaldi ;  161S,  Giorg.  And.  Sivani;  1612,  Simone  Cantarini ;  1624,  P.Fran. 
Mola;  1625,  Cianani;  1638,  P.  F.  Caroli ;  1643,  Lodov.  Quaini ;  164S,  Ant.  Franceschini ;  1654. 
Guis.  del  Sole  \  1657,  Fer.  Galli  Babiena;  16  i5,  Guis.  Maria  Crespi ;  1668,  Dom.  Maria  Viani; 
1671,  Donato  Creti ;  1674,  Giov.  P.  Zanotti ;  1691,  G.  P.  Panini. 

(NEAPOLITANS,  GENOESE,  SPANIARDS.  These  nations  are  not  regarded  as  having  founded 
general  Schools:  their  painters  are  formed  on  the  masters  of  the  great  Italian  Schools.  Neapol- 
itan.— The  painters  of  this  nation  are  reproached  with  being  in  general  somewhat  nfiVrU'd. 
Pietro  and  Tommaso  Stefani,  d.  1310 ;  Fil  del  Tesauro,  1820 ;  1500,  and  Sal.butnni;  1560.  GuU 
Cesare  d'Arpino;  IGoO,  Aniello  Falcone;  1603,  Mario  Nuzzi ;  1613,  Matteo  Petri ;  1615,  Sal vator 
Rosa;  1631,  Luca  Giordana;  1657,  Fran.  Solimene;  1661,  Nun/.io  Fernjoli ;  1679,  Seb«st.  Conea; 
1693,  Carl  Corrado.  Genoese  are  often  incorrect  in  design. — 1400,  Nicli.  da  Vottri ;  1527.  Carn- 
biasi;  1544,  G.  B.  Pagsi;  1557,  Bern.  Castelli ;  1581,  Bernardo  Strozzi;  1590  Gio.  Carlone ;  1618, 
Benedetto  Castiglione;  1625,  F.  M.  Borzoni;  1639,  G.  B.  Gauli;  1664,  Grog.  Ferrari ;  1654,  Bart. 
Guidoboni;  1660,  II  MoHnafetto;  Spaniards.— These  painters  hava  especially  imitated  the 
Venetian  School,  and  often  display  its  brilliant  coloring.— 1400.  Alonso  Berragen'te;  1487,  Blaiw 


PAINTING.  8(39 

dePrado;  1519,  Morales;  1525,  Luis  de  Vargas ;  1532,  J.  F.  Ximenez  de  Navarete;  15-V>,  P:iblo 
de  las  Rovias;  15S9,  Joseph  Ribera;  1599,  Don  Diego  Velasquez  de  Silva;  1601,  Alonso  Cano; 
1610,  Henrique  de  las  Marinas;  1613,  Bartolme  Esteban  deMurillo;  1617,  Franc.  Rizzi ;  1631, 
Hatias  de  Torres;  16-40,  Pedro  de  Nunez;  1640,  Juan  <le  Alfaro;  1651,  Juaii  C.  Falco ;  1663,  P. 
di  Pietri.) 

5.  GERMAX  SCHOOL. — Tliis  School  having  never  had  a  common  point  of  union,  bears  no 
general  and  distinctive  character:  it  produces,  in  the  different  styles  of  painting,  rival  artists 
to  the  great  masters  of  Italy  and  of  the  Netherlands.     1297,  Th.   do  Matina;  1357,  Theo.  de 
Prague;  1367,  N.  Wurmser;  1479,  Albert  Durer;   1492,  Lucas  Muller:    149s",  Hans  Holbein; 
1515,  Lucas  Cranach ;  1534,  Tobias  Stimmer;  1550,  Christ.  Schwartz;  1556.  John  Van  Aachen; 
1564,   J.  Rottenhaminer;     1570,    J.    Lys ;    1574,    Adam    Elzheimer;    1593,    Sain.    Hofmann ; 
1600,  J.  W.  Bauer:  1606,  Jo.  SamJrart;  1611,  Ch.  Loth  :  1616,  Govaert  Fliuk :  1618,  P.  Van  der 
Faes;    1619.  J.   Spilberg:    1621,  Leb.   Stopkopt;    1625,  J.  Lingelback ;    1631,  J.  Hen   Roos  ; 
1637,  Jos.  Warner;  1639.  Gasp.  Netscher :  1640.  Ab.  Mignon  ;  1647,  M.  S.  Merian ;  1648.  Godfrey 
Knelier;   166(5.  G.  P.    Ruggendas;    1668,  J.  R.  Huber:    1669,  Anna  Waser;    1685,  Balthasa'r 
Dcnner :  1689.  Fr.  P.  Ferg;   I69S,  J.  E.  Riedenger  ;  1709,  Brinkman  ;  1712,  C.  W.  E.  Dietrich  ; 
1728,  Raffael  Mengs;  1730,  Solomon  Gessner. 

6.  FLEMISH  OK   BELGIC  SCHOOL. — This  School  excels  in  coloring  and   in  the  faithful  imi- 
tation  of  nature,  but   does  not   always  exhibit   sufficient  nobleness  of  design  :   it  producer 
eminent  artists  in  every  style;  that  to  which  Teniers  has  affixed  his  name  had  its  birth  in 
this  School;  the  Academy  at  Antwerp,  the  cradle  of  this  School,  was  founded  in  15lo,  but 
there  was  a  Society  of  P'ainters  at  Antwerp  from   the   year  1412. — 1306,  Eubert  Van  Eyk  ; 
1370,  John  Van   Eyk;    1450,   Quentin   Messis ;    1490.   Ber.   V.   Orley;    1499,    J.   de  Mabiise ; 
1553,  Peter  Knock;  J520,  Frank  Floris;  1534,  Mar  de  Vos;  1536,  J.  Straden ;    1540,  F.  Por- 
bus;  1546,  B.  Spranger;  1548,  C.  Van  Mander;    1550,  H.   Steenwyck;  1555,  Denys  Calvart : 
1556,  Otto  Venius;  1569,  P.  Van  Breughel:  1570,  P.  Neefs ;  J573,  S.  Frank;  1576,  Fr.  Sneyders; 
1577.  Peter  Paul  Rubens;  1580,  David  Teniers:  1594,  James  Jordaens;  1599.  Anthony  Van 
Dyk;  1602,  Philip  de  Champagne;  1610,  David  Teniers;  1610.  J.  V.»n  Artois  ;'161S,  Go'nzales 
Coques;   1634,  Van   der  Meulen ;  1664,  Simon  Varelst ;   1668,  G.   P.  Vanbruggen  ;  1672,  Ab. 
Breughel :  1742,  Henry  de  Coort 

7.  DUTCH    SCHOOL. — This   School  is  especially  distinguished  by  an   eminent  intelligence 
of  the  chiaro  oscuro ;  exhibits  good  coloring,  and  a  faithful  imitation  of  nature  in  the  mi- 
nutest details.    The  style  of  precious  finishing  is  carried  to  the  highest  pitch  in  this  School. 
1467.  Erasmus;    1494.  "Luke   of  Leyden  ;    1498,  Martin   Hemskerk ;    1518,  An.   Moro :    1564, 
Ab.  Bloemart;  1579,  Sol  de  Brey;  1585,  Cornelius  Poelenberg  ;  1596,  Leo  Kramer  ;  1600,  J. 
D.  de  Heein:  1600,  John  Wynants;  1606,   Albert  Cuyp  ;    1606.  Paul  Rembrandt  van  Ryn  ; 
1608.   Gerard  Terburg;    1610,"  Adrian  Van  Ostade ;    1613,   Gerard   Dow:    1615,  Gabriel   Met- 
zu;  1620,  Philip  Wouvermans;   1624,  Nicholas  Bergham ;    1625.  Paul  Potter;    1631,  Ludolph 
Bakhytzen;  1633,  W.  Van  der  Velde;  1635,  Jac.  Ruysdael,  Hobbema;  1635.  Fran,  Mierirs;  1636, 
John'Steen;  1637;  Van  den  Heyden  ;  1638,  Adrian  van   der  Velde;    1640,  Karel  du  Jardin  ; 
1664,  John  Weenix  ;  1669,  Adrian  van  der  Werf ;  16S2,  John  Van  Huysum. 

ENGLISH  PAINTKRS. — Formed  in  general  on  the  masters  of  the  Flemish  and  Italian  Schools; 
excel  in  portraits  and  landscapes,  are  unrivalled  in  water-colors. — 1480,  Hans  Holbein  ;  1548.  F. 
Zucchero;  1572.  Inigo  Jones,;  1601,  P.  Oliver:  1609,  S.  Cooper;  1610,  W.  Dobson  ;  1620.  Ric. 
Gibson;  16J9,  John  Greenhill ;  1648.  Godfrey  Knelier:  1660,  Luke  Cradock ;  1677,  James 
Thornhill;  1697.  William  Hogarth;  1714,  Rich.  Wilson ;  1723.  Joshua  Reynolds;  1727,  Thorn. 
Gainsborough;  1733,  Sawrey  Gilpin  ;  1734,  P.  J.  de  Loutherbourg ;  1735,  David  Allan;  1738, 
Benjamin  West;  1745,  James  Strutt ;  1746,  James  Northcote;  1748,  J.  F.  Nollekins;  1743, 


mas  Daniell:  1785.  David  Wilkie;  17*6,  R.  B.  Haydon  ;  ,  A.  W.  Calcott;  1789,  W.  Etty. 


8.  FRENCH  SCHOOL.— The  good  painters  of  this  School  are  formed  on  the  model  of  the  differ- 
ent Italian  Schools,  of  which  they  bear  the  several  characteristics :  they  are  in  general  more 
successful  in  composition  and  design  than  in  coloring.  It  is  emancipated  from  the  degradation 
and  affected  style  it  assumed  after  the  death  of  Le  Brim  by  Vien,  and  become  the  most  numer- 
ous and  nourishing  school  of  all.— 1490,  Fran.  Primaticcio ;  1496,  Rosso  de  Rossi ;  1502,  J.  Cousin  ; 
1582,  Simon  Vouet ;  1594,  Nicholas  Pousin ;  1600,  Claude  Lorraine:  1600,  Lo  Valentin;  1600, 
James  Blanchard ;  1607,  James  Petitot;  1616,  Sebastian  Bourdon;  1617,  Eustachius  le  Seur ; 
1619.  Charles  le  Brun ;  1640,  Charles  de  la  Fosse;  1644,  John  Jouvenet;  1657,  Joseph  Vivien; 
1667,  Nicholas  Bertin  ;  1667,  Anth.  Rivally;  1684.  Ant  Watteau  ;  1688,  Francis  Le  Moine:  1692 
Noel  N.  Coypel;  1700,  Chas.  Natoire;  1794,  F.  Bouchier;  1712,  Joseph  Vernet ;  1716,  Vien- 
1729,  J.  B.  Deshays;  1756,  J.  L.  David;  1753,  Carle  Vernet ;  1567,  A.  L.  Girodet. 


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